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Overview 1. - Chapter 1: Nigeria's Water Sector 9. - Chapter 2: Water Sector Institutions and Governance 17. - Chapter 3: Performance of the Water Sector in Nigeria 31. - Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 53. - Appendix A: Data Quality 61. - Appendix B: Performance Data for Nigeria, by Region and State Water Agency, 2013 (Unless Otherwise Specified) 65. - Appendix C: How SWAs and Other Institutions Interact in Nigeria 105. - Appendix D: How Do SWAs Survive in Nigeria? 111. - Appendix E: Investment 115. - Appendix F: Customer Orientation 119. - Appendix G: Water Supply Tariff Setting and Structure and the Effects on the Poor 129. - Appendix H: Economic Assessment of Subsidies to Nigeria State Water Providers 139. - Appendix I: Assessment of Investment Needs 143. - Appendix J: International Experience in Financing Water and Infrastructure Projects 145

Summary
The purpose of this essay is to discuss the ramifications of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic on the future of the World Health Organization (WHO). In particular, the WHO has come under fire for its initial response and reporting of the pandemic, its acceptance of Chinese self-reporting and management of the crisis and dubious claims that it failed to acknowledge and respond to data from Taiwan that indicated human–to-human transmission was occurring. These alleged missteps have brought unwanted and intense international scrutiny on the organisation and have, perhaps, left its future uncertain. This essay examines the history and mandate of the WHO, its vulnerability to national and regional political movements and some likely outcomes for the near- and long-term future. Additionally, it briefly addresses how the WHO is used as a diplomatic surrogate for the UN, especially in matters relating to Taiwan.

Purpose
This study aims to examine how ethical leadership enhances the relationship between employee ethical behaviour and the job performance of employees in state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

Design/methodology/approach
This study was a survey, with data collected using a structured questionnaire. The study focused on employees from SOEs in Ghana. The sample covers 238 employees drawn from 10 SOEs. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling.

Findings
The study concludes that employee ethical behaviour positively influenced the job performance of employees of SOEs in Ghana. The effect of ethical leadership on employee job performance was positively significant. Finally, ethical leadership positively moderated the effect of employee ethical behaviour on the job performance of employees of SOEs.

Research limitations/implications
Future research should look at identifying the specific behaviours of ethical employees that influence improved job performance. Also, future research could conduct a comparative study of private-owned enterprises and SOEs.

Practical implications
Attention should also be paid to ethical leadership, as it strongly enhanced both employee job performance and the quality of employee ethical behaviour required for increased job performance of employees.

Originality/value
Extant studies have paid limited attention to understanding how the interaction between employee ethical behaviour and ethical leadership will enhance employee job performance.

"Transgender Rights Interest Groups in the United States" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Litigating Transgender Employment Rights in the United States" published on by Oxford University Press.

Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans by Jonathan D. Moreno is reviewed.

'Family Law in the United States: Changing Perspectives' by Patricia McGee Crotty is reviewed.

'Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State: Identities in Conflict' by Nadim N. Rouhana is reviewed.

This article is on the work of The European Research Network on Men in Europe project "The Social Problem and Societal Problematization of Men and Masculinities" (2000-2003), funded by the European Commission. The Network comprises women and men researchers with a range of disciplinary backgrounds from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. The Network's initial focus is on men's relations to home and work, social exclusion, violences, and health. Some of findings on the Network's second phase of work, namely the review of statistical sources on men's practices in the ten countries, are presented. This is the third of four articles reviewing critical studies on men in the ten countries through different methods and approaches.

"In Bringing Representation Home, Michael A. Smith strays from the norm by asking instead, "How can we discover what representation is?" In pursuing the answer to this question, Smith focuses on what representation is in practice, not what it is in theory. Over the course of two legislative sessions, Smith interviewed and observed twelve state representatives in an effort to better understand and define their approaches to representation. He offers generalizations, but only after grounding his study in descriptions of representatives performing their jobs." "The twelve representatives are divided into four categories: Burkeans, in-district advocates, advocates beyond the district, and ombudspersons. Burkeans emphasize character and experience, advocates stress "socializing the conflict," and ombudspersons underscore listening, responding, and compromising. Smith superbly builds his argument for this classification through an assortment of illustrative examples. He also makes a strong case that home style - the symbolic presentation that a representative makes at home in seeking political support from constituents - is a product of the interaction between the legislator's personality and progressive ambition and the district's characteristics and politics. Smith contends that the key to an effective representational strategy is for a representative to have not only an ideology that reflects the politics of his or her community, but also an understanding of the district's interests, informed by interactions with organized constituencies at home."--Jacket

The U. S. Supreme Court held in California v. United States, 98 S. Ct. 2985 (1978), that under section 8 of the Reclamation Act of 1902, a state may impose on a permit granting water to the United States for a federal reclamation project any conditions which are not inconsistent with federal statutes. The six-three majority opinion, written by Justice Rehnquist, marks a significant departure from prior cases which had severely limited the role of state law in federal reclamation projects. A strongly worded dissent argued that the federal government must follow state law to a limited extent in the acquisition of water rights for a reclamation project, but need not defer to state law at all in the determination of the use or distribution of the water. This note will examine the background, reasoning, and implications of California v. United States, a controversy which involves the New Melones Dam of California's Central Valley Project, and will conclude that despite the majority's gesture toward state control over reclamation water, the Court's failure to define the permissible scope of state control may well result in California's victory being a hollow one.

This chapter focuses on annulment procedures brought against Commission Decisions under Article 263 TFEU.1 Refl ecting the rapid evolution of key aspects of this litigation, it illustrates and contextualises the background and origins of the problems the case law attempts to address (I) and proposes paths to simplifi cation and rationalisation of the developments of the past years with regard to standing (II) as well as the extent of judicial review (III)2 before drawing general conclusions for the future role of general principles of law (IV) in this area. The chapter shows the increasing importance of information- related general principles of law in this fi eld.