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This article introduces CShapes 2.0, a GIS dataset that maps the borders of states and dependent territories from 1886 through 2019. Our dataset builds on the previous CShapes dataset and improves it in two ways. First, it extends temporal coverage from 1946 back to the year 1886, which followed the Berlin Conference on the partition of Africa. Second, the new dataset is no longer limited to independent states, but also maps the borders of colonies and other dependencies, thereby providing near complete global coverage of political units throughout recent history. This article explains the coding procedure, provides a preview of the dataset and presents three illustrative applications.

This article argues that the military power & commerce of states moves together in peacetime, & that the nature of this relationship is bound up with peacetime patterns of conflict. After constructing an essentially realist argument for such a relationship, & attempting to present the various ways in which military power & commerce interact, I estimate several cross-sectional regressions with data from a number of countries. The regressions provide some support for a relationship between military spending & trade, but the connections between military spending & protectionism are not well supported. 4 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

This paper examines the impact of telecommunications on international trade contracts and the associated telecommunications regulatory issues that inhibits optimal utility. It also examines matters arising out of global telecommunications trade, and advanced recommendations for optimal utility of telecommunications in international trade contract. In doing this, the paper x-ray the import of telecommunications in international trade contract, some conventions and laws in relation to international trade, basic principles and contents of international trade contracts in telecommunications, matters arising and the future of telecommunication contracts.

The bretton woods & affiliates institutions -- The international financial institutions : architecture, flaws and legitimacy -- The international monetary fund -- The World Bank -- The international finance corporation -- The international development association -- The international center for the settlement of investment disputes -- The mutual investment guarantee agency -- The bank for international settlement -- The regional development banks -- The inter-American development bank -- The European Development Bank -- The Council of Europe Development Bank -- The Asian Development Bank -- The African Development Bank -- The Latin America Development Bank -- The Caribbean Development Bank -- The Islamic Development Bank -- The international investment banks -- The European Investment Bank -- The Nordic investment bank -- Conclusion

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Box -- Appendices -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- 1. An Illustrative Action Plan for Subsidy Reform -- 2. Action Plan: Cumulative Fuel Price Subsidies and Fiscal Savings -- I. Introduction -- II. The Costs of Fuel Price Subsidies -- 1. Retail Fuel Prices and Subsidies, 2014 -- 3. Parameters Used to Determine Subsides, 2014 -- 2. Retail Fuel Prices in Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2012 -- 3. Consumption of Fuel Products by Sector, 2014 -- 4. Subsidies and International Oil Prices, 2006-20 -- 1. The Downstream Oil Sector in Angola -- 5. Spending on Fuel Subsidies, Education, and Health, 2014 -- III. Distributional Incidence of Fuel Price Subsidies -- 6. Consumption by Fuel Product, Economic Sector, and Income Quintile, 2014 -- 7. Fuel Price Subsidies by Income Quintile, 2014 -- 8. Direct and Indirect Consumption of Fuel Products by Income Quintile, 2014 -- 9. Welfare Impact of Fuel Subsidy Reform -- IV. Role of Social Assistance in Fuel Subsidy Reform -- V. Illustrative Action Plan for Fuel Subsidy Reform -- A. Policy Challenges: Lessons from International Experience -- B. Stages and Tasks -- 4. Magnitude and Sequencing of Fuel Price Adjustments -- C. Illustrative Action Plan: Fiscal, Sectoral, and Inflationary Impact -- 5. Fiscal Impact of Subsidy Reform -- I. Fuel-Intensive Sectors -- 10. Energy Intensity Index -- II. Distributional Incidence of the Fuel Price Subsidies -- 6. Household Characteristics by Income Quintile -- 7. Expenditure on Subsidized Fuel Products -- 8. Distribution of Subsidies by Household Income -- 9. Welfare Impact of Eliminating Price Subsidies -- 10. Indirect Price and Real Income Effect by Sector -- III. Reducing the Impact of Fuel Subsidy Reform on the Most Vulnerable: The Role of Social Assistance