Suchergebnisse

Population screening for early-stage cancer or cancer precursors began in the mid-twentieth century, with the goal of reducing suffering from cancer illness and lengthening average life by preventing cancer deaths. Since the establishment of cancer screening, concerns have emerged that it may be doing considerable harm; despite this, screening practices have remained relatively intractable. This intractability in the face of harm is the central problematic of my analysis. I reinterpret a large study of breast, cervical and prostate cancer screening completed recently by our Australian research group, working across empirical bioethics, public health and social science. I suggest three reasons why cancer screening might persist as it does, and thus reach conclusions about what might be required to make cancer screening systems more responsive to the potential for harm.

AbstractThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states can be divided into two main camps in terms of hydrocarbon endowment per capita which can partially account for differences in policy directions. Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE (the rich triplet) have small populations while having large hydrocarbon (oil and natural gas) endowments compared to Bahrain, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE have been effectively using their excess wealth in the form of investment for domestic economic diversification and overseas investments through their sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). Therefore, the rich triplet perceives the upcoming threat of decarbonization of the world's energy system lighter than the remaining members of the GCC in view of their prosperity. The expected decrease in oil demand and revenue within the next decade will put further strain on the relationship between these states.

ObjectiveHomeownership as a way of wealth accumulation is important for low‐income people and the U.S. government has implemented policy to encourage homeownership among low‐income people. This article investigates the effects of health insurance coverage among low‐income people on homeownership and house prices.MethodsTo estimate the causal effects of health insurance coverage, we exploit the Medicaid expansion provisions of the Affordable Care Act as a source of exogenous variation in health insurance coverage and use it as an instrumental variable.ResultsUsing county‐level data from 2010 to 2018, this study finds that an increase in health insurance coverage among low‐income people results in an increase in homeownership rates and housing prices for bottom‐tier houses, and the results are robust.ConclusionOur study provides new evidence in supporting that higher shares of population with health insurance could increase both homeownership and house prices.

La vie après la mort tient une place centrale dans la religion islamique. L'affirmation de l'existence du Jour du Jugement et de la Résurrection est omniprésente dans le Coran. Elle représente en quelque sorte le point nodal du message prophétique. En effet, tout tend vers ce moment crucial du Jugement, qui donne sens à tous les gestes et toutes les pensées que le croyant a pu avoir de son vivant. En ce qui concerne les rites funéraires, il est intéressant de constater une certaine souplesse dans leur application. Seuls quelques-uns sont obligatoires, tous les autres ne sont que conseillés. De même, on remarque une variété des pratiques d'un bout à l'autre du monde musulman, et une liberté dans l'interprétation des textes. Ainsi, le degré d'obligation normative d'un rite ne correspond pas forcément avec son degré d'application par la population.

International audience ; In this article, we use Fixed Effect Poisson Regression (FEPR) with robust standard errors to study the economic, social, and institutional determinants of domestic conflict in 58 fragile states over the period 2004 to 2017. We show that effective institutions (measured by judicial effectiveness) and higher incomes would help reduce conflict in these countries. By contrast, democracy would not mitigate violence, democratic experiences generally showing an increase in conflicts in fragile countries. It would also seem that the development of human capacity does not contribute to the reduction of conflict. This would imply that fragile states first improve the social, economic and institutional conditions of their populations before they benefit from political reforms and of education. The same would be true for economic reforms in the context of globalization, which would not help reduce violence in fragile countries either.

This study focuses on American writer and activist Helen Hunt Jackson and aims to explain why her romance Ramona (1884), originally intended as a form of literary activism on behalf of California's Native Americans, failed to effect actual change in the situation of the state's indigenous population and, instead, ended up as an accomplice in the late 19th-century development of Anglo California. Said development brought along not only the advance of railroad companies, real-estate investors and the tourist industry, but, most poignantly, the displacement and consequent genocide of its Native inhabitants. All in all, the paper will prove that a social and political vision like Jackson's, weighed down by the systems of imperialism and capitalism, as well as the oppressive discourses of racism and sexism, was bound to entrench economic, sexual and racial inequalities despite its good intentions.

In recent years, Indonesia has seen an opposite trend between rice supply and demand. It is predicted that rice consumption is likely to increase along with the growing population, yet rice production has declined. On top of that, the domestic rice distribution system's inefficiencies are regarded as one of the prominent reasons for high rice consumer prices in Indonesia. Despite Bulog's effort to ensure food security in the domestic supply chain, challenges still exist on upstream and downstream levels. Regulating the number of players in the distribution and processing chain is not an advisable option. In this policy paper, we recommend reforming two keys that can be considered: to redesign Bulog's role to ensure the domestic rice supply chain's efficacy and to ease import restrictions to encourage import competition to benefit from lower global rice prices.

This research is focused on evaluating the quality of internal control systems, the quality of good university governance and the model of developing good university governance through the application of whistleblowing. The population comprise of all individuals involved in the process of implementing good university governance and internal control units (SPI) that exist in 4 provincial public universities in Aceh, Indonesia, where sampling is done randomly at each level for university loyalists. The observation data were analyzed using multiple regression model through the quantitative approach. The results findings indicate that internal control plays an important role in strengthening good university governance, while whistleblowing has no effect on strengthening good university governance. It indicates that whistleblowing has not been effectively used as mechanism to support good university governance and generally practiced in informal form without proper structure and mechanism of whistleblowing in place

The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) instituted reforms in the Catholic Church that included changes in language and music employed in the liturgy, inspiring a proliferation of sung vernacular masses throughout Latin America. Drawing on archival and ethnographic research undertaken in Nicaragua and the United States, this article examines three Central American vernacular masses—Misa típica panameña de San Miguelito (1967), Misa popular nicaragüense (1969), and Misa campesina nicaragüense (1975). Each mass emanated from communities founded as part of the transnational Familia de Dios (Family of God) movement, which established programs of religious education, leadership training, and community building among impoverished populations. This study seeks to situate music and the arts within the liberation practices and transmission of Familia de Dios, and their role in the origins of a theology of liberation in Latin America.

Abstract Far from studying only beings from the past, Paleontology is a current science which can situate human existence in the context of the global environmental crisis before inequalities and socio-environmental conflicts which occur in Brazilian paleontological sites. Aiming to discuss possible connections between Paleontology and Environmental Justice, this essay arises from a survey on environmental conflicts existing in the paleontological sites in Minas Gerais. Stemming from the issues found and the contribution of the Political Ecology theoretical framework, the struggle for territory and decoloniality is discussed as crucial dimensions for a view that seeks to restore the populations' right to their (paleo) territories. The connections between these fields are presented here as references for the fight against the social inequalities found in paleontological sites, such as those in Minas Gerais, and for the inclusion of their communities in participatory management.

How do wartime legacies affect repression after the conflict ends? Irregular forces support the government in many civil wars. We argue that if this link continues after the war, respect for human rights declines. As "tried and tested" agents they are less likely to shirk when given the order to repress. Governments might also keep the militias as a "fall-back option", which results in more repression. Analyzing data from 1981 to 2014 shows that pro-government militias that were inherited from the previous conflict are consistently associated with worse repression, but newly created ones are not. Wartime pro-government militias target a broader spectrum of the population and are linked to worse state violence. New militias usually supplement wartime ones and use violence primarily against political opponents. This study highlights the detrimental impact of war legacies.

In 2020, 195 Flemish citizen scientists completed a questionnaire that gauged demographic characteristics, their motivations, and experiences with citizen science. The results show, among other things, that citizen scientists in Flanders are on average older and more highly educated than the general population. At the same time, the projects subsidised by the appeals of the Department of Economy, Science and Innovation of the Flemish government also managed to appeal to a new group of citizens, who are younger and who only recently participated for the first time in a citizen science project. Contributing to scientific research is the biggest, but not the only motivator for participation. Citizen scientists often look back with satisfaction on their participation. These results provide guidelines for further policy to involve hard-to-reach target groups in future citizen science projects.

In recent years, the National Institute for Space Research, INPE, has indicated an increase in fire and deforestation areas in the Amazon region. The indicators show a constant need to develop public control measures and policies in illegal activities and establish a network of agencies to combat these activities. INPE maps fire spots and deforested areas for information from control institutions and the Brazilian government to implement conditions to combat environmental crimes and resolve impacts on the environment and the local population. The Brazilian government's control and combat proposals are made through two sequential inter-agency operations involving civilian agencies and the armed forces: Verde-Brasil Operation and Verde-Brasil Operation 2. These deliberations through interagency action are emergency forms of managing the environmental crisis that has involved the Amazon region and the Brazilian responsive to the international context.

In recent years, the National Institute for Space Research, INPE, has indicated an increase in fire and deforestation areas in the Amazon region. The indicators show a constant need to develop public control measures and policies in illegal activities and establish a network of agencies to combat these activities. INPE maps fire spots and deforested areas for information from control institutions and the Brazilian government to implement conditions to combat environmental crimes and resolve impacts on the environment and the local population. The Brazilian government's control and combat proposals are made through two sequential inter-agency operations involving civilian agencies and the armed forces: Verde-Brasil Operation and Verde-Brasil Operation 2. These deliberations through interagency action are emergency forms of managing the environmental crisis that has involved the Amazon region and the Brazilian responsive to the international context.

Abstract This article discusses the results of a study completed in zones with social and territorial vulnerability in Parelheiros, south region of the city of São Paulo SP, through the partnership between existing communities of the area and two civil society organizations: CPCD - Popular Center of Culture and Development and Ibeac - Brazilian Institute of Studies and Community Support. The context for the analysis was to recognize that populations settled in situations of incomplete urbanization are more exposed to risks arising from the effects of climate change and, for this reason, should receive attention from initiatives capable of strengthening them socially and economically to face these risks. In this scenario, women and children are identified as the most vulnerable groups among the vulnerable. By paying attention to their specific conditions, important demands from the entire community are also addressed.