Suchergebnisse

Ira Jacobs,1 Ena Singh,2 K Lea Sewell,3 Ahmad AL-Sabbagh,1 Lesley G Shane1 1Global Established Pharma Medicines Development Group, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, 2Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA, 3Biotechnology Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA Objective: To understand the levels of awareness, usage, and knowledge of biosimilars among patients, caregivers, and the general population in the US and the European Union; perceptions of biosimilars compared to originator biologics; perceived benefits and drawbacks of clinical trials; and whether advocacy groups impact patients' willingness to try a biosimilar.Methods: An international survey was conducted which contained up to 56 closed-ended (requiring yes/no or ranking answers) and open-ended questions, depending on the population assigned. The survey was divided into distinct sections, including medication-class awareness, usage, and knowledge about biologic and biosimilar therapies; perceptions of clinical trials; and involvement in advocacy groups. Interviews were conducted in adults categorized as: 1) diagnosed: patients with inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 2) diagnosed advocacy: individuals with these diseases who participated in patient support groups; 3) caregiver: has a loved one with these conditions and is involved in medical decisions; 4) general population: aged 18–64 years, without these conditions. Statistical analyses among groups within a region (US or EU) used column proportions test with a 95% confidence interval. Results: In all, 3,198 individuals responded. Awareness about biologic therapies was significantly higher in diagnosed, diagnosed advocacy, and caregiver groups (45%–78%) versus general population (27%; P<0.05). Across all groups, awareness of biosimilars was low; only 6% of the general population reported at least a general impression of biosimilars. Awareness was significantly higher in the diagnosed advocacy group (20%–30%; P<0.05). Gaps in knowledge about biosimilars included safety, efficacy, and access to these agents. Respondents had generally positive perceptions of clinical trials, although barriers to participation were identified.Conclusion: An immediate need exists for patient education about biosimilars and clinical trials to ensure educated and informed decisions are made about biosimilar use. Keywords: patient education, cancer, treatment, biologic therapy, biosimilar, advocacy groups, inflammatory disease, oncology

Artículo de revista ; According to the balance of payments (BoP) statistics, in an environment of ongoing economic upturn, Spain was once again a net lender in 2018, albeit to a lesser extent than in preceding years. The decline in net lending is explained by the decrease in the goods and services surplus, which largely reflected the slowdown in external markets, the negative impact on exports of the cumulative euro appreciation since 2017 and the rise in oil prices. The nation's net lending, the positive amount of other flows and GDP growth were conducive to a decline in the Spanish economy's negative net international investment position (IIP), as a percentage of GDP, for the fourth year in succession. In terms of financial flows, international investors made net purchases under the portfolio investment (mainly, long-term bonds issued by general government) and direct investment headings in 2018, a sign of their continuing confidence in the Spanish economy, despite the deterioration in the global macro-financial scenario in the second half of the year. However, the fact that the Spanish economy's negative net IIP remains high (77.1% of GDP), both historically and by international standards, makes it vulnerable to shocks in the international capital markets

""Partnership" is a key concept in contemporary international peace operations. There is no universal model of peace operations in contemporary international society. Ad-hoc arrangements of "partnership" between the United Nations and various regional organizations are consequences of the complex circumstances of international security. The ways in which "partnerships" are organized differently in different regions reflect each region's distinctive security situation. The universal nature of "liberal peacebuilding" is thus maintained only by ad-hoc arrangements. All the UN peacekeeping operations in Africa have some "partnership" linkages with regional or sub-regional organizations ranging from the African Union (AU) and regional mechanisms to the European Union (EU). What are the conditions and characteristics that enable or lead to partnership peacekeeping in Africa? How should we understand lower levels of partnership peacekeeping in other regions? By highlighting key characteristics of partnership peacekeeping, the book explores these issues and argues that partnership is a reflection of political circumstances. The book provides an unexplored but critical perspective to understand the contemporary world for those who study International Relations, Security Studies, International Organizations, and Peace Studies"--

"Mit dem 'Mauergutachten' des IGH vom Juli 2004 hat erstmals ein internationales Gericht zu einem Teilaspekt des israelisch-palästinensischen Dauerkonfliktes Stellung genommen. Der von zahlreichen Staaten (darunter Deutschland) in ungewöhnlich intensiver Weise unternommene Versuch, dem IGH bereits die Kompetenz zu einer Aussage in der Sache zu bestreiten, zeigt die besondere politische Sensibilität der dem IGH von der Generalversammlung vorgelegten Frage - nicht zuletzt auch im Kompetenzgefüge der Vereinten Nationen selbst. Durchaus ernstzunehmende Zuständigkeits- und Zulässigkeitsbedenken zurückweisend, lässt das Gericht keinen Zweifel daran, dass die israelischen Sperranlangen gegen zentrale Normen des Völkerrechts verstoßen. Dem stimmt der Beitrag im Ergebnis zu. Bedenklich erscheint allerdings, dass das Vorbringen Israels, in legitimer Selbstverteidigung zu handeln, im Gutachten eine in keiner Weise angemessene Würdigung erfährt. Der Beitrag kommt zu einer eher pessimistischen Einschätzung, was die Aussichten einer Umsetzung der vom IGH zutreffend dargelegten Rechtslage in die Rechtswirklichkeit angeht." (Autorenreferat)

As an organisational form, the project poses a challenge today for the possibility of articulating feminist politics, understood as feminist visions and ambitions. With a focus on women's organisations working in international development aid, we examine how the project format and its managerial attributes shape the possibility of articulating feminist politics. Mobilising assemblage thinking on a material consisting mainly of interviews with project workers in women's organisations, we show that these organisations engage in assembly work to fit their activism with the project format, such as translating feminist ambitions into bureaucratic procedures and notions of temporality, activating repertoires of expertise, and adopting marketised approaches to development. We conclude that the project format depoliticises feminist politics, although it does not make the articulation of feminist ambitions impossible. Assemblage thinking is suggested as a suitable framework for feminist research when investigating how contemporary governing arrangements influence the articulation of feminist politics.

What are the implications of climate change for twenty-first-century conflict and security? Rising temperatures, it is often said, will bring increased drought, more famine, heightened social vulnerability, and large-scale political and violent conflict; indeed, many claim that this future is already with us. Divided Environments, however, shows that this is mistaken. Focusing especially on the links between climate change, water and security, and drawing on detailed evidence from Israel-Palestine, Syria, Sudan and elsewhere, it shows both that mainstream environmental security narratives are misleading, and that the actual security implications of climate change are very different from how they are often imagined. Addressing themes as wide-ranging as the politics of droughts, the contradictions of capitalist development and the role of racism in environmental change, while simultaneously articulating an original 'international political ecology' approach to the study of socio-environmental conflicts, Divided Environments offers a new and important interpretation of our planetary future.

Multimorbidity is a common and burdensome condition that may affect quality of life, increase medical needs, and make people live more years of life with disability. Negative outcomes related to multimorbidity occur beyond what we would expect from the summed effect of single conditions, as chronic diseases interact with each other, mutually enhancing their negative effects, and eventually leading to new clinical phenotypes. Moreover, multimorbidity mirrors an accelerated global susceptibility and a loss of resilience, which are both hallmarks of aging. Due to the complexity of its assessment and definition, and the lack of clear evidence steering its management, multimorbidity represents one of the main current challenges for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. The authors of this article recently reflected on these issues during two twin international symposia at the 2016 European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, and the 2016 Gerontological Society of America (GSA) meeting in New Orleans, USA. The present work summarizes the most relevant aspects related to multimorbidity, with the ultimate goal to identify knowledge gaps and suggest future directions to approach this condition.

How do concerns about fairness shape foreign policy preferences? In this article, we show that fairness has two faces - one concerning equity, the other concerning equality - and that taking both into account can shed light on the structure of important foreign policy debates. Fielding an original survey on a national sample of Americans, we show that different types of Americans think about fairness in different ways, and that these fairness concerns shape foreign policy preferences: individuals who emphasize equity are far more sensitive to concerns about burden sharing, are far less likely to support US involvement abroad when other countries aren't paying their fair share, and often support systematically different foreign policies than individuals who emphasize equality. As long as IR scholars focus only on the equality dimension of fairness, we miss much about how fairness concerns matter in world politics.

How do concerns about fairness shape foreign policy preferences? In this article, we show that fairness has two faces—one concerning equity, the other concerning equality—and that taking both into account can shed light on the structure of important foreign policy debates. Fielding an original survey on a national sample of Americans, we show that different types of Americans think about fairness in different ways, and that these fairness concerns shape foreign policy preferences: individuals who emphasize equity are far more sensitive to concerns about burden sharing, are far less likely to support US involvement abroad when other countries aren't paying their fair share, and often support systematically different foreign policies than individuals who emphasize equality. As long as IR scholars focus only on the equality dimension of fairness, we miss much about how fairness concerns matter in world politics.

This thesis in international political economy analyses factors influencing the decision-taking focusing on the trajectories of policy-makers across 4 chapters. The first chapter shows that the IMF's Executive Board (EB) members have a considerable advantage on other IMF members in terms of loans and repayments through informal networks developed by their simple presence on the IMF's EB at Washington DC. The second chapter focuses on the IMF's EB career trajectories before and after their position, and how these trajectories influence loans and repayment modalities of borrowing countries. In a third chapter, we want to know in what extend central bankers' recession experiences tend to lead them to decrease the interest rates of central banks. Finally, the fourth chapter proposes a model of political economy of reforms showing the importance of unions and transfers from governments to populations concerning the implementation of reforms in OECD countries. This thesis shows that, as national policy-makers which tend to directly influence the economic life, international policy-makers, through their stories, identities and life experiences, can also influence the economic sphere of countries. ; Cette thèse en politique économique internationale analyse à travers 4 chapitres les facteurs influençant la prise de décision en se focalisant sur les trajectoires des décideurs. Le premier chapitre montre que les membres du Conseil d'Administration (CA) du Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) ont un avantage considérable en matière de prêt et de remboursement sur les autres membres du FMI à travers des réseaux informels développés par leur simple présence aux réunions de CA du FMI à Washington DC. Le second chapitre met l'accent sur les trajectoires de carrière des membres du CA du FMI avant et après leur poste au sein de cette institution et comment ces trajectoires influent les prêts et les modalités de remboursement des pays emprunteurs. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous cherchons à savoir si les années de récession connues par les Présidents des Banques Centrales des pays occidentaux sont en mesure d'influencer leur gestion de ces institutions. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre propose un modèle d'économie politique des réformes en montrant l'importance des syndicats des travailleurs ainsi que des transferts de richesse de la part des gouvernements vers les populations, sur la mise en œuvre des réformes au sein des pays de l'OCDE. Cette thèse montre qu'à l'instar des décideurs nationaux qui ont tendance à influencer directement la vie économique des pays, les décideurs internationaux de par leurs histoires, leurs identités et leurs expériences de vie, peuvent également influencer la sphère économique des pays.

Auf den Symposien des jungen Strafrechts befassen sich Strafrechtswissenschaftlerinnen und Strafrechtswissenschaftler nunmehr schon traditionell mit grundlegenden Themen ihrer Disziplin. Erstmals wurden auf dem 5. Symposium in Nürnberg die Grundlagen des Strafverfahrensrechts in den Mittelpunkt gerückt. Es ging dabei um die Arbeit an einem "AT" des prozessualen Strafrechts, "allgemeinen Strukturen" für die Strafverfolgung oder – die konstruktive Rolle der Wissenschaft dabei betonend – um die Suche nach "Axiomen des Strafverfahrensrechts". Der nun vorliegende Tagungsband umfasst dabei Beiträge zur politischen Einflussnahme auf Strafverfahren, zur Wiederaufnahme zuungunsten des Beschuldigten, zur richterlichen Vorbefasstheit, zur Entwicklung der StPO im Nationalsozialismus, zu den Begriffen der Wahrheit und Gerechtigkeit sowie zur Europäisierung des Akteneinsichtsrechts und zum Beweisrecht im internationalen Strafverfahren.Mit Beiträgen von:Frank Zimmermann, Osman Isfen, Sascha Kische, Manuel Ladiges, Jochen Link, Thomas Schröder und Hilde Farthofer