Suchergebnisse

It is not possible to introduce the basic principles of social responsibility (SR) by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises without analysis of international experience.There is no unified and authoritative definition of social responsibility concept in business. It is scientific polemics that fills the concept of social responsibility with different content, it is stipulated by methodological competition of theoretical approaches from different points of view: sociology, management and economics, law, philosophy, etc.Transformation of social values and priorities requires a change in management practices, ensuring the integration of principles, methods and SR instruments in the activity of pharmaceutical companies.The aim of the work was to study and create approaches to the understanding of social responsibility, determination of its content in the pharmaceutical sector.Materials and methods: We used such methods of investigations: analysis and synthesis of information sources of data, marketing analysis, concerning understanding of social responsibility, determining its nature in the pharmaceutical sector.In this work components of the conception were analyzed in various aspects and their integration into the definition of SR business.To accomplish the appropriate corporate civil role, the firm must fulfill obligations – economical - to earn enough profit for its own joint-stock fund to satisfy shareholders, to provide products to satisfy buyers, to create new jobs and new material values for their own business, to promote innovation, legal - to stick to the Law, ethical - to be moral, honest, fair and respect people rights, to avoid harm or social injustice; philanthropic - to carry out useful work for the community.Despite the huge number of approaches in the determining of SR, all the approaches are identical in the same thing: SRB - it is the responsibility of the company (the firm) to all physical and legal persons which it deals with in the normal course of business and to the society as a whole.According to the ISO-26000 Standard "The Guidance on social responsibility" the basic principles of social responsibility are defined: accountability, transparency, ethical behavior, interaction with the party interested, the legal norm, the international norm, human rights.One of the important global landmarks in the development of social responsibility issues became the UN International initiative - United Nations Global Treaty (Global Compact). It is a voluntary initiative that unites private companies, UN agencies, business associations, non-governmental organizations and trade unions in a single forum for stable development through responsible and innovative corporate leadership.Ukraine joined The Global Compact in April 2006. At present, the number of the Global Compact participants in Ukraine exceeds 130. This national network was set up for the purpose of extending the initiative of corporate social responsibility in Ukraine, exchange of experience, training, and joint actions.Conclusion: The approaches of understanding of social responsibility from different points of view: sociology, management and economics, law and philosophy were analyzed and summarized. Despite the variety of approaches in determining the SR, all the approaches are united in the same: SRB - it is the responsibility of company (firm) to all physical and legal persons which it deals with in the normal course of business and to the society as a whole. The fundamental principle of social responsibility is the respect for the priority of the law and compliance with the obligations defined by the law. At the same time, social responsibility includes consistent actions of companies, organizations, within the law, and the recognition of obligations to another party, which are not caused by the legislation. Pharmacy, as a socially oriented industry requires a specific approach to the definition of "social responsibility" and integrated introduction of SR basic principles in the activities of enterprises.Key words: social responsibility, determination, society. ; Проанализированы подходы относительно определения понятия «социальная ответственность» с различных точек зрения: социологии, управления и экономики, права, философии. Предложено интегрированное внедрение основных принципов социальной ответственности в фармацевтическую отрасль.Ключевые слова: социальная ответственность, определение, общество. ; Проаналізовано підходи щодо визначення поняття «соціальна відповідальність» в аспекті соціології, управління та економіки, права, філософії. Запропоновано інтегроване впровадження основних принципів соціальної відповідальності у фармацевтичну галузь.Ключові слова: соціальна відповідальність, визначення, суспільство

L'intérêt envers la neuroscience informatique pour les applications d'intelligence arti- cielle est motivé par plusieurs raisons. Parmi elles se retrouve la rapidité avec laquelle le domaine evolue, promettant de nouvelles capacités pour l'ingénieur. Dans cette thèse, une méthode exploitant les récents avancements en neuroscience informatique est présentée: la machine à état liquide (\liquid state machine"). Une machine à état liquide est un modèle de calcul de données inspiré de la biologie qui permet l'apprentissage sur des ux de données. Le modèle représente un outil prometteur de reconnaissance de formes temporelles. Déjà, il a démontré de bons résultats dans plusieurs applications. En particulier, la reconnaissance de formes temporelles est un problème d'intérêt dans les applications militaires de surveillance telle que la reconnaissance automatique de cibles. Jusqu'à maintenant, la plupart des machines à état liquide crées pour des problèmes de reconnaissance de formes sont demeurées semblables au modèle original. D'un point de vue ingénierie, une question se dégage: comment les machines à état liquide peuvent-elles être adaptées pour améliorer leur aptitude à solutionner des problèmes de reconnaissance de formes temporelles ? Des solutions sont proposées. La première solution suggèrée se concentre sur l'échantillonnage de l'état du liquide. À ce sujet, une méthode qui exploite les composantes fréquentielles du potentiel sur les neurones est définie. La combinaison de différents types de vecteurs d'état du liquide est aussi discutée. Deuxièmement, une méthode pour entrâner le liquide est développée. La méthode utilise la plasticité synaptique à modulation temporelle relative pour modeler le liquide. Une nouvelle approche conditionnée par classe de données est proposée, où différents réseaux de neurones sont entraînés exclusivement sur des classes particuli ères de données. Concernant cette nouvelle approche ainsi que celle concernant l'échantillonnage du liquide, des tests comparatifs ont été effectués avec l'aide de jeux de données simulées et réelles. Les tests permettent de constater que les méthodes présentées surpassent les méthodes conventionnelles de machine à état liquide en termes de taux de reconnaissance. Les résultats sont encore plus encourageants par le fait qu'ils ont été obtenus sans l'optimisation de plusieurs paramètres internes pour les differents jeux de données testés. Finalement, des métriques de l'état du liquide ont été investiguées pour la prédiction de la performance d'une machine à état liquide. ; There are a number of reasons that motivate the interest in computational neuroscience for engineering applications of artificial intelligence. Among them is the speed at which the domain is growing and evolving, promising further capabilities for artificial intelligent systems. In this thesis, a method that exploits the recent advances in computational neuroscience is presented: the liquid state machine. A liquid state machine is a biologically inspired computational model that aims at learning on input stimuli. The model constitutes a promising temporal pattern recognition tool and has shown to perform very well in many applications. In particular, temporal pattern recognition is a problem of interest in military surveillance applications such as automatic target recognition. Until now, most of the liquid state machine implementations for spatiotemporal pattern recognition have remained fairly similar to the original model. From an engineering perspective, a challenge is to adapt liquid state machines to increase their ability for solving practical temporal pattern recognition problems. Solutions are proposed. The first one concentrates on the sampling of the liquid state. In this subject, a method that exploits frequency features of neurons is defined. The combination of different liquid state vectors is also discussed. Secondly, a method for training the liquid is developed. The method implements synaptic spike-timing dependent plasticity to shape the liquid. A new class-conditional approach is proposed, where different networks of neurons are trained exclusively on particular classes of input data. For the suggested liquid sampling methods and the liquid training method, comparative tests were conducted with both simulated and real data sets from different application areas. The tests reveal that the methods outperform the conventional liquid state machine approach. The methods are even more promising in that the results are obtained without optimization of many internal parameters for the different data sets. Finally, measures of the liquid state are investigated for predicting the performance of the liquid state machine.

This thesis is about the design of software for embedded systems. The hardware platforms usually employed in these systems provide a limited amount of memory, computational power and energy. The software they execute is then constrained by such limited resources. Usual applications involve further objectives, such as reactivity and lifetime. In addition, these platforms comprise shared resources like buses or even the energy provided by a battery. Hence, global properties concerning the whole platform must be enforced, for instance to control concurrent accesses to a bus or power consumption. As device drivers are commonly developed individually, the knowledge necessary to implement global control policies is distributed among several pieces of software. We propose a global control approach, based on a centralized view of the devices' states. Built upon para-virtualization principles, it operates on the hardware/software interface. It involves a simple adaptation of the guest operating system, to communicate with the hardware via a control layer. The control layer itself is built from a set of simple automata: the device drivers, whose states correspond to functional or power consumption modes, and a controller to enforce global properties. All these automata are programmed using a synchronous language, and compiled into a single piece of sequential code. As a suitable representative of embedded systems hardware, we choose the node of a wireless sensor network. To show that our approach is practical, we propose a proof-of-concept implementation of the control layer to manage this platform, and evaluate it both qualitatively and quantitatively. We also demonstrate its use and benefits with an event-driven or multithreading operating system, and estimate the impact of the adaptation on guest software. Finally, we audit several extensions and draw guidelines for its use in other contexts. ; Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur la conception de logiciels pour systèmes embarqués. Outre les contraintes de programmation provenant des faibles quantité de mémoire et capacité de calcul, ces plates-formes matérielles ne disposent parfois que de peu d'énergie pour fonctionner. Les applications usuelles de ces systèmes imposent de plus des objectifs en matière de réactivité et de durée de vie. Par ailleurs, quelques-unes des ressources fournies sont partagées entre les composants, qu'il s'agisse de l'énergie délivrée par une batterie, ou encore des bus de communication qui les relient. Il est donc nécessaire de pouvoir assurer des propriétés globales portant sur l'ensemble de la plate-forme, telles que le contrôle des accès aux bus, ou encore la maîtrise de la puissance électrique consommée. Cependant, les pilotes des différents périphériques sont d'ordinaire programmés individuellement. La connaissance nécessaire à l'implantation d'une politique de contrôle global est alors distribuée parmi diverses portions du logiciel. Nous exposons une solution au problème du contrôle global des ressources, basée sur une vue centralisée des états des composants matériels de la plate-forme. Bâtie sur un principe de para-virtualisation, notre approche consiste en l'introduction d'une couche de contrôle ; le système d'exploitation invité est adapté afin de communiquer avec le matériel à l'aide de celle-ci. La couche de contrôle incorpore les pilotes des périphériques, conçus à partir d'automates dont les états correspondent aux modes de fonctionnement ou de consommation du composant géré. Un contrôleur est ajouté, dont le rôle est d'assurer les propriétés globales. L'ensemble de ces automates est programmé à l'aide d'un langage synchrone, puis compilé en code séquentiel. Nous proposons une implantation de la couche de contrôle pour une architecture de nœuds de réseaux de capteurs sans fil, qui constitue une plate-forme représentative des systèmes embarqués contraints. Nous évaluons qualitativement et quantitativement ce prototype afin de montrer la viabilité de l'approche. Son impact sur le reste du logiciel est également apprécié, que celui-ci soit construit selon un modèle d'exécution purement événementiel ou multi-fils. Enfin, nous passons en revue plusieurs extensions possibles, et identifions quelques bonnes pratiques pour son usage dans d'autres contextes.

To fit the globalised economical environment, enterprises, and mostly SMEs, have to develop new networked and collaborative strategies, focusing on networked value creation (instead of the classical value chain vision), fitting the blue ocean context for innovative products and service development. Such collaborative networks are by now often based on trusted and well known communities. Developing large scale networked and collaborative strategies involve increasing both enterprise and information system agility and interoperability in order to allow their interconnection. This requires paying attention on an end-to end security and on the way information and process are used during their full life-cycle. As traditional security approaches and methodologies provide only an "instant" and rather static protection, they do not fit the dynamicity nor the life-cycle long protection constraints involved by such collaborative organisation. To overcome this limit, we propose to adapt the Digital Right Management approach (first defined for multimedia contents) to collaborative information systems. After proposing a semi-distributed architecture used to manage usage rights, we propose a security policy model including both usage rights and related obligations. This leads us to extend the security policy descriptions, including a dedicated syntax and semantics to model both policy organisation, usage and obligations before paying attention on the "collaborative environment constraints". Paying attention on the way collaborative organisations are set and evolve, we have proposed an integration algebra to manage the way security and usage policies are composed depending on the way partners join and quit the collaborative context. This composition process and integration algebra analyse the collaborative business processes to identify the way policies are composed and negotiated. Lastly, we implement parts of our architecture to validate our proposals, mostly regarding the negotiation engine (using «SUN XACML implementation»), the aggregation engine(built upon JAVA DOM et JDOM) and a context analysis component. ; Pour faire face aux enjeux d'une économie mondialisée et aux fluctuations du marché, les entreprises (et principalement les PMEs) doivent développer de nouvelles stratégies de collaboration et d'organisation en réseau permettant de s'intéresser effectivement au réseau de création de valeur (et non pas se limiter à une simple organisation de chaîne de valeur) plus en rapport avec le contexte économique « blue ocean » visant le développement de produits et services innovants. Actuellement, ces réseaux de collaborations sont basés sur des relations de confiance et des communautés bien identifiées. Pour passer à une collaboration à très grande échelle, il importe d'accroître l'agilité et l'interopérabilité des entreprises et de leurs systèmes d'information pour permettre leur interconnexion. Cette stratégie de collaboration pose le problème d'une gestion de la sécurité « de bout en bout » pendant tout le cycle de vie des informations et processus partagés. Or les approches traditionnelles de sécurité ne proposent qu'une protection « statique » et « instantanée » ce qui ne permet pas de répondre aux contraintes de gestion des usage et d'adaptation dynamique requises par les organisations collaboratives. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, nous proposons d'adapter les approches de gestion des droits numériques (DRM) aux systèmes d'information. Après avoir proposé une architecture semi-distribuée de gestion des droits d'usage, nous avons proposé un modèle de politique de sécurité intégrant les droits d'usage et les obligations associées. Ceci nous a conduits à définir une syntaxe et une sémantique adaptée pour enrichir les politiques traditionnelles. Nos travaux ont porté ensuite sur la prise en compte de la dimension collaborative. Dans ce cadre nous avons proposé une algèbre d'intégration permettant de gérer la composition des politiques en fonction de l'ajout ou du retrait de partenaires dans l'organisation en analysant les processus métiers mis en œuvre par la collaboration. Enfin, notre architecture a été validée par un prototype incluant un moteur de négociation (construit sur l'outil «SUN XACML implementation»), un moteur d'agrégation s'appuyant sur JAVA DOM et JDOM et une composante d'analyse de contexte.

Gli anni più recenti hanno visto un forte incremento delle applicazioni telematiche. Tale sviluppo, a fronte di infrastrutture trasmissive di capacità limitata, evidenzia che sarà presto necessario sostituire le attuali reti di comunicazione elettronica in rame con reti in fibra ottica (c.d. next generation networks, "Ngn"), che hanno prestazioni superiori. Sorge, però, l'interrogativo di come finanziarne l'onerosa costruzione. Anteriormente alla liberalizzazione dei mercati delle comunicazioni elettroniche e alla privatizzazione del monopolista pubblico, gli oneri per la costruzione delle infrastrutture sono stati sostenuti dallo Stato. Sarebbe questo ancora necessario? In che misura ed a quali condizioni sarebbe, invece, possibile fare completo affidamento sul mercato per la realizzazione delle reti? L'analisi del caso delle reti in fibra ottica costituisce un'utile lente d'ingrandimento per interrogarsi sul ruolo dello Stato nella costruzione delle infrastrutture. Nelle Ngn, l'intervento pubblico parrebbe necessario per rimediare ad una combinazione di fattori che rendono il rischio difficilmente sostenibile per un soggetto privato: elevato ammontare del valore degli investimenti, costi fissi elevati, oneri burocratici numerosi, incertezza circa la domanda di mercato, incertezza circa l'evoluzione del quadro normativo, diversità delle condizioni iniziali degli operatori. Lo Stato può mitigare alcuni di questi fattori, rendendo l'investimento maggiormente appetibile. Al riguardo, è possibile distinguere le misure di politica industriale da quelle regolatorie. Con riferimento alle prime, nonostante lo Stato stia per certi versi lentamente, ma progressivamente, riducendo il suo intervento diretto nell'economia, la costruzione delle reti in fibra evidenzia diversi casi in cui lo Stato non soltanto finanzia, ma diventa persino direttamente titolare delle nuove reti. Una siffatta forma di intervento, tuttavia, non pare sempre giustificabile, ma sembra, anzi, preferibile limitarsi al finanziamento, nei limiti consentiti dalla disciplina europea. Le azioni intraprese sembrano, peraltro, talvolta poco incisive: da un lato, vengono destinate alla realizzazione delle Ngn risorse piuttosto esigue rispetto a quelle che sarebbero necessarie; dall'altro, la normativa vigente non consente una pronta e snella assegnazione dei fondi stanziati.Lo Stato interviene anche in sede di supporto a forme di partenariato pubblico-privato e privato-privato. Anche in tali ambiti, però, l'intervento pubblico si rivela per certi aspetti inadeguato a garantire un efficace coordinamento dei privati. Vengono, altresì, adottate misure di semplificazione amministrativa, che, pur essendo talvolta utili, non sono ancora sufficienti ad oliare o rimuovere alcuni ingranaggi burocratici. Oltre ad adottare misure di "politica industriale", lo Stato interviene sul fronte della regolazione, per guidare il mercato verso l'autonoma realizzazione dei beni necessari in un contesto concorrenziale. Per certi versi, pare inopportuno regolare ex ante la concorrenza nella prestazione di servizi su un bene che è ancora in larga parte inesistente, in quanto misure inappropriate potrebbero rendere meno appetibili gli investimenti, disincentivandoli. La regolazione delle Ngn introdotta dall'Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni ("Agcom") è, invece, fortemente ispirata alle misure asimmetriche imposte per le reti in rame. L'Agcom sembra, infatti, ritenere che i mercati dell'accesso all'ingrosso su rete in fibra siano sullo stesso mercato di quelli su rete in rame, nonostante le velocità di connessione e le capacità trasmissive siano molto diverse. Tale scelta regolamentare suscita alcune perplessità, nella misura in cui fibra e rame, quantomeno in prospettiva, parrebbero costituire mercati distinti e, su tale base, non sarebbe coerente imporre misure asimmetriche anche per le Ngn. Nel complesso, problematiche regolamentari nuove vengono affrontate con tecniche vecchie. Parrebbe, invece, opportuno sviluppare misure regolatorie di nuovo tipo, maggiormente mirate per facilitare la costruzione delle nuove reti, come il coinvestimento e la condivisione di beni ed infrastrutture del genio civile, specialmente nella parte terminale delle reti. Con riferimento al livello di governance ottimale, le competenze sembrano ancora fortemente radicate a livello statale. La dimensione ormai internazionale di molti fenomeni economici e l'importanza delle Ngn per lo sviluppo del mercato interno, tuttavia, rende auspicabile un rafforzamento dei poteri degli organi europei, spesso privi di strumenti che consentano una guida ed un coordinamento efficaci a livello sovranazionale.

As mobile phones reach the remote corners of the world, they bring with them a sense of great optimism. Hailed as a technology that "can transform the lives of the people who are able to access them," mobile phones have the potential to play a positive role in the lives of many of the world's poor. Such claims are often reported alongside striking statistics on the uptake of mobile phones in the developing world. Already, over two thirds of the world's mobile phones are in developing countries. In Nigeria, new subscribers are signing up for mobile phone services at a rate of almost one every second, and Nokia estimates that by the end of 2012 over 90 percent of sub-Saharan Africa will have mobile coverage.This dissertation presents an empirical investigation of the role of mobile phones in Rwandan society and economy. The material draws on two summers of field work in sub-Saharan Africa, several thousand interviews with mobile phone owners, and roughly ten terabytes of data on mobile phone use that I obtained from Rwanda's largest telecommunications operator. In the first chapter, I analyze the distribution of mobile technology within the Rwandan population, drawing attention to disparities in access to and use of mobile phones between rich and poor, and between men and women. The analysis highlights three sets of results. First, comparing the population of mobile phone owners to the general Rwandan population, I find that phone owners are considerably wealthier, better educated, and more predominantly male. Second, based on self-reported data, I observe statistically significant differences between genders in phone access and use; for instance, women are more likely to use shared phones than men. Finally, analyzing the complete call records of each subscriber, I note large disparities in patterns of phone use and in the structure of social networks by socioeconomic status. The second chapter focuses on the economic implications of the spread of an early form of "mobile money" in Rwanda, and provides empirical evidence that this electronic currency is used to transmit funds to individuals affected by catastrophic shocks. Contrasting two stylized models of prosocial behavior, this analysis provides insight into why people help each other in times of dire need. The findings are based on the analysis of interpersonal interactions occurring immediately before and after a destructive earthquake in Rwanda. The observed pattern of transfers is not consistent with a model of pure charity or altruism, but better fits a model of risk sharing in which individuals mutually insure each other against uncorrelated income shocks.The third and fourth chapters present methodological contributions, and serve to illustrate how mobile phone data can be used to observe and understand the behavior of populations in developing countries, at a level of detail typically unobserved by social scientists. Chapter 3 develops a method for measuring levels and patterns of internal migration. After formalizing the concept of inferred mobility , I compute this and other metrics for 1.5 million Rwandans, and provide novel quantitative evidence consistent with qualitative findings by other scholars. Chapter 4 describes a new method for using mobile phone data to predict the socioeconomic status of an individual. The approach uses mixed methods and three distinct sources of data: anonymous call records; a government Living Standards and Measurement Survey; and a set of phone surveys I conducted in 2009 and 2010. The chapters in this dissertation develop theory and methods for understanding how mobile technologies influence economic and social behavior, and how new sources of data can be used to provide insight into patterns of human interaction. Taken together, the empirical results indicate that phones have had a positive impact on the lives of some people but, absent intervention, the benefits may not reach those with the greatest need. The ultimate goal of these studies is to better understand how information and communications technologies are changing, and can be used to improve, the lives of people worldwide.

A. Forest et al. -- 78 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables ; A better understanding of how environmental changes affect organic matter fluxes in Arctic marine ecosystems is sorely needed. Here, we combine mooring times-series, ship-based measurements and remote-sensing to assess the variability and forcing factors of vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) across the Mackenzie Shelf in 2009. We developed a geospatial model of these fluxes to proceed to an integrative analysis of their biophysical determinants in summer. Flux data were obtained with sediment traps and via a regional empirical algorithm applied to particle size-distributions (17 classes from 0.08–4.2 mm) measured by an Underwater Vision Profiler 5. Redundancy analyses and forward selection of abiotic/biotic parameters, linear trends, and spatial structures (i.e. principal coordinates of neighbor matrices, PCNM), were conducted to partition the variation of POC flux size-classes. Flux variability was explained at 69.5 % by the addition of a linear temporal trend, 7 significant PCNM and 9 biophysical variables. The interaction of all these factors explained 27.8 % of the variability. The first PCNM canonical axis (44.4 % of spatial variance) reflected a shelf-basin gradient controlled by bottom depth and ice concentration (p < 0.01), but a complex assemblage of fine-to-broad scale patterns was also identified. Among biophysical parameters, bacterial production and northeasterly wind (upwelling-favorable) were the two strongest explanatory variables (r2 cum. = 0.37), suggesting that bacteria were associated with sinking material, which was itself partly linked to upwelling-induced productivity. The second most important spatial structure corresponded actually to the two areas where shelf break upwelling is known to occur under easterlies. Copepod biomass was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with vertical POC fluxes, implying that metazoans played a significant role in the regulation of export fluxes. The low fractal dimension of settling particles (1.26) and the high contribution (~94 %) of fast-sinking small aggregates (<1 mm; 20–30 m d−1) to the mass fluxes suggested that settling material across the region was overall fluffy, porous, and likely resulting from the aggregation of marine detritus, gel-like substances and ballast minerals. Our study demonstrates that vertical POC fluxes in Arctic shelf systems are spatially complex, sensitive to environmental forcings, and determined by both physicochemical mechanisms and food web functioning. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the incorporation of terrestrial matter into the Beaufort Sea food web could be catalyzed by bacteria via the incorporation of dissolved terrestrial carbon liberated through the photo-cleavage and/or hydrolysis of land-derived POC interweaved with marine aggregates ; This work would not have been possible without the professional and enthusiastic assistance of the officers and crew members of the CCGS Amundsen. We express gratitude to L. Prieur and C. Marec for their help in the deployment of the CTD-rosette and for the onboard processing of UVP5 data. We thank J. Martin, J. Gagnon, A. Mignot and M. Gosselin for sharing the chlorophyll data in order to post-calibrate the fluorometer. 5 We thank P. Guillot for the validation of physical data. We thank M. Fortier, K. L´evesque and J. Ehn for the organization of the fieldwork, workshops and for support at sea. This study was conducted as part of the Malina Scientific Program funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), INSU-CNRS (Institut national des sciences de l'univers – Centre national de la recherche scientifique), CNES (Centre national d'e´tudes spatiales) and ESA (European Space Agency). Additional support from ArcticNet (a Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada) and from the ArcticNet-Imperial Oil Research Collaboration was welcomed and appreciated. The IAEA is grateful to the Government of the Principality of Monaco for the support provided to its Environment Laboratories. This work is a joint contribution to the Malina Project and to the research 15 programs of Que´bec-Oce´an, ArcticNet, the Takuvik Joint U. Laval/CNRS Laboratory, the Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) Initiative, to the Canada Research Chair on the Response of Marine Arctic Ecosystems to ClimateWarming, and to the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier ; Peer reviewed

To fit the globalised economical environment, enterprises, and mostly SMEs, have to develop new networked and collaborative strategies, focusing on networked value creation (instead of the classical value chain vision), fitting the blue ocean context for innovative products and service development. Such collaborative networks are by now often based on trusted and well known communities. Developing large scale networked and collaborative strategies involve increasing both enterprise and information system agility and interoperability in order to allow their interconnection. This requires paying attention on an end-to end security and on the way information and process are used during their full life-cycle. As traditional security approaches and methodologies provide only an "instant" and rather static protection, they do not fit the dynamicity nor the life-cycle long protection constraints involved by such collaborative organisation. To overcome this limit, we propose to adapt the Digital Right Management approach (first defined for multimedia contents) to collaborative information systems. After proposing a semi-distributed architecture used to manage usage rights, we propose a security policy model including both usage rights and related obligations. This leads us to extend the security policy descriptions, including a dedicated syntax and semantics to model both policy organisation, usage and obligations before paying attention on the "collaborative environment constraints". Paying attention on the way collaborative organisations are set and evolve, we have proposed an integration algebra to manage the way security and usage policies are composed depending on the way partners join and quit the collaborative context. This composition process and integration algebra analyse the collaborative business processes to identify the way policies are composed and negotiated. Lastly, we implement parts of our architecture to validate our proposals, mostly regarding the negotiation engine (using «SUN XACML implementation»), the aggregation engine(built upon JAVA DOM et JDOM) and a context analysis component. ; Pour faire face aux enjeux d'une économie mondialisée et aux fluctuations du marché, les entreprises (et principalement les PMEs) doivent développer de nouvelles stratégies de collaboration et d'organisation en réseau permettant de s'intéresser effectivement au réseau de création de valeur (et non pas se limiter à une simple organisation de chaîne de valeur) plus en rapport avec le contexte économique « blue ocean » visant le développement de produits et services innovants. Actuellement, ces réseaux de collaborations sont basés sur des relations de confiance et des communautés bien identifiées. Pour passer à une collaboration à très grande échelle, il importe d'accroître l'agilité et l'interopérabilité des entreprises et de leurs systèmes d'information pour permettre leur interconnexion. Cette stratégie de collaboration pose le problème d'une gestion de la sécurité « de bout en bout » pendant tout le cycle de vie des informations et processus partagés. Or les approches traditionnelles de sécurité ne proposent qu'une protection « statique » et « instantanée » ce qui ne permet pas de répondre aux contraintes de gestion des usage et d'adaptation dynamique requises par les organisations collaboratives. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, nous proposons d'adapter les approches de gestion des droits numériques (DRM) aux systèmes d'information. Après avoir proposé une architecture semi-distribuée de gestion des droits d'usage, nous avons proposé un modèle de politique de sécurité intégrant les droits d'usage et les obligations associées. Ceci nous a conduits à définir une syntaxe et une sémantique adaptée pour enrichir les politiques traditionnelles. Nos travaux ont porté ensuite sur la prise en compte de la dimension collaborative. Dans ce cadre nous avons proposé une algèbre d'intégration permettant de gérer la composition des politiques en fonction de l'ajout ou du retrait de partenaires dans l'organisation en analysant les processus métiers mis en œuvre par la collaboration. Enfin, notre architecture a été validée par un prototype incluant un moteur de négociation (construit sur l'outil «SUN XACML implementation»), un moteur d'agrégation s'appuyant sur JAVA DOM et JDOM et une composante d'analyse de contexte.

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Optimierung des Marktverhaltens eines Übertragungsnetzbetreibers (ÜNB). Dabei ist die Position eines Marktteilnehmers relativ neu für den ÜNB. Sie entstand erst in den letzten Jahren infolge des Strebens der deutschen Regierung, die Abhängigkeit des nationalen Energiesystems von den Energieimporten zu reduzieren und dieses umweltfreundlicher zu gestalten. Demzufolge wurde der ÜNB dazu verpflichtet, all die Einspeisungen von den Quellen der erneuerbaren Energie aufzunehmen und diese zu vermarkten. Dabei wurde der ÜNB mit den speziellen Charakteristika des neuen "Marktprodukts" konfrontiert: durch den hohen Anteil der stochastischen Windenergie an dem aufgenommenen Energiemix, wird die Verlässlichkeit eines solchen Marktgeschäfts gefährdet. Damit die aufgenommenen Windeinspeisungen optimal vermarktet werden können, muss der ÜNB über eine zuverlässige day-ahead Prognose verfügen. Deutsche ÜNBs verwenden dabei eine Metaprognose, gewichtet von den mehreren Windenergieprognosen, die in den letzten Jahren entwickelt wurden. Die Mehrheit dieser Prognosen basiert auf numerischen Wettervorhersagemodellen, welche die ÜNBs über die in jedem Zeitpunkt zu erwartende Windenergiemenge informieren. Damit reduziert sich weitgehend die der Windenergie zugeordnete Zufälligkeit. Nichtsdestotrotz sind die verbleibenden Abweichungen zwischen der day-ahead Prognose und den tatsächlich auftretenden Windeinspeisungen der Grund für den immensen zusätzlichen Kostenaufwand wie für den ÜNB (z.B. für die Leistungsvorhaltung und das Einsetzen der Regelenergie) als auch für den Letztverbraucher (erhöhte Elektrizitätstarife infolge der Umwälzung der genannten Zusatzkosten). Eine sinnvolle Maßnahme um diesen Abweichungen entgegenzuwirken wäre, die Qualität der day-ahead Prognose zu verbessern. Dementsprechend groß ist die Forschungsgemeinschaft, die sich mit dieser Fragenstellung auseinandersetzt. Der ÜNB an sich hat allerdings keine Möglichkeit die potentiellen Fehlerquellen zu beeinflussen. Die begrenzten Informationen, die er zur Verfügung hat (die gewichtete day-ahead Prognose und Online-Hochrechnungsdaten, die er bekommt mit der Verzögerung von 24 Stunden) zwingen den ÜNB, solche Methoden für die Optimierung seines Marktverhaltens aufzusuchen, die mit diesen wenigen Angaben arbeiten können. Genau diese Tatsache macht die vorliegende Arbeit neuartig, da die präsentierten Methoden – Q-Learning und Kalman-Filter – diesen Anforderungen entsprechen. Ihre Leistung wird binnen des nachsimulierten EEG-Ausgleichsmechanismus getestet und anhand von realen Windeinspeisungsdaten verifiziert. Die erreichten Ergebnisse werden mit den üblichen statistischen Kennwerten bewertet. ; This thesis is devoted to the search of the methods to optimize the market performance of a Transmission System Operator (TSO). The position of a TSO as a market player is a quite new one, since its traditional obligations consist in ensuring of network availability, congestion prevention and management, ensuring the system stability. It is emerged from the pursuit of German government of reducing the dependency of national energy system on energy imports and environmental and climate protection. In these circumstances a TSO was obliged to assume all the energy produced by renewable energy sources (RES) to bid it further on the energy market. Thereby it is faced with the special characteristics of this "market product": due to the significant share of stochastic wind power in the assumed energy mix the reliability of its trading operations becomes risky. In order to bring the wind power feed-in a TSO receives in line with the regulations of German energy market, it must have a trustworthy day-ahead forecast. German TSOs use by their operation the weighted average of several wind power forecast tools developed in the recent years. The majority of them is based on numerical weather predictions and provides the information how much wind power can be expected at each point of time. Thus they announce the variations in the electricity production of wind farms in advance and largely reduce the degree of randomness attributed to wind energy. However there are still deviations to be observed between the day-ahead forecast and real wind power feed-in. These deviations result in significant costs both for TSOs (i.e. for provision and application of control energy) and end-customers (increased electricity tariffs due to additional balancing costs of TSOs). The reasonable measure to countervail these problems is the improvement of the day-ahead forecast a TSO receives as a service. Respectively the research community occupied with the search of the adequate solutions is rather meaningful. However, a TSO as a recipient of a day-ahead forecast does not have any possibility to influence the potential sources of forecast inaccuracy. It needs therefore a solution that could optimize its day-ahead market operation regarding the limited information resources it has: the weighted day-ahead wind power forecast it receives as a service and the real-time values of wind power feed-in that it is given in 24-hours-delay. This consideration turns the current research topic into the rather novel one. Two alternative methods to solve the mentioned problem are proposed: Q-Learning and Kalman filter. Their performance is tested within the simulated model of German RES-equalisation scheme and verified with the real-life data of wind energy feed-in. Achieved results are evaluated with the common accepted error measures.

At the international level, Spain is considered a success story in collaboration between public authorities and the social economy. The nature of these existing relationships and of future association between public authorities and civil society organizations, reflects several factors: the nature of political culture (neo-corporatism), path dependency, social and economic importance as well as the type of social economy, ways of structuring representation, notoriety, the perception of the utility of these types of enterprises by public and private actors (unions, research and training organisations, etc.), the organisation of public space (and the quality of public debate), the party system (its internal organisation and its legitimacy crisis) and the prioritisation they grant to the social economy in their political agenda, and, finally, the importance of the four levels of government- European supra-state, national, regional and municipal. There are other factors to be added, but it is understood that the aforementioned aspects are necessary and sufficient to have an accurate picture of the collaboration of public authorities and the social economy in Spain. Our hypothesis affirms that the impact of the social economy on the design of policies and in their implementation has reached a very high level in our country, especially in some of its regions, such as Andalousia and part of the Basque region, due to a synchronization of favorable elements in each of the categories below. We understand that the methodological tool with more significant explanatory power to understand the origin and of the implementation of these policies, is that of community and political networks. We also believe that in the analysis of a case such as that of public/private collaboration in this specific domain, the description of policies in place as well as an analysis of the actors and of their discourse, have great explanatory power for drawing conclusions which can serve to better understand not only the origins of a particular policy, but also its nature. In the Spanish case, we find ourselves in a political sub-system, that of political policies supporting the social economy, which present a vast range and diversity of measures including cases with a high degree of sophistication and of innovation. According to the classification of the politics of SUPPLY and DEMAND by Chaves (2002), in the first case, we present all of the types of public policies available. For example, in the case of institutional policies, we see that there exists a large number of important sites in the different divisions of public administrations (usually at the administrative level); the representative organizations of the social economy have developed with a significant level of technical abilities and relational capital and the judicial framework is rich and varied. The decentralized political and administrative structure of the Spanish State, favors, in a certain way, benchmarking and territorial innovation. Among other types of measures, it is important to underline those of a cognitive nature. Therefore, outside the more traditional measures of training, there exists very ambitious and innovative experiences of training targeting political representatives of organizations, prescribers, etc. There are also measures to raise awareness, to promote study and to reinforce the structure of the social economy, considered fundamental among most of the respondents who participated in our research. In conclusion, it is important to note that we have extracted, a series of elements from discussions and surveys, which could explain the process and, in part, the reasons for the success of this good practice. We note, in particular: the importance of the process; the adaptation of the culture of the sub-system; the process of co-construction of the social economy's identity; its structuring; the organization of public space (the decentralised State) and the historical inertia (path dependency). We must equally emphasize the importance of the cognitive element in the policies, the role of the Outline Law of the Social Economy, in the sense that it enshrines philosophical concepts in legal forms and the importance of participation of representatives of the social economy in formal and informal forums.

This thesis is concerned with understanding the risks associated with the development of CTSC (Capture, Transport & Storage of CO2) projects up to industrial scales. CTSC projects are complex sociotechnical systems for which a systemic risk management approach is required. The approach has to cover different aspects of risk in order to analyze how dynamics of risks affect dynamics of projects. A systemic risk management framework is proposed based on the concepts of systems thinking, STAMP (Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes), developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and system dynamics. The objective is to model and analyze the safety control structure involved in a CTSC project. Safety control structure is the organizational structure of stakeholders (controllers) who are responsible for maintaining safety constraints. The goal of safety control structure in this work is to prevent CTSC project delay or failure. This goal has been rephrased as definition and treatment of major risks that could avoid maintaining safety constraints. The risks have been firstly identified and classified in eight main categories including Technical, HSE (Health, Safety and Environment), Policy/Strategy, Legal, Organizational/Human, Financial/Economic, Social and Project. The major risks related to the phases prior to engineering have been extracted and modeled by the proposed methodology. Feedback networks affecting the amplification of each risk have been studied. Safety control structures, context and associated risks of Barendrecht, Lacq and Weyburn projects have been analyzed in order to propose a generic safety control model for CTSC projects. Emphasis is placed on the significance of finding endogenous explanations for the failure of CTSC projects. The model highlights the flow of information and communication among stakeholders leading to improve their mental models and decisions. ; Cette thèse concerne l'étude des risques associés aux projets de CTSC (Captage, Transport et Stockage de CO2) dont le développement est prévu à l'échelle industrielle. Les projets de CTSC sont des systèmes sociotechniques complexes pour lesquels une approche systémique de management des risques est nécessaire. L'approche doit couvrir les différents aspects du risque pour analyser l'influence de la dynamique des risques sur la dynamique des projets. Une méthodologie systémique de management des risques est proposée. Cette méthodologie est fondée sur les concepts de la pensée systémique, de l'approche STAMP (Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) développée au sein du Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et de la dynamique des systèmes. L'objectif est de modéliser et d'analyser la structure de contrôle de sécurité impliquée dans un projet de CTSC. La structure de contrôle de sécurité est la structure organisationnelle des parties prenantes (contrôleurs) qui sont responsables de maintenir les contraintes de la sécurité. L'objectif de cette structure de contrôle de sécurité dans cette thèse est d'éviter le retard ou l'échec des projets de CTSC. Cet objectif a été reformulé comme étant la définition et le management des risques majeurs qui pourraient empêcher ou limiter le maintien des contraintes de sécurité. Les risques ont été d'abord identifiés et classés selon huit catégories : Technique, SSE (Santé, Sécurité et Environnement), Politique/Stratégie, Réglementation, Organisationnel/Humain, Financier/Economique, Social et Projet. Les risques majeurs liés aux phases amont ont été extraits et modélisés en utilisant la méthodologie proposée. Les rétroactions affectant la propagation et l'amplification de chaque risque ont été étudiées. Les structures de contrôle de sécurité, le contexte et les risques associés des projets de Barendrecht, de Lacq et de Weyburn ont été analysés. L'application de la méthodologie sur ces trois retours d'expériences permet de proposer un modèle générique de contrôle de sécurité pour les projets de CTSC. L'accent est mis sur le rôle majeur des facteurs endogènes conduisant à l'échec des projets de CTSC. Ce modèle met en évidence les flux d'information et de communication entre les parties prenantes qui conduisent à améliorer leurs modèles mentaux et leurs décisions.

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania.

To fit the globalised economical environment, enterprises, and mostly SMEs, have to develop new networked and collaborative strategies, focusing on networked value creation (instead of the classical value chain vision), fitting the blue ocean context for innovative products and service development. Such collaborative networks are by now often based on trusted and well known communities. Developing large scale networked and collaborative strategies involve increasing both enterprise and information system agility and interoperability in order to allow their interconnection. This requires paying attention on an end-to end security and on the way information and process are used during their full life-cycle. As traditional security approaches and methodologies provide only an "instant" and rather static protection, they do not fit the dynamicity nor the life-cycle long protection constraints involved by such collaborative organisation. To overcome this limit, we propose to adapt the Digital Right Management approach (first defined for multimedia contents) to collaborative information systems. After proposing a semi-distributed architecture used to manage usage rights, we propose a security policy model including both usage rights and related obligations. This leads us to extend the security policy descriptions, including a dedicated syntax and semantics to model both policy organisation, usage and obligations before paying attention on the "collaborative environment constraints". Paying attention on the way collaborative organisations are set and evolve, we have proposed an integration algebra to manage the way security and usage policies are composed depending on the way partners join and quit the collaborative context. This composition process and integration algebra analyse the collaborative business processes to identify the way policies are composed and negotiated. Lastly, we implement parts of our architecture to validate our proposals, mostly regarding the negotiation engine (using «SUN XACML implementation»), the aggregation engine(built upon JAVA DOM et JDOM) and a context analysis component. ; Pour faire face aux enjeux d'une économie mondialisée et aux fluctuations du marché, les entreprises (et principalement les PMEs) doivent développer de nouvelles stratégies de collaboration et d'organisation en réseau permettant de s'intéresser effectivement au réseau de création de valeur (et non pas se limiter à une simple organisation de chaîne de valeur) plus en rapport avec le contexte économique « blue ocean » visant le développement de produits et services innovants. Actuellement, ces réseaux de collaborations sont basés sur des relations de confiance et des communautés bien identifiées. Pour passer à une collaboration à très grande échelle, il importe d'accroître l'agilité et l'interopérabilité des entreprises et de leurs systèmes d'information pour permettre leur interconnexion. Cette stratégie de collaboration pose le problème d'une gestion de la sécurité « de bout en bout » pendant tout le cycle de vie des informations et processus partagés. Or les approches traditionnelles de sécurité ne proposent qu'une protection « statique » et « instantanée » ce qui ne permet pas de répondre aux contraintes de gestion des usage et d'adaptation dynamique requises par les organisations collaboratives. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, nous proposons d'adapter les approches de gestion des droits numériques (DRM) aux systèmes d'information. Après avoir proposé une architecture semi-distribuée de gestion des droits d'usage, nous avons proposé un modèle de politique de sécurité intégrant les droits d'usage et les obligations associées. Ceci nous a conduits à définir une syntaxe et une sémantique adaptée pour enrichir les politiques traditionnelles. Nos travaux ont porté ensuite sur la prise en compte de la dimension collaborative. Dans ce cadre nous avons proposé une algèbre d'intégration permettant de gérer la composition des politiques en fonction de l'ajout ou du retrait de partenaires dans l'organisation en analysant les processus métiers mis en œuvre par la collaboration. Enfin, notre architecture a été validée par un prototype incluant un moteur de négociation (construit sur l'outil «SUN XACML implementation»), un moteur d'agrégation s'appuyant sur JAVA DOM et JDOM et une composante d'analyse de contexte.