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Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Framing the Approach -- References -- 3 Economic Dualism as a Structural Constraint of South Eastern European Economies and Societies -- 3.1 Dualism and South East European Countries -- 3.2 Dualism in the Balkans: Exploratory Overview of Some Implications -- 3.3 The Romanian Case -- References -- 4 The Post-communist Period (1989-2000). Land Reform Between Property Rights Restoration and the Reorganization of Work and Production Relationships in Agriculture -- 4.1 The Land Law 18/1991 -- 4.2 The Law Regarding the Agricultural Companies and Other Forms of Associations in Agriculture (Law 36/1991) -- 4.3 The Land Leasing Law 16/1994 -- 4.4 Law 54/1998 Concerning the Legal Transmission of Land -- 4.5 Law 1/2000 for the Restoration of the Ownership Right Over Agricultural and Forestry Land According to the Land Law 18/1991 and the Law 169/1997 -- 4.6 The Governmental Ordinance 198/1999 -- 4.7 Outlook of the Romanian Agriculture at the End of the 1990s, on the Threshold of Speeding up the EU Accession Process -- References -- 5 The Pre-communist Period (1864-1945). Agriculture Between the Creation of Market Institutions and the Planned Economy -- 5.1 The Evolution of Agricultural Organization from 1864 to 1917 -- 5.1.1 The Land Reform of 1864 -- 5.1.2 The Laws Concerning the Sale of Land from the State Domains -- 5.1.3 The Laws on Agricultural Contracts -- 5.1.4 The Renting of Land -- 5.2 The Evolution of Agricultural Organization from 1917 to 1945 -- 5.2.1 The Agrarian Reform Laws of 1921 -- 5.3 The Great Depression of 1929-1933 and Its Impact on Agriculture -- 5.4 Attempts for Land Consolidation and Enforcement of the Rural Cooperation Movement -- 5.5 The Institutions of Rural Credit -- 5.6 The 1945 Land Reform -- References.

The Principles of European Insurance Contract Law, also referred tousing the acronym PEICL, were published in September 2009. They are the result of ten years of academic work undertaken by the"Restatement of European Insurance Contract Law" Project Group. In the time since its establishment in 1999, the project has been transformed from being a stand-alone project to a part of the CoPECL (Common Principles of European Insurance Contract Law) network, drafting a specific part of the Common Frame of Reference. Having continually worked under the guiding principle that "the law of insurance [in Europe] must be one," it now represents a serious option for providing Europe with a single legal framework for insurance contracts.Despite the European Council's proclamations that the Common Frame of Reference will remain a non-binding instrument, the implementation of one or more optional instruments in the future does not appear to beimprobable considering recent developments. The possibility of anoptional instrument has been expressed more than once by the European Commission in its Action Plan and Communication on European Contract Law. Other indications in favour of an optional instrument include the European Parliament's repeated references to the Common Frame of Reference as providing, at the very least, a model for a futureoptional instrument, as well as the EESC's earlier proposal of anoptional instrument as an alternative to standardising insurancecontract law. The preparation by the EESC of another (own-initiative) opinion on European contract law is underway, and its presentation is anticipated in 2010. Hence, the optional instrument is evidently the subject of serious political deliberation. Using Article 1:102, the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law represent a prototype for such an instrument.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Biographies -- Enforcing Human Rights at End of Life: Is There a Better Approach? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Withholding and Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment -- 3 Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness -- 4 Minimally Conscious Patients -- 5 Requests for Treatment -- 6 `Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation´ Notices -- 7 The Pervasive Nature of Article 8 -- 8 Assisted Dying -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Case Law (UK) -- Case Law (Strasbourg) -- Legislation -- Can Rights Be Ring-Fenced in Times of Austerity? Equality, Equity and Judicial `Trusteeship´ over the UK´s Fairness Agenda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Justiciability? -- 3 Judicial (Over)Deference or Judges as `Rights-Trustees´? -- 4 Identifying Baselines: (In)equality or (In)equity? -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- UK Case Law -- Strasbourg Case Law -- South African Case Law -- UN Documents -- Websites -- The Right to Healthcare: A Critical Examination of the Human Right of Irregular Migrants to Access State-Funded HIV/AIDS Treat... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Emerging Mythology Around `Health Tourism´ -- 3 Health Care as a `Human Right´ -- 4 Applicability of European Human Rights Law -- 5 Domestic and European Jurisprudence -- 6 An `Integrated Approach´ -- 7 The `Exclusion Approach´ -- 8 The Policy Dilemma -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Case Law -- Canada -- UK -- Legislation -- Websites -- UN Documents -- Dignity: A Relevant Normative Value in `Access to Health and Social Care´ Litigation in the United Kingdom? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The McDonald Litigation -- 3 Dignity: What Does It Mean? -- 4 Dignity and the Right to Health -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- United Nations Material -- Cases -- Patent Rights, Access to Medicines, and the Justiciability of the Right to Health in Kenya, South Africa and India -- 1 Introduction.

Defence date: 30 April 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Dr. Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Professor Dr. Bruno de Witte, European University Institute; Professor Dr. Pasquale Pistone, Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law, Vienna; Professor Dr. Adolfo Martín Jiménez, Cádiz University. ; Awarded the European Association of Tax Law Professors (EATLP) 2016 Tax Thesis Award in Munich, Germany, June 2016. ; This dissertation purports to connect the preliminary reference procedure with direct taxation. The aim of my dissertation is to lay down how this essential mechanism for the development of EU law – the preliminary reference procedure – deals with the cases in the field of direct taxation. By analyzing the preliminary rulings in the particular field, this thesis will shed light on the meaning of judicial cooperation between the Court of Justice of the European Union ("Court") and the national courts. The almost absence of harmonized direct taxation reached at the European level enables the Court throughout the preliminary reference procedure to become the only available actor to safeguard the rights conferred to the individuals by EU law. In the area of direct taxation, it encompasses the rights of the individuals to exercise the fundamental Treaty freedoms of circulation. Therefore, the entrenchment of the rights of the individuals requires national courts requesting questions for preliminary rulings whereby national tax law in breach of EU law is challenged. Accordingly, this narrative of "protection of EU rights" which is embedded within article 267 TFEU enables the Court to adopt the role of a constitutional court assessing the compatibility of national law with EU law. The current asymmetries and conceptual mismatches of the substantive case law in the field of direct taxation are firmly anchored in a preliminary reference procedure in which the Court, as a constitutional court, is endowed with discretionary powers to drive it.

Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction: Wellbeing and the Legal Academy -- 1.1 Aim of This Volume -- 1.2 Contributions to the Volume -- 1.3 The Concept of Wellbeing -- 1.4 Workload -- 1.5 Competence -- 1.6 Communication -- 1.7 Community -- 1.8 The Impact of COVID-19 -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 An Analysis of Studies on the Wellbeing of Law Teachers in the UK and Australia in 2020 Using the Lens of Seven Psychosocial Hazards of Academic Work -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Methodological Limitations -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 2020 Study -- 2.4 Analysis of the 2020 UK and Australian Law Teacher Studies Through the Lens of the HSE's 7 Psychosocial Hazards of Academic Work -- 2.4.1 Work Demands -- 2.4.2 Control -- 2.4.3 Support -- 2.4.4 Relationships in the Workplace -- 2.4.5 Role -- 2.4.6 Change Management -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Examining Teaching-Focused Law Teachers Through the Prism of Self-determination Theory -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Interview Themes -- 3.3.1 Movement -- 3.3.2 Relationships -- 3.3.3 Value and Visibility -- 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 Sessional Law Teacher Well-Being: An Empirical Australian Study -- 4.1 Introduction and Terminology -- 4.2 Sessional Academics in the Higher Education Sector -- 4.3 Sessional Academics in the Legal Academy -- 4.4 Challenges Facing Sessional Academics -- 4.5 Sessional Law Academic Well-Being -- 4.6 Australian Sessional Law Teacher Study -- 4.6.1 Aims -- 4.6.2 Methods and Participants -- 4.6.3 Measures -- 4.6.4 Results -- 4.7 Discussion and Observations -- 4.8 Limitations -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Value Me: Supporting Confident Career Management and Increased Wellbeing in Early and Mid-Career Academics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Context -- 5.3 Self-Determination Theory.

Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- References -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sustainable Consumption and the Law -- 1.1 Contribution to the Field -- 1.2 Conceptual and Normative Frameworks -- 1.3 Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I: Consumer Law and Sustainable Consumption -- Chapter 2: International and Transnational Consumer Law on Sustainable Consumption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sustainable Consumption -- 2.3 The UN Guidelines: The First Global Document on Consumer Protection -- 2.4 Other Transnational Regulation Attempts: The OECD Guidelines -- 2.5 Regional Consumer Law: The European Union Legal Framework -- 2.6 Regional Consumer Law: Las Conferencias Especializadas Interamericanas Sobre Derecho Internacional Privado (CIDIP) -- 2.7 Initiatives by NGOs: Consumers International -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Sustainable Consumption and Obsolescence of Consumer Products -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prohibiting Planned Obsolescence -- 3.2.1 A Typology of Obsolescence -- 3.2.2 Definition of Planned Obsolescence -- 3.2.3 Current Legal Standards -- 3.3 General Obligation of Product Sustainability -- 3.3.1 Quebec -- 3.3.2 New Brunswick -- 3.3.3 Saskatchewan -- 3.3.4 Countries of the European Union -- 3.4 Setting Fixed Time Limits for Sustainability -- 3.4.1 The Netherlands -- 3.4.2 France -- 3.4.3 The European Union -- 3.5 The Obligation to Repair and After-Sales Services -- 3.5.1 Quebec -- 3.5.2 Saskatchewan -- 3.5.3 Europe -- 3.6 Standardization and Certification -- 3.7 Conclusions and Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 4: The Shift from Consumer Protection to Consumer Empowerment and the Consequences for Sustainable Consumption -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Consumer Law and Market Liberal Theory -- 4.3 The Development of the Consumer Society.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Jus ad Bellum -- 1 The Legal Nature of States' Obligations Towards Ukraine in the Context of Jus Contra Bellum -- 1.1 The Meaning of Jus Contra Bellum in Current International Law -- 1.2 Treaties as a Source of Inter Partes Obligations -- 1.3 Customary Nature of States' Obligations -- 1.4 Jus Cogens Norms and Erga Omnes Obligations -- 1.5 General Principles of International Law -- 1.6 Unilateral Declarations of States -- References -- 2 Who Are the "Crimea People" or "People of Crimea"? The Fate of the Crimean Tatars, Russia's Legal Justification for Annexation, and Pandora's Box -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Events of February-March 2014 -- 2.3 The Crimean Tatars -- 2.4 The Crimean Tatars in Independent Ukraine -- 2.5 The Status of the Crimean Tatar People -- 2.6 The Official (and an Unofficial) Russian Position -- 2.7 Russian scholars on Crimea -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 An Illegal Territorial Regime? On the Occupation and Annexation of Crimea as a Matter of International Law -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 'Crimea': The End(s) of Occupation Law -- 3.2.1 Defying Ends -- 3.2.2 Category Error -- 3.3 Illegal Territorial Regimes: The Operation of the Consequence of Invalidity -- 3.3.1 Objective Illegality -- 3.3.2 Undercutting Occupation Law? -- 3.4 The Illegal Territorial Regime in Crimea -- 3.5 Consequences and Costs: The Challenge of Illegal Territorial Regimes -- 3.6 Postscript: Regime Design Matters -- References -- 4 Conferral of Nationality of the Kin State - Mission Creep? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Conferral of Nationality: An Absolute Exercise of State Sovereignty -- 4.2.1 Methods of Conferral of Nationality Under International Law -- 4.2.2 Russian Practice Relating to Conferral of Nationality.

At head of title: no. 1-2, Library of Congress. State law index; no. 3- , The Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. State law index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Praise for Protest Movements as Media Vehicles of the Brazilian New Right -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Research Context and Methodology -- 1 Research Context -- Publics and the Public Sphere -- Intellectual Influences on Right-Wing Discourse -- Moral Debates, Status & -- Power -- Culture Wars -- Status and Power -- Social Media Politics -- 2 Methodology -- Qualitative Research Practices -- Purposive Sampling Hierarchies of Interviews with the Movements -- Quantitative Research Practices -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Political Marketeers -- 1 Facebook Posts -- Discourses -- Formats -- Emotions -- 2 Media Vehicles -- Political Commentary Programs -- Political Propaganda -- Media Machines -- Youtube-A Right-Wing Commentary Channel -- 3 Communication Techniques -- Violent Left -- Media Spectacles -- Rules for Radicals -- Tactic 5: Ridicule Is Man's Most Potent Weapon -- Tactic 13: Pick the Target, Freeze It, Personalise It, and Polarise It -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Anti-Corruption Discourses -- 1 Reputational Risk -- Odebrecht -- 2 Corruption Awareness via Facebook -- Video Editing -- Corruption Allegations Against Lula -- Illicit Campaign Financing -- Temer & -- JBS -- 3 Anti-Corruption Flag -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Neoliberal Debates -- 1 Jogo Político -- Electoral Fund -- Labour Reform -- 2 Political Motivation -- Revenge: Renan vs. Resgate -- Political Influence -- Historical Status -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Brazilian Culture Wars -- 1 Law & -- Politics -- STF -- Impunity -- Law Enforcement -- New Migration Law -- 2 Family, Education, Media & -- Arts -- LGBTQIA+ Representation -- Queer Museum -- MAM Affair -- Anti-Globo Campaign -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2.

"Being the opinions and rulings of the Circuit Courts of the United States and Commissioner of Patents; covering a period of over twenty-five years, with classified references to law reports of important patent litigation, and a full digest of subjects and special cases, and the maxims of law given thereto also the patent laws of the United States and revisions. (Full text.)" ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Foreword by Chris Jay Hoofnagle --Acknowledgements --Introduction --Behavioural Targeting --Privacy --Data Protection Law, Principles --Data Protection Law, Material Scope --Informed Consent in Data Protection Law --Informed Consent in Practice --Improving Empowerment --Improving Protection --Summary and Conclusion --References --Legal Texts --National Legal Texts --Table of Cases.

Intro -- General Editor'S Foreword -- Authors' Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Table Of Constitutional And Treaty Provisions And Of Community Acts -- Table Of Legislative Provisions -- Table Of Cases -- Part I: Consumer Law, Common Markets And Federalism: Introduction And General Concepts -- 1.1 Introduction And General Concepts -- 1.2 Consumer Protection In The American Federal System -- 1.3 Consumer Protection In The European Community: Issues And Prospects -- 1.4 Conclusion: The Future Of Consumer Law In The European Community -- Part Ii: Consumer Law In The American Federal System -- 2.1 Division Of Sovereignty And The Structure Of Consumer Law In The United States -- 2.2 Allocation Of Authority In The American Federal System -- 2.3 Concluding Comments On The American Federal System -- References : Part Ii -- Part Iii: Consumer Law And The European Community: Issues And Prospects -- 3.1 Potential Of The Community Consumer Law And Policy System -- 3.2 Real Policy Formation And Decision-Making In Community Consumer Law And Policy -- 3.3 The Future Of Consumer Law In The European Community -- References: Part Iii -- Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: bringing cultural genocide into the mainstream -- Significance and controversies -- Concluding note -- Notes -- References -- Part I: Cultural genocide in international law -- 1 Raphaël Lemkin: culture and cultural genocide -- The concept of culture in "cultural genocide" -- Lemkin: genocide as the destruction of nations -- Lemkin on group destruction in Axis Rule in Occupied Europe -- Culture and genocide -- Notes -- References -- 2 An historical perspective: the exclusion of cultural genocide from the genocide convention -- Introduction -- Overview of the drafting process -- Negotiating cultural genocide out of the UNGC -- Inserting the "colonial clause" -- Protecting the interests of the colonial powers -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 A modern perspective: the current status of cultural genocide under international law -- Introduction -- A brief history of cultural genocide -- Modern treaty regimes and international human rights law -- Modern international criminal law -- The path forward -- Notes -- References -- Part II: Global manifestations of cultural genocide -- Section one: settler colonialism, forced assimilation, and -- 4 Destroying Indigenous cultures in the United States -- Introduction -- Defining cultural genocide -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Genocide and settler colonialism: how a Lemkinian concept of genocide informs our understanding of the ongoing situation of the Guarani Kaiowá in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil -- Introduction -- Settler colonial genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil -- Generous natives meet the Portuguese settlers -- False freedom -- The Figueiredo report -- The Truth Commission -- Indigenous rights subject to government politics.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1. 'Fashionable Strategies': Travels in Gender and Sexuality Studies -- Sexualities Research 'in the West'? -- Contemporary Writing on Gender and Sexualities Within African Contexts -- Bringing it Home -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 2. Exploring the Contours of African Sexualities: Religion, Law and Power -- Introduction: Linking Religion, Culture, Law and Sexuality -- Law, Culture and Religion Viewed through the Lens of Power -- The Sexual Citizen: Between Desire and the Law -- Out of the Margins: Challenging Structures of Sexual Oppression -- Conclusion: African Religion and Sexualities - Toward a Sociolegal Reconstruction -- Notes -- 3. The Power of Pleasure: Re-conceptualising Sexualities -- Framing Alternative Approaches to Analysis of Female Sexualities -- Epistemic Ruptures in Thinking about Gender -- Female Initiation Rituals in Northern Mozambique -- Preparations of the Erotic Body -- Body Tattoos/Scarifications -- Hip Belts of Glass Beads - Missangas -- Elongated Labia -- Labia Elongation, Sexual Self-confidence and Categorisations -- Erotic Movements -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4. Rethinking Sex and Secrecy in Precolonial African History: A Focus on Kenya -- Introduction -- Theorising Sex and Secrecy -- Kenya and 'Sexuality' under Colonial Anthropology -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. The 'G-String' as a Space for Sexual and Political Imagination: Rethinking Discourses of Youth, Power and Globalisation in Kenya -- Introduction -- The Voice of the 'G-String' as 'African Clothing' -- Notes -- References -- 6. 'Daddy, Today we have a Match! 'Women's Agentic Strategies in Initiating Sexual Intercourse in an Urban Ghanaian Community -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- References

Intro -- Law Enforcement and Technology -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 An Introduction -- The Police (Developing the Service) -- The Structure of the Book -- References -- 2 Horses and Horsepower, Fingerprints and Forensics: The Development of Technology and Law Enforcement -- Introduction -- Where It All Begins -- The Science of Investigation -- Professionalization and Policing -- The Science of Policing -- Summary -- References -- 3 Advances in Technology and Policing: 21st Century America -- Introduction -- Patrol -- Dash Cam -- GIS -- Intelligence -- Social Media -- Interrogation -- Advanced Interrogation and Interview Technology -- Records & Data -- License Plate Tracking -- Spying -- Biometric Data Collection -- Fingerprints -- Facial Recognition -- Iris Recognition -- Safety and Technology -- Body Cameras -- Less-Lethal Force -- Electronic Surveillance -- CCTV -- Next Generation 9-1-1 -- Summary -- References -- 4 Positive Policing: Communication and the Public -- Introduction -- Technology as Communication -- Conversations with the Public as Communication -- The Skill of Good Communication -- Supporting a Positive Public -- When Things Are Not so Good -- Summary: Understanding the Use of Electronic Technology -- Notes -- References -- 5 Technology at Work: Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement in "Social" Media -- Introduction -- How Can We Assess the Public's Attitude toward Law Enforcement? -- What Is the Social Media Telling Us About the Police? -- High Praise -- Middle of the Road Evaluations -- Poor Opinions -- General Angst -- Media Fueled Distrust -- Personal Accounts -- Summary: Moving Forward -- References -- 6 Technology that Aids the Investigative Process -- Introduction -- Communication -- Cameras and Video -- Crime Scene-Related Technologies.