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Safety is an important topic for a wide range of disciplines, such as engineering, economics, sociology, psychology, political science and philosophy, and plays a central role in risk analysis and risk management. The aim of this thesis is to develop a concept of safety that is relevant for decision-making, and to elucidate its consequences for risk and safety research and practices. Essay I provides a conceptual analysis of safety in the context of societal decision-making, focusing on some fundamental distinctions and aspects, and argues for a more complex notion than what is commonly given. This concept of safety explicitly includes epistemic uncertainty, the degree to which we are uncertain of our knowledge of the situation at hand. It is discussed the extent to which such a concept may be considered an objective concept, and concluded that it is better seen as an intersubjective concept. Some formal versions of a comparative safety concept are also proposed. Essay II explores some consequences of epistemic uncertainty. It is commonly claimed that the public is irrational in its acceptance of risks. An underlying presumption in such a claim is that the public should follow the experts' advice in recommending an activity whenever the experts have better knowledge of the risk involved. This position is criticised based on considerations from epistemic uncertainty and the goal of safety. Furthermore, it is shown that the scope of the objection covers the entire field of risk research, risk assessment as well as risk management. Essay III analyses the role of epistemic uncertainty for principles of achieving safety in an engineering context. The aim is to show that to account for common engineering principles we need the understanding of safety that has been argued for in Essays I-II. Several important principles in engineering safety are analysed, and it is argued that we cannot fully account for them on a narrow interpretation of safety as the reduction of risk (understanding risk as the combination of ...

Family is a fruitful object with which to study how social structures, changes and events are interrelated with people's personal lives. In this book, this relatedness of personal and public becomes apparent on multiple levels. It becomes evident how politics, public policies, production structures, labour markets and their changes create the frame within which women, men and children in families live their lives, as well as how personal choices influence these structures. The articles of this book comprise a valuable contribution to the discussions concerning the changing roles of women, men and children, as well as different transitions within the framework of generations, gender roles and work-life balance. In addition, they entail interesting data and methodological innovations. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in social sciences, education sciences and gender studies. Politicians, professionals and administrators interested in family and gender issues may find this book a valuable source of information.

The role of national (regulatory) agencies in policy making and agenda-setting -- Under what conditions regulators are successful in agenda-setting? -- The production and the use of knowledge in agenda-setting : case studies in a comparative perspective -- Regulatory agencies and the construction of public problems.

The Hijras are commonly ridiculed in most parts of the world due to certain misconceptions including the question of their sexual deformity. Pakistan is the home of a million Hijras mostly living below the poverty line and now commonly seeing begging at different traffic signals. The present study was designed to study the issue faced by the transgender community in accessing public services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study covers four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Swabi, Mardan, Haripur, and Mansehra) with a total sample size of 20. This qualitative study was based on interviews with transgender gurus this research covers six themes transgender population identification, public sector employment literacy, and schooling, public health, and protection. The semi-structured interview was conducted through structured questioners to gather the data from the target samples. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis by using NVIVO Software. The result show population in all four districts is mostly found uneducated presently engaged in such a profession which are not socially considered honorable. The finding also shows that they face a lot of problems while accessing public services including services in hospitals, education, less cooperation of police, totally ignored from society and also avoid by government. This research study will highlight the issues which are faced by transgender in the community.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The scientific goal of the article is to analyze traffic safety policy, in a problem-chronological perspective, as part of the Swedish "welfare state" model, with particular emphasis on internal political and social factors.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In exploring the issues of road safety in Sweden, the author used a functionalist approach to examine the relationship of political forces affecting their shape. The genetic method has allowed to mention qualitative factors that are the foundations of Swedish policy. Institutional and normative approach with regard to the characteristics of decision-making processes, law-making processes resulted in a system analysis in line with the theoretical model proposed by David Easton. Each stage of the legislative process has been followed – from the change initiative to the entry intoforce of the "Vision Zero". The method of content analysis and the institutional and legal method served to illustrate the role that it has for Sweden for 20 years.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Ensuring broadly understood, multi-tasked road traffic safety is today a prerequisite for harmonious economic and social development of the country (for example, due to the cost of treatment of accident victims, but also the legitimacy of authority, whose task is to ensure safety).RESEARCH RESULTS: The necessity of introducing a nationwide road safety strategy was convinced by all the groups that sat in the Swedish parliament in 1997 (as evidenced by its voting through acclamation). The consolidation attitude of many social groups, institutions and individual road users, promoted by the Vision Zero, resulted in considerable successes. First of all, the number of fatalities in road accidents in 1997-2012 dropped by 48%. At the same time, the number of people who suffered minor injuries in the same period as a result of road accidents has increased. This testifies to the correct decisions of Swedish strategists who were already well aware in 1997 that it is impossible to eliminate accidents as such (which is why they focused on reducing the most tragic effects).CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The Vision of Zero, which is now a general philosophy of approach to road safety issues in Sweden, thanks to its efficiency and effectiveness has become not only a source of pride on the part of the Swedes themselves. Few (Sweden's population for the first time reached a ceiling of 10 million inhabitants in January 2017), although the very innovative Swedish society developed an innovative model of cooperation between private and public sector entities as well as every single user of transport infrastructure that contributed to the radical decline the number of accidents resulting in death or serious injury. Thus, once again, the descendants of the Vikings became a role model for other nations – both among European Union countries and on a global scale.