Suchergebnisse

Radovan Karadzic en La Haya.Responsable por uno de los genocidios mas sangrientos de la historia reciente, Radovan Karadzic, el ex jefe político de los serbobosnios comparecerá ante el Tribunal Penal Internacional para ex Yugoslavia. Karadzic fue trasladado en la noche del pasado martes a La Haya. Horas antes del traslado, tenía lugar una manifestación organizada por la oposición nacionalista serbia en el centro de Belgrado, que degeneró al final en altercados entre unos centenares de jóvenes y la policía. Varios medios informan al respecto: "El Mercurio" de Chile: "Masiva protesta antes de su traslado en las calles de Belgrado: Karadzic fue extraditado a La Haya":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/B46C4AF2-02E3-4C90-823E-ECC1FC5E98D2.htm?id={B46C4AF2-02E3-4C90-823E-ECC1FC5E98D2}"El País" de Madrid: "Karadzic llega al Tribunal de La Haya: Serbia envía de noche al presunto criminal de guerra a las dependencias penitenciarias internacionales.- Será juzgado por genocidio y otros crímines por el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Karadzic/llega/Tribunal/Haya/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_4/Tes"New York Times": "Karadzic Arrives in Hague After Protest by Loyalists":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/world/europe/31hague.html"CCN": "Karadzic set to make first court appearance":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/30/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Karadzic appeal not received by court"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/28/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Karadzic to defend himself in war crimes court":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/23/serb.arrest/index.html"Thousands protest Karadzic arrest":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/29/karadzic.deportation/index.html"Time":"Karadzic Wants No Lawyer":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827424,00.html"Le Monde": "Radovan Karadzic comparaîtra jeudi devant le TPI"http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/30/radovan-karadzic-est-arrive-a-la-haye_1078522_3214.html#ens_id=1075781"Los Ángeles Times": "War crimes suspect Karadzic extradited to The Hague":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-serbs30-2008jul30,0,2903253.story"MSNBC": "Karadzic in U.N. custody in Netherlands: Ex-fugitive flown to the Netherlands following violent protest in Belgrade":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887949/"Thousands protest in Belgrade for Karadzic: U.S. Embassy warns Americans to avoid protest amid fears of violence":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25890371/"Paper: Karadzic lawyer tries to stop extradition: Appeal meant to prevent war-crime suspect from being sent to U.N. court":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25859649/"Times":"Radovan Karadzic extradited to The Hague":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4427730"La Nación": "Está acusado de genocidio: Radovan Karadzic, a disposición de La Haya. El ex líder serbio llegó a Holanda para ser juzgado en el Tribunal Penal Internacional":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034845"Avanza su extradición: Karadzic será llevado a La Haya en secreto": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034388"El Tiempo" de Colombia: "Radovan Karadzic fue llevado a La Haya, Holanda, para ser juzgado por crímenes de guerra":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/radovan-karadzic-fue-llevado-a-la-haya-holanda-para-ser-juzgado-por-crimenes-de-guerra_4416080-1"The Economist":"Arrest of a bearded man": http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792314"El Universal" de Méjico: "Karadzic queda en poder de la ONU en Holanda":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526234.htmlAMERICA LATINA"El Mercurio" publica: "Reclaman la restitución del Ejército: Ex militares haitianos ocupan un antiguo cuartel":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/B0B07BB4-211D-4F05-9FEB-6704AF47278D.htm?id={B0B07BB4-211D-4F05-9FEB-6704AF47278D}"La Nación" publica: "Uribe pide "discreción"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034424"MSNBC" informa: "Woman suspected of being FARC's Europe link: Maria Remedios Garcia Albert, 57, was the alleged rebel liaison":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25873981"The Economist" analiza: "Energy reform in México: Crude and oily. A controversial referendum and the future of the state oil company":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11791596"MSNBC" anuncia: "Mexican military losing drug war support: Border residents report abuse, violence by soldiers sent to curb narcotics": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25851906/"El País" de Madrid publica: "El presidente electo de Paraguay ya no es sacerdote: El Papa ha suspendido definitivamente a Fernando Lugo porque las profesiones de obispo y gobernante de un país no son compatibles http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presidente/electo/Paraguay/sacerdote/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_8/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "Chávez: "Bush quiere revivir la guerra fría". El presidente venezolano dice, en una carta enviada a Fidel Castro, que EE UU planea agredir a Cuba http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chavez/Bush/quiere/revivir/guerra/fria/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_14/Tes"The Economist" anuncia: "Argentina: Et tu, Julio? :The president suffers a heavy defeat at the hands of her number two":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11791614"La Nación" informa: "Bolivia: ratifican el referéndum. Pese a los pedidos de suspensión, la Corte Electoral dijo que se celebrará el 10 de agosto":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034389ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" informa: " U.S. Military Says Soldiers Fired on Civilians":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/world/middleeast/28iraq.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "La Casa Blanca pronostica un déficit presupuestario récord para 2009: Sería de 482.000 millones de dólares, aproximadamente el 3,5% de la economía": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Casa/Blanca/pronostica/deficit/presupuestario/record/2009/elpepueco/20080728elpepueco_8/Tes"La Nación" publica: "La economía enfrenta a Obama y McCain: El candidato demócrata advirtió que Estados Unidos está en "emergencia económica"; fuertes críticas de su rival republicano":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034414"The Economist" analiza: "It's the economy again, stupid.John McCain and Barack Obama are offering profoundly different prescriptions, though economic and political realities will limit their ambitions": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792500"El País" de Madrid informa: "Republicanos y demócratas se enfocan en la economía: Barack Obama convoca a un panel de lujo para revisar sus propuestas.- John McCain mantiene contactos con las autoridades monetarias": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Republicanos/democratas/enfocan/economia/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_13/Tes"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Le queda menos de un mes antes de ser proclamado oficialmente en la Convención Demócrata: Obama entra en la recta final para decidir quién será su candidato a Vicepresidente":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/30/internacional/_portada/noticias/CAE4A8B7-3485-4112-8844-D31E89023938.htm?id={CAE4A8B7-3485-4112-8844-D31E89023938}"Time" informa: "Obama's Vice-Presidential Dilemma":http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1827714,00.html"Time" publica su sitio con links sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos: http://thepage.time.com/EUROPA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Erdogan llama a la unidad tras los atentados de ayer en Turquía: La explosión consecutiva de dos bombas sacude un barrio obrero de Estambul.- La cifra de muertes sube a 17 y hay unos 150 heridos, una decena de ellos de gravedad.- La policía sospecha de los independentistas kurdos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Erdogan/llama/unidad/atentados/ayer/Turquia/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_4/Tes"New Yorrk Times2 anuncia: "Police Investigate Istanbul Bombings":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/world/europe/29turkey.html?ref=world"Time" publica: "Fatal Bombings in an Edgy Turkey":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827056,00.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Comienza el proceso para ilegalizar el partido de Erdogan": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/proceso/ilegalizar/partido/Erdogan/elpepuint/20080728elpepiint_6/Tes"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "El Tribunal Constitucional de Turquía rechaza ilegalizar al partido de Gobierno":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Tribunal/Constitucional/Turquia/rechaza/ilegalizar/partido/Gobierno/elpepuint/20080730elpepuint_9/Tes"Le Monde" publica: "Turquie : la justice n'interdit pas le parti au pouvoir":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/30/turquie-la-justice-n-interdit-pas-le-parti-au-pouvoir_1078861_3214.html"Time" analiza: "Who Was Behind the Turkish Blasts?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827398,00.htmlEl País" de Madrid informa: "Las peores inundaciones en Ucrania en 100 años se cobran la vida de 13 personas. Las fuertes lluvias han destruido más de 21.000 casas y 20.000 hectáreas de cultivos, y han dejado inutilizadas 2.020 kilómetros de carreteras y más de un centenar de puentes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/peores/inundaciones/Ucrania/anos/cobran/vida/personas/elpepuint/20080728elpepuint_5/Tes"MSNBC" publica: "Ukraine floods kill 22, force 20,000 to flee: Damages estimated at $800 million, but few funds available to clean up":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887744/"Time" informa: "Thousands of British Passports Stolen": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827501,00.html"La Nación" publica: "Los que huyen de la miseria. Actos desesperados de los ilegales en España para no ser deportados: Viajes riesgosos y casamientos arreglados":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034426"MSNBC" informa: "7 jailed for genocide over Srebrenica massacre. War crimes court orders Bosnian Serbs to serve sentences of up 42 years":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25908708/"The Economist" analiza: "France: The reformist president. Quietly but determinedly, Nicolas Sarkozy is pressing ahead with reforms in France-all without provoking huge strikes and street protests":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792306ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Bomb Attacks in Baghdad and Kirkuk Kill Dozens": HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/29/WORLD/MIDDLEEAST/29IRAQ.HTML?REF=WORLD"El País" anuncia: "Tres mujeres suicidas causan al menos 28 muertos en Bagdad. Miles de peregrinos llenan Bagdad con motivo de una importante festividad chií.- En Kirkuk, otro atentado suicida deja 22 muertos": HTTP://WWW.ELPAIS.COM/ARTICULO/INTERNACIONAL/MUJERES/SUICIDAS/CAUSAN/28/MUERTOS/BAGDAD/ELPEPUINT/20080728ELPEPUINT_9/TES"La Nación" publica: "Cuatro mujeres suicidas atacaron en Irak:: Hicieron detonar los explosivos que llevaban y mataron a 57 personas; hay por lo menos 300 heridos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034419"MSNBC" informa: "Female suicide bombers kill 57, wound dozens. Attackers target Shiite pilgrimage in Baghdad, Kurdish rally in Kirkuk": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25880699/"New York Times" anuncia: "Olmert to Resign After September Vote": HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/31/WORLD/MIDDLEEAST/31MIDEAST.HTML?_R=1&HP&OREF=SLOGIN"CNN" publica: "Ahmadinejad: The big powers are going down":HTTP://EDITION.CNN.COM/2008/WORLD/MEAST/07/29/IRAN.AIDS.AP/INDEX.HTML"Time" informa: "Ahmadinejad: 'Powers' Going Down": HTTP://WWW.TIME.COM/TIME/WORLD/ARTICLE/0,8599,1827377,00.HTML"The Economist analiza: "Iran: Who runs it?": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792348"La Nación" anuncia: "Irán criticó a la ONU ante los Países No Alineados. Ahmadinejad aseguró en la cumbre de cancilleres que el organismo actúa "a favor de las grandes potencias"; pidió crear un fondo para financiar proyectos del bloque":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034530"CNN" informa: "Pakistani militants abduct 30 police": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/pakistan.abductions/index.html"Time" anuncia: "Cambodia Reelects Longtime Leader": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827054,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Typhoon slams Taiwan, triggering floods, slides: At least one killed, air traffic disrupted; Typhoon Fung Wong heads to China": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25881000/"The Economist" analiza: "The Beijing Olympics:Five-ring circus": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792915"El Mercurio" publica: "Denuncias a días de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos: China no cumple promesas y mantiene censura a la prensa y faltas a DD.HH.": HTTP://DIARIO.ELMERCURIO.COM/2008/07/30/INTERNACIONAL/_PORTADA/NOTICIAS/CB8049AE-EDCE-4C33-AF25-F7337A8C08B6.HTM?ID={CB8049AE-EDCE-4C33-AF25-F7337A8C08B6}"El País" informa: "Ni los Juegos Olímpicos pueden con la censura en China: El COI no logra convencer al país asiático para que los periodistas tengan acceso libre a Internet": HTTP://WWW.ELPAIS.COM/ARTICULO/INTERNET/JUEGOS/OLIMPICOS/PUEDEN/CENSURA/CHINA/ELPPGL/20080730ELPEPUNET_3/TES"New York Times" anuncia: "China to Limit Web Access During Games":HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/07/31/SPORTS/OLYMPICS/31CHINA.HTML?HP"China Daily" publica: "WTO talks collapse amid farm row": HTTP://WWW.CHINADAILY.COM.CN/CHINA/2008-07/30/CONTENT_6887475.HTM"CNN" informa: "China rebuffs human rights report":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/china.humanrights/index.html"CNN" publica: "India: Police defuse 18 bombs at market":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/29/india.bombs.ap/index.html+"Time" anuncia: "India: The Terrorists Within": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1826950,00.htmlAFRICA"New York Time" informa: "Sudan Rallies Behind Leader Reviled Abroad":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/world/africa/28sudan.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "U.S. expands Zimbabwe sanctions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/25/zimbabwe.sanctions/index.html"MSNBC" publica: "Officials say Zimbabwe talks break off: Mugabe insists he remain president":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887595/"MSNBC" informa: "Cash crisis, inflation worsen in Zimbabwe: Bank chief plans new currency reforms to tackle inflation and shortages":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25869792/"CNN" anuncia: "Nigerian militants: We'll destroy oil pipelines":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/23/nigeria.oil/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" analiza: "World trade: Dried up. Talks over the Doha round of global trade talks have collapsed":http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11831960&source=features_box_main"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11793527&CFID=15321684&CFTOKEN=24001901"New York Times" informa: "Stock Indexes Continue to Slip":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/business/29stox.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid informa: "El FMI alerta del empeoramiento de la crisis crediticia: La institución internacional achaca este empeoramiento a la ralentización de la economía mundial.- Subraya la caída de los precios de la vivienda en España": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/FMI/alerta/empeoramiento/crisis/crediticia/elpepueco/20080728elpepueco_7/Tes"CNN" publica: "Global trade deal falls apart":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/29/wto.collapse.ap/index.html"CNN" informa: "High oil price boosts BP profit":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/29/bp.profit.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "La liberalización del comercio mundial. Anunciaron el fracaso de la Ronda de Doha. El director general de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, Pascal Lamy, confirmó que las negociaciones quedaron truncas; declaró estar "profundamente consternado"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034531La caída del crudo impulsa a Wall Street: "La Bolsa de Nueva York muestra fuertes avances; el petróleo bajó más de tres dólares y se negocia en US$ 121 el barril en el mercado estadounidense": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1034574OTRAS NOTICIAS"Time" publica: "Beijing Cites Many Olympic Threats": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1827353,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Olympic threats fuel unease about security: China says heavy defense will secure Games, but clampdown is smothering":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25890371/"Time" informa: "A Video Threat to the Olympics?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1826953,00.html"The Economist" analiza: "Global Islam: Unusual guests, a most unusual host. A new breeze may be blowing very softly from the Saudi sands":http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792340

Although women's police centers have been gaining popularity as a measure to address domestic violence, to date no quantitative evaluations of their impacts on the incidence of domestic violence or any other manifestations of gender equality have been done. This paper estimates the effects of women's police stations in Brazil on female homicides, as a measure of the most severe form of domestic violence. Given that a high fraction of female deaths among women ages 15 to 49 years can be attributed to aggression by an intimate partner, female homicides appear the best available proxy for severe domestic violence considering the scarcity of data on domestic violence. The paper uses a panel of 2,074 municipalities and takes advantage of the gradual rollout of women's police stations from 2004 to 2009, to estimate the effect of establishing a women's police station on the municipal female homicide rate. Although the analysis does not find an association on average, women's police stations appear to be highly effective among some groups of women: women living in metropolitan areas and younger women. Establishing a women's police station in a metropolitan municipality is associated with a reduction in the homicide rate by 1.23 deaths per 100,000 women (which roughly amounts to a 17 percent reduction in the average homicide rate in metropolitan municipalities). The reduction in the homicide rate of women ages 15 to 24 is even higher: 5.57 deaths per 100,000 women. Qualitative work suggests that better economic opportunities and less traditional social norms in metropolitan areas may explain the heterogeneous impacts of women's police stations in metropolitan areas and outside them.

The New York Times reported last weekend on three documents from the talks between Russia and Ukraine in March and April 2022. It is the latest in a series of analyses that show that the two sides were somewhat close to agreeing on the broad contours of a deal, but that crucial sticking points were never resolved. Today, more than two years after the latest round of talks between Kyiv and Moscow, peace appears as elusive as ever. On June 14 and 15, Kyiv hosted its largest "peace summit" to date, a meeting to which Russia was not invited and whose goal was to build support for President Volodymyr Zelensky's vision of a peace proposal. The joint communique released at the end of the summit declared that "the principles of respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all states, can and will serve as a basis in achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in Ukraine," but primarily focused on nuclear safety, food security, and prisoners of war. Seventy-eight countries signed the document, but a number of key middle powers — including India, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia — declined to join. "U.S. and Western actions in the Middle East and elsewhere have done serious harm to the task of holding Moscow to account in what was clearly an illegal invasion of Ukraine," the Quincy Institute's Sarang Shidore wrote in RS this week. "Many in the Global South are keenly aware of the double standards at work, and do not wish to be used instrumentally to settle Western scores with Russia." But Zelensky appears largely unmoved by his inability to win over these nations (China, who Kyiv has previously seen as a key player in winning over Global South countries, declined to attend the meeting.) "Zelensky has pledged to keep fighting, describing his peace plan as one in which Russia withdraws from all of Ukraine's territory, pays reparations and is punished for war crimes," according to the New York Times. "If we don't make progress this year, then we will try again next year," Zelensky privately told a European counterpart recently, according to the Times, "And if we don't make progress next year, we will try again the following year, and the one after that."Russian President Vladimir Putin, for his part, also hardened his negotiating stance last weekend. Putin has previously gestured at being open to freezing the lines of the conflict and using the 2022 talks as a baseline for future negotiations. But in a statement responding to the summit in Switzerland, Putin said last Friday that Russia would only cease military operations if Ukraine gave up its aspirations to join NATO (which Kyiv had reportedly agreed to in 2022, but whose desire to join the alliance has significantly strengthened since) and ceded four regions that Russia claims to have annexed. The Quincy Institute's Anatol Lieven argued in RS this week that both of these official proposals are "absurd,' and each contain provisions that are unacceptable to the other side. But, Lieven argues, they are not irreconcilable. "Even de facto acceptance of Russian rule over five Ukrainian provinces would be a most bitter pill for Ukraine and the West to swallow. However, this would still be far less than the maximalist goals of Russian hardliners, whether in terms of the subjugation of the whole of Ukraine, or annexation of all the Russian-speaking areas of the country, including Ukraine's second city, Kharkiv, and the whole of the Black Sea coast," Lieven writes. "If in the months and years to come, the Ukrainian army can manage to hold roughly its existing lines, then the eventual line of division between Ukraine and Russia (whether drawn in a formal peace settlement or accepted as part of an armistice) will also run along these lines," he said.In other diplomatic news related to the war in Ukraine:— The Kremlin said on Monday that it was in discussions with Washington over a potential prisoner swap involving detained Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich, according to Reuters. "I want to remind you again of the president's conversation with the heads of information agencies in St. Petersburg - he confirmed that there are such contacts," Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesman, said. "They go on but should continue to be conducted in complete silence." — Putin visited North Korea this week for a state visit and said that he and North Korea's Kim Jong Un had agreed to a mutual aid agreement."Putin and Kim didn't make it clear whether the new accord amounts to a pledge to fight for one another in a war or was simply a promise to extend other forms of support," according to The Wall Street Journal. "The two countries are already aiding each other, with everything from oil and food to munitions."—The White House confirmed reporting from The Financial Times on Thursday that Washington was redirecting the delivery of Patriot air defense systems and interceptor missiles from other countries to Ukraine until Kyiv had enough to defend itself from Russian aerial attacks. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby called it a "difficult but necessary decision" that "demonstrates our commitment to supporting our partners when they're in existential danger." Which countries will be affected by the decision remains unclear. Kirby said that other countries will receive the defense systems "on a delayed timeline" but that deliveries to Taiwan and Israel would not be affected. U.S. State Department news:In a Monday press briefing, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller was asked about the countries that abstained from signing onto the joint communique in Switzerland."If you look at the support that Ukraine got, you had over 90 countries that attended this peace summit. You had over 80 countries and international organizations that signed on to the final communique. We think both of those numbers represent a very significant show of support for Ukraine, and for not just peace but a just and lasting peace, something that we have always made clear is important," Miller said. "And we're going to continue to work to make sure Ukraine has what it needs to defend itself now, but we are going to continue to work to try to secure a just and lasting peace. And we welcome the support from dozens and dozens of other countries around the world in that regard."

Amid Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, erosion of the rule of law is deepening not only internationally but also domestically. This is evidenced by the destruction of independent media in Russia, citizens' inability to exercise their right to freedom of assembly, and the intensification of political repression against antiwar citizens and anyone who otherwise demonstrates disloyalty to the Kremlin. Alongside these practices, which can be considered traditional for authoritarian regimes, an informal practice of disciplining society is actively developing. This practice, existing outside the realm of law, is a new "tradition" of public apologies and repentance. According to the human rights project OVD-Info, between February 24, 2022, and June 2023, ninety-four cases of public apologies for disagreeing with the Russian authorities were recorded.Breaking a Person from WithinThe practice of public apologies in Russia stems mainly from the Chechen Republic, where it has been documented since 2015. The first high-profile case was the apology, on Chechen television, of Aishat Inayeva, a Chechen resident. At one point she had complained publicly about the difficult economic conditions and high cost of living, including housing and utilities costs. She was then forced to retract her words at a televised meeting with the Chechen president, Ramzan Kadyrov.Over the next few years, public apologies spread throughout Russia. In 2021, following protests in support of Alexei Navalny, the press services of the Investigative Committee and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released videos in which detained demonstrators apologized for participating in or calling for protests.After February 24, 2022, the day of the invasion of Ukraine, a wave of public apologies by people who had previously professed an antiwar position spread over the official media outlets of the Russian security agencies and other platforms. The reasons for apologizing could be anything from expressing an antiwar viewpoint in public to videotaping the work of the air defense forces.Apologizing publicly is a humiliating procedure. It is meant to be that. Often, people are forced to apologize for things that cannot be formally recognized as crimes. A public apology affects both the person's own human dignity and his or her public standing. As Russian anthropologist Alexandra Arkhipova observes, "You'll support an unyielding opposition leader, but you won't support a person who bleats something on camera and says he's wrong."Through this practice, the state asserts its claim not only on citizens' freedoms but also on their consciousness. As a result, people often end up broken from within and unable to resist. From Apology to RepentanceAt the end of 2023, the phenomenon of public apology in Russia acquired a new form, the public act of repentance. The difference between apology and repentance is that in the latter, a person is forced to admit to a moral offense, such as wearing "indecent" clothing, rather than to a civic one, such as taking part in a protest event.The phenomenon of public repentance surfaced in December 2023 after a nationwide controversy sparked by the "almost naked" party at the Moscow club Mutabor. Photos of the party participants in revealing outfits, including many famous Russian artists loyal to the Kremlin, hit the internet and became the focus of mass denunciations. Russia's war supporters claimed that such an event was unacceptable in a country that stands for traditional values and is conducting a "special military operation" against "Nazis."One of the party attendees, a rap performer who goes by the name of Vacio (Nikolai Vasilyev), arrived at the venue wearing only a white sock to cover his genitals, an homage to the famous Red Hot Chili Peppers poster from the 1980s. He was charged with petty hooliganism, a misdemeanor, and with spreading "gay propaganda." The artist, who is twenty-five years old, was incarcerated for twenty-five days and was served a summons to the military recruitment office immediately thereafter. Lawsuits were also filed against the organizer of the event, the Instagram influencer Nastia Ivleyeva, for "inflicting moral harm," with a demand for compensation of one billion rubles (approximately $11 million). The activity of the Mutabor club itself has been suspended for three months by a court order.A veritable wave of public repentance ensued. The party attendees posted videos on their social media in which they asked the Russian people to forgive their immoral behavior. Some of the artists donated money to emergency relief programs or visited the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Ukraine's territories annexed by Russia. The club's owner publicly gave a Moscow church fragments of alleged relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker that he had purchased in Vatican City. In January 2024 the Russian singer Charlot, arrested for publicly criticizing the Russian authorities, wrote a letter of repentance to Patriarch Kirill, head of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his address from the detention center, the singer, who is also twenty-five years old, said that he now "writes patriotic works and is ready to perform them later." He asked to be released but remains in jail. Disciplining Russian Society on Many LevelsPublic repentance is an instrument of ideological warfare. Young, edgy artists are presented to Russian society as carriers of "Western values." By publicly shaming them, the Russian authorities purport to demonstrate the West's degradation and flimsiness and the existential superiority of Russia's "traditional values."At the same time, the Russian authorities are demonstratively going beyond the limits of the law and actually engaging in new practices of state coercion that combine legal and quasi-religious procedures. The Russian nationalist philosopher Ivan Ilyin probably had something similar in mind when he wrote in 1951 about the "Russian law": "Russian law must save itself from Western formalism, from self-indulgent legal dogma, from legal unprincipledness. Russia needs a new legal consciousness, national in its roots, Christian-Orthodox in its spirit and creative in its purpose."By proposing repentance as one of the conditions for returning to Russia, the state offers dissenters a deal, the price of which is betrayal of their beliefs and loss of their civic agency. At the same time, the loan of mercy declared by the state will obviously be issued under the obligation of political loyalty and secured by the threat of severe punishment in case of repeated misbehavior.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute.

Amid Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, erosion of the rule of law is deepening not only internationally but also domestically. This is evidenced by the destruction of independent media in Russia, citizens' inability to exercise their right to freedom of assembly, and the intensification of political repression against antiwar citizens and anyone who otherwise demonstrates disloyalty to the Kremlin. Alongside these practices, which can be considered traditional for authoritarian regimes, an informal practice of disciplining society is actively developing. This practice, existing outside the realm of law, is a new "tradition" of public apologies and repentance. According to the human rights project OVD-Info, between February 24, 2022, and June 2023, ninety-four cases of public apologies for disagreeing with the Russian authorities were recorded.Breaking a Person from WithinThe practice of public apologies in Russia stems mainly from the Chechen Republic, where it has been documented since 2015. The first high-profile case was the apology, on Chechen television, of Aishat Inayeva, a Chechen resident. At one point she had complained publicly about the difficult economic conditions and high cost of living, including housing and utilities costs. She was then forced to retract her words at a televised meeting with the Chechen president, Ramzan Kadyrov.Over the next few years, public apologies spread throughout Russia. In 2021, following protests in support of Alexei Navalny, the press services of the Investigative Committee and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released videos in which detained demonstrators apologized for participating in or calling for protests.After February 24, 2022, the day of the invasion of Ukraine, a wave of public apologies by people who had previously professed an antiwar position spread over the official media outlets of the Russian security agencies and other platforms. The reasons for apologizing could be anything from expressing an antiwar viewpoint in public to videotaping the work of the air defense forces.Apologizing publicly is a humiliating procedure. It is meant to be that. Often, people are forced to apologize for things that cannot be formally recognized as crimes. A public apology affects both the person's own human dignity and his or her public standing. As Russian anthropologist Alexandra Arkhipova observes, "You'll support an unyielding opposition leader, but you won't support a person who bleats something on camera and says he's wrong."Through this practice, the state asserts its claim not only on citizens' freedoms but also on their consciousness. As a result, people often end up broken from within and unable to resist. From Apology to RepentanceAt the end of 2023, the phenomenon of public apology in Russia acquired a new form, the public act of repentance. The difference between apology and repentance is that in the latter, a person is forced to admit to a moral offense, such as wearing "indecent" clothing, rather than to a civic one, such as taking part in a protest event.The phenomenon of public repentance surfaced in December 2023 after a nationwide controversy sparked by the "almost naked" party at the Moscow club Mutabor. Photos of the party participants in revealing outfits, including many famous Russian artists loyal to the Kremlin, hit the internet and became the focus of mass denunciations. Russia's war supporters claimed that such an event was unacceptable in a country that stands for traditional values and is conducting a "special military operation" against "Nazis."One of the party attendees, a rap performer who goes by the name of Vacio (Nikolai Vasilyev), arrived at the venue wearing only a white sock to cover his genitals, an homage to the famous Red Hot Chili Peppers poster from the 1980s. He was charged with petty hooliganism, a misdemeanor, and with spreading "gay propaganda." The artist, who is twenty-five years old, was incarcerated for twenty-five days and was served a summons to the military recruitment office immediately thereafter. Lawsuits were also filed against the organizer of the event, the Instagram influencer Nastia Ivleyeva, for "inflicting moral harm," with a demand for compensation of one billion rubles (approximately $11 million). The activity of the Mutabor club itself has been suspended for three months by a court order.A veritable wave of public repentance ensued. The party attendees posted videos on their social media in which they asked the Russian people to forgive their immoral behavior. Some of the artists donated money to emergency relief programs or visited the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Ukraine's territories annexed by Russia. The club's owner publicly gave a Moscow church fragments of alleged relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker that he had purchased in Vatican City. In January 2024 the Russian singer Charlot, arrested for publicly criticizing the Russian authorities, wrote a letter of repentance to Patriarch Kirill, head of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his address from the detention center, the singer, who is also twenty-five years old, said that he now "writes patriotic works and is ready to perform them later." He asked to be released but remains in jail. Disciplining Russian Society on Many LevelsPublic repentance is an instrument of ideological warfare. Young, edgy artists are presented to Russian society as carriers of "Western values." By publicly shaming them, the Russian authorities purport to demonstrate the West's degradation and flimsiness and the existential superiority of Russia's "traditional values."At the same time, the Russian authorities are demonstratively going beyond the limits of the law and actually engaging in new practices of state coercion that combine legal and quasi-religious procedures. The Russian nationalist philosopher Ivan Ilyin probably had something similar in mind when he wrote in 1951 about the "Russian law": "Russian law must save itself from Western formalism, from self-indulgent legal dogma, from legal unprincipledness. Russia needs a new legal consciousness, national in its roots, Christian-Orthodox in its spirit and creative in its purpose."By proposing repentance as one of the conditions for returning to Russia, the state offers dissenters a deal, the price of which is betrayal of their beliefs and loss of their civic agency. At the same time, the loan of mercy declared by the state will obviously be issued under the obligation of political loyalty and secured by the threat of severe punishment in case of repeated misbehavior.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute.

Ukrainian officials continue to engage in direct, back-channel discussions with their Russian counterparts, with "tough" and "unpleasant" in-person meetings happening along the border between the two countries and in Istanbul, according to a new report from the Washington Post.The reported topics of conversation are far more limited than the early days of the conflict, when a ceasefire or even a peace deal appeared possible. The officials focus instead on practical issues like prisoner swaps, and the return of Ukrainian children who have been taken to Russia.The report sheds useful light on the status of diplomatic efforts related to the war, including the role of international intermediaries and mediators. Turkey, Qatar, the UAE, the Vatican, and Saudi Arabia are the main state-level players in this regard, and the International Committee of the Red Cross has also played a role.One notable area in which Ukrainian and Russian officials have never engaged in one-on-one meetings is the question of Ukrainian grain exports, which largely flowed via the Black Sea prior to the war. According to the Post, the talks "took place in a four-sided format: Turkey; the United Nations; Ukraine and Russia, which was represented by Defense Ministry officials."These discussions resulted in one of the only positive diplomatic signs since the war began: the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which created corridors for shipping much-needed foodstuffs through the Russian blockade. Rustem Umerov, who has since become Ukraine's defense minister, helped lead the Istanbul-based talks, a role made easier by Umerov's fluency in Turkish, the Post notes.But Russia killed the deal earlier this year over allegations that the West had not upheld its side of the bargain, which Moscow says included a relaxation of sanctions on fertilizers and related chemicals.When it comes to prisoner swaps, Ukraine views Turkey and Saudi Arabia as key players whose role "ensured that Russia was less likely to back out, to avoid angering two of Moscow's important partners," the Post writes.The report also reveals the complex role played by the Vatican, which has led on efforts to return noncombatants like military cooks and medics. The Holy See, under Pope Francis, has attempted to rebuild ties with the Russian Orthodox Church, led by Patriarch Kirill.While the war has put a strain on those efforts, some aspects of the rapprochement between the Christian denominations are paying off, according to the Post. Ukraine reportedly passes lists of prisoners to the pope's envoy in the country, who then sends the names to the Holy See. Next, Vatican officials forward the documents to the Russian Orthodox Church, and Kirill himself brings them to the Kremlin's attention.The most positive revelation in the Post's reporting is the news that "groups of children have come back to Ukraine on a semiregular basis" following direct negotiations with Russia, which has quietly felt the pressure of the International Criminal Court warrant against President Vladimir Putin for alleged unlawful transfers of Ukrainian children from Russian-occupied areas.Groups of Ukrainian children "have been dropped off at a far western part of the Ukraine-Belarus border, cross over by foot, and are met in Ukraine by Save Ukraine, a nongovernmental organization," the Post writes.In other diplomatic news related to the war in Ukraine:— Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan moved forward a parliamentary proposal to ratify Sweden's accession to NATO, putting Stockholm one step closer to joining the alliance, according to AP News. But another obstacle remains: Hungary, whose ruling party has accused Swedish officials of telling "blatant lies" about the state of the country's democracy, pushed back a vote on the issue until at least next month. One ruling party lawmaker said there was "little chance" that Hungary would ratify Sweden's accession to NATO this year. — With dwindling support for Ukraine aid at home, U.S. President Joe Biden has started making the argument that its massive new funding proposal will be a boon for the American economy, according to Politico. The new line, which is a far cry from previous arguments about defending democracies and the rules-based order, is in large part aimed at Republicans who see Ukraine as a distraction from other priorities and are intent on expanding the U.S. defense industrial base. This angle will likely draw fire from progressives, who often note that military spending is far less effective at creating new jobs than other kinds of government investment.— Russia withdrew its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on Wednesday, opening the door to a new era of nuclear weapons testing amid increased tensions between Washington and Moscow, according to Reuters. Putin framed the decision as an effort to "mirror" the U.S. position on the treaty, which it signed but never ratified. While Russia claims it will only resume testing if the U.S. does so first, new reporting from CNN shows that both countries have expanded their nuclear testing facilities in recent years.— The Biden administration's public support for alleged Israeli war crimes in Gaza has led to charges of hypocrisy from many leaders in the Global South who have bristled at Western claims of moral clarity regarding the war in Ukraine, according to the Washington Post:"When the war in Ukraine first broke out, Palestinians were elated by the tough stance taken by Western capitals against one country occupying another's land, said Nour Odeh, a Ramallah-based Palestinian political commentator. 'But it seems that occupation is only bad if the guys who are not on your side are doing it.' (...)There is a perception that the West 'cares more about Ukrainian refugees, about Ukrainian civilians suffering, than we do when they are suffering in Yemen, in Gaza, in Sudan, in Syria,' said Hanna Notte, a Berlin-based Eurasia analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.That helps illustrate why the West has failed to woo countries like India and Turkey into supporting sanctions against Russia. Given the situation in Gaza, that effort is unlikely to succeed any time soon."U.S. State Department news:In a Monday press conference, State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said the U.S. is "deeply concerned" about Russia's ongoing detention of an American-Russian journalist for Radio Free Europe, who faces charges of failing to register as a foreign agent and has been in Russian custody since June. "We have requested consular access; so far it has not been granted. We will continue to press for it," Miller said, adding that "we have not even been officially notified of her arrest by the Russian Government."

AMÉRICA LATINA Detienen en Aruba al ex jefe de inteligencia chavista. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/07/27/world/americas/ap-lt-aruba-venezuela-official-detained.html?ref=world&gwh=4C1A389E001490E50A1CB37EDD0082C3&gwt=payhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/caracas-suspende-voos-para-aruba-em-resposta-prisao-de-oficial-chavista-13391685http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/26/actualidad/1406345058_210203.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713533-venezuela-anuncia-la-liberacion-del-ex-jefe-de-inteligencia-chavista-detenido-en-arubahttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28519313 Maduro intenta cerrar filas en el chavismo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/27/actualidad/1406492692_648997.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713362-sin-chavez-el-psuv-pone-a-prueba-su-unidad La oposición venezolana abre un debate tras el fracaso de la protesta radical. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/27/actualidad/1406491835_835729.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28472220 Paraguay: más de 88.000 desplazados por las inundaciones en Asunción. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/07/140725_ultnot_desplazados_en_paraguay_por_inundaciones_bd.shtml México: Pemex reporta US$4.000 millones de pérdidas netas en segundo trimestre. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/07/140725_ultnot_economia_mexico_pemex_perdida_neta_segundo_trimestre_lv.shtml Guerra de encuestas en Brasil: Dilma sigue favorita, pero no está claro con cuánto apoyo. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1712457-guerra-de-encuestas-en-brasil-dilma-sigue-favorita-pero-no-esta-claro-con-cuanto-apoyo Ejército colombiano mata a ocho rebeldes del Ejército de Liberación Nacional en la provincia de Aruca. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28455325 Banco Central brasileño libera $ 13 mil millones para impulsar la economía. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28490310 México condena a seis personas por abusos en hogar infantil. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28477800 De héroe de Perú a presunto abogado de la mafia. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28496893 Honduras trabaja para detener el flujo de niños migrantes a Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-ff-honduras-border-20140709-story.html#page=1http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/la-disputa-por-los-ninios-de-centroamerica-87834.html Arrestan a alcalde hondureño por narcotráfico. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/07/140727_ultnot_honduras_alcalde_narcotrafico_jgc.shtml ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Estados Unidos acusó a Rusia de disparar artillería contra militares ucranianos. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-president-obama-sanctions-20140728-story.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-obama-ukraine-20140719-story.html#page=1http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/omagenes-satelitales-prueban-rusia-ataca-ucrania-eu-1026176.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eua-acusam-russia-de-utilizar-artilharia-contra-ucrania-13402331http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/corrobora-otan-lanzamiento-cohetes-ucrania-rusia-1026288.html Estados Unidos enfrenta el delicado tema de los niños migrantes. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28482516http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28490544http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28490544http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/oklahoma-queja-costos-inmigracion-1026317.html Estados Unidos evacua a su personal de su embajada en Libia. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2014/07/27/la-libye-s-enfonce-dans-la-violence-38-morts-a-benghazi_4463428_1496980.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/26/actualidad/1406397214_365703.html Incendios en California amenazan a civiles. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28513217 "El País" de Madrid analiza: "Las turbulencias globales evidencian los límites del poder de Estados Unidos". Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/26/actualidad/1406383059_319576.html EUROPA Continúa la tensión política en Ucrania. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/world/europe/ukraine.html?ref=world&assetType=nyt_now&gwh=8D40FEB08488465468BD2958F696B482&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_nowhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/world/europe/ukraine-rebels.html?refhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/26/actualidad/1406404533_755946.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/07/24/l-armee-ukrainienne-responsable-de-la-mort-de-civils-selon-l-ong-human-rights-watch_4462200_3214.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-07/25/content_17923534.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28487331http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/ukraine-claims-advances-against-pro-russian-separatists-outside-donetsk-n165911Los combates en Ucrania impiden investigar el lugar donde cayó el MH17. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1712335-derribaron-dos-aviones-de-combate-ucranianos-cerca-de-la-zona-donde-cayo-el-mh17http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-impartial-malaysia-jet-probe-20140728-story.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-ukraine-prime-minister-resigns-20140724-story.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/07/27/world/europe/ap-eu-ukraine-plane-crash.html?ref=world&gwh=F6D4C4A814765EEEF87AC948C9CC6000&gwt=payhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/world/europe/efforts-to-secure-malaysia-airlines-crash-site-stall-in-eastern-ukraine.html?ref=world&gwh=4663D27E80F543C16016EFD8AF6025EB&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_nowhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/malaysianairliner/2014-07/27/content_17932071.htmhttp://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/07/27/vol-mh-17-l-australie-envoie-des-policiers-armes-pour-proteger-les-enqueteurs_4463397_3210.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28520813http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-plane-crash/mh17-attack-may-be-war-crime-top-un-human-rights-n166381http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21608782-despite-downing-mh17-planes-will-continue-fly-over-trouble-spots-flight-over-fight Para la ONU el derribo del avión en Ucrania "podría considerarse crimen de guerra". Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713707-para-la-onu-el-derribo-del-avion-en-ucrania-podria-considerarse-crimen-de-guerrahttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/onu-derrubada-de-aviao-da-malaysia-airlines-pode-ser-crime-de-guerra-13402477http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/graficosanimados14/EU_Vuelo_MH17/ "El País" de Madrid analiza: "LA UE se comporta como si fuese Suiza:El silencio actual ante la política imperialista de Putin recuerda el de la élite intelectual europea ante el avance del nazismo y el estalinismo". Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/27/actualidad/1406475661_923331.html Tras la tragedia del Costa Concordia el buque vuelve a la superficie. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brother-still-waiting-lost-costa-concordia-crewman-n165036 "The Economist" analiza vínculo de François Hollande con el continente africano desde el punto de vista de la seguridad. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21607847-french-are-reorganising-security-increasingly-troubled-region-fran-ois-hollandes El papa Francisco volvió a condenar a la mafia. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-renews-attack-mafia-polluted-region-italy-n165881http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713371-ante-una-multitud-francisco-volvio-a-condenar-a-la-mafia España ya ve la luz al final del túnel de la crisis. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1712765-espana-ya-ve-la-luz-al-final-del-tunel-de-la-crisis "O Globo" publica columna sobe la probable sucesora de Merkel. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/blogs/lafora/posts/2014/07/27/a-provavel-sucessora-de-angela-merkel-543996.asp La era de separatismos: Europa abre otro capítulo en su crisis de identidad. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713360-una-era-de-separatismos-europa-abre-otro-capitulo-en-su-crisis-de-identidad Felipe VI prohíbe a la familia real de trabajar en el sector privado. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/felipe-vi-proibe-familia-real-de-trabalhar-no-setor-privado-13405004http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/felipe-vi-prohibira-familia-real-trabajar-sector-privado-1026292.html Francia recupera la segunda caja negra del avión siniestrado en Malí. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/25/actualidad/1406280394_570561.htmlhttp://elpais.com/elpais/2014/07/25/inenglish/1406291845_269981.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/international/breve/2014/07/27/crash-du-vol-ah-5017-les-boites-noires-vont-etre-expediees-en-france_4463520_3210.html Italia y el desafío de los inmigrantes que llegan a sus costas. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-italy-migrants-20140725-story.html#page=1 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Continúan los enfrentamientos entre Israel y el Hamas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1712947-netanyahu-dijo-que-hamas-planeaba-secuestros-masivos-en-rosh-hashanahttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-strip.html?ref=world&gwh=48EEEE7431EF140244993C2A266C0631&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_nowhttp://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/07/26/le-hamas-rejette-la-treve-tirs-de-roquette-sur-israel_4463347_3218.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-07/27/content_17931903.htmhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28520227http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/u-n-security-council-calls-immediate-gaza-cease-fire-n166301http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21608761-war-gaza-fuels-tensions-between-israeli-arabs-and-jews-do-we-belonghttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1713527-hamas-viola-su-propio-cese-al-fuego-denuncio-benjamin-netanyahuhttp://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-palestinians-20140728-story.html#page=1 La ONU podría incluir a Isis en lista de crímenes de guerra en Siria. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28498661 Continúan las negociaciones sobre programa nuclear iraní sin muchos avances. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iran-talks-20140724-story.html Violencia reina en Irak. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/world/middleeast/gunmen-in-baghdad-seize-a-leading-sunni-politician.html?ref=world&assetType=nyt_now&assetType=nyt_now&gwh=C724688DC629AD46445AAF39C8926803&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_nowhttp://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-kurd-massoum-president-iraq-20140724-story.html El Estado Islámico a las mujeres: "O llevan velo integral o serán castigadas". Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/25/actualidad/1406283699_085249.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan.html?ref Taiwán guarda luto por las víctimas del avión de TransAsia. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/24/actualidad/1406186954_988075.htmlhttp://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/investigators-examine-role-of-weather-in-taiwan-plane-crash/?ref=world&gwh=D755A38E8A7DDC8D4FBD62EC8D85E731&gwt=payhttp://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/07/27/vol-ah-5017-la-seconde-boite-noire-a-ete-retrouvee_4463381_3210.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2014/07/26/crash-a-taiwan-les-inspecteurs-internationaux-sur-le-site_4463300_3216.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1712439-en-taiwan-otro-avion-asiatico-sufrio-un-accidente Varios muertos deja paso de tifón en China. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2014/07/27/treize-morts-apres-le-passage-d-un-typhon-en-chine_4463407_3244.html "The Economist" analiza coyuntura en la que asume el nuevo presidente de Indonesia. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21608750-jokowis-victory-landmark-he-now-has-balance-reconciliation-decisive ÁFRICA Se estrelló un avión de Air Argélie con 116 personas a bordo Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-07/25/content_17923428.htmhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/07/27/sur-les-lieux-du-crash-du-vol-ah-5017-c-est-comme-si-une-bombe-etait-tombee_4463490_3212.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-07/25/content_17923428.htmhttp://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/second-black-box-found-air-algerie-crash-united-nations-n165596http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/algerias-missing-flight-ah5017http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/pilotos-do-voo-ah5017-pediram-para-voltar-revela-chanceler-frances-13409229http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/recuperan-datos-caja-negra-avion-mali-1026353.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-air-algerie-wreckage-found-20140724-story.html La guerra entre milicias provoca decenas de muertos en Libia. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/27/actualidad/1406481381_059214.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/world/africa/libya.html?refhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28510865http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/clashes-between-government-militants-kill-more-50-libya-n165941http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/libia-pede-ajuda-internacional-apos-milicia-incendiar-deposito-de-combustivel-13403247http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/confrontos-entre-militares-grupos-islamicos-deixam-50-mortos-na-libia-13396896http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/piden-alto-al-fuego-para-sofocar-incendio-en-libia-1026242.html Boko Haram ha raptado a la mujer del viceprimer ministro de Camerún. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/27/actualidad/1406491983_178997.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28509530http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/boko-haram-kidnaps-wife-cameroons-vice-prime-minister-n166021 Marruecos prohíbe a los imanes propagar sus ideas en los sermones. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/07/26/actualidad/1406405887_136042.html Varios países africanos luchan contra el ébola. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-liberia-ebola-20140728-story.htmlhttp://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Friends-Pray-for-Fort-Worth-Doctor-Diagnosed-with-Ebola-268830041.html OTRAS "The Economsit" publica su informe: "Business this week".Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21608814-business-week

FÜRTH, GERMANY — There are tragic ironies in life. And then there is the life of Henry Kissinger.In 1938, as a teenager, he was forced to flee his hometown in Fürth, southeastern Germany. It was his mother, Paula Kissinger, who foresaw that the Nazi Party's antisemitic measures would only grow more dangerous and organized the family's escape to the United States. At least 13 close relatives would die in the Holocaust. Expelled from the world he had always known simply because he was Jewish, Henry Kissinger started a new life in the U.S. that would lead him to the highest echelons of power.In his role as U.S. national security adviser (1969-1975) and secretary of state (1973-1977), Kissinger played a decisive role in the expansion of the Vietnam War to Cambodia and Laos and the overthrow of democratically elected leaders such as Salvador Allende in Chile. This, however, did not preclude Kissinger from receiving honorary citizenship on his return to Fürth in 1998. The man who had been the victim of a deadly hatred that would probably have ended his life had he stayed in Germany was now, six decades later, and despite his responsibility for war crimes, a role model in Fürth.During his last visit to Fürth in May 2023 to celebrate his 100th birthday, Kissinger was feted by Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Germany's president, and Markus Söder, the minister president of Bavaria, the federal state where Fürth is located. In a video message, Steinmeier addressed Kissinger to tell him that, "this very special mixture of scholarship and political reason, which you embody in person, is unparalleled."In his visit to Fürth, Kissinger inaugurated the exhibition "Henry – World Influencer No. 1: The History of the Family Kissinger from Fürth." The exhibition is located in the Ludwig Erhard Zentrum, dedicated to the man who was chancellor of West Germany from 1963 to 1966 and, like Kissinger, a native of Fürth.It would have been unreasonable to expect an exhibition inaugurated by Kissinger himself to shed much light on the darkest chapters of the statesman's life. Moreover, the biggest part of the exhibition is dedicated to the Kissinger family history, not to Henry Kissinger's political trajectory.Still, the approach to Kissinger's years in power can only be defined as hagiographic. In one of the panels, for instance, we read that, in his role as Nixon's national security advisor, Kissinger "aimed to end the Vietnam War and free America from foreign policy isolation. While the war seemed to be escalating with the bombardment of Cambodia, Kissinger was conducting top secret peace negotiations."The expansion of the war to Cambodia is presented in a passive voice as if it had nothing to do with Kissinger. Facts, however, are stubborn. A Pentagon report released in 1973 confirmed that the close to 4,000 bombing raids against Cambodia in 1969 and 1970 were directly approved by the National Security Council headed by Kissinger. Between 1969 and 1973, the U.S. dropped thrice as many munitions over Cambodia — despite not being at war with the country — as it did in Japan during World War II. Leaving aside the bombardment of Laos and Vietnam, the air campaign over Cambodia resulted in the deaths of 50,000 civilians according to Kissinger's own estimates, and over 150,000 according to independent studies.As for Kissinger's role in ending official U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War by negotiating the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, he won a Nobel Peace Prize for it. It was another tragic irony in Kissinger's life, considering that he helped future president Richard Nixon in his sabotage of Lyndon B. Johnson's 1968 peace initiative to end the war in Vietnam. Nixon was worried that successful peace talks would lead to his defeat in the 1968 presidential race against Hubert Humphrey, the Democratic candidate and Johnson's vice president. Therefore, and as documented by hand-written notes, Nixon ordered H. R. Haldeman, his closest aide (later to become Nixon's White House chief of staff), to "monkey wrench" the peace talks. Kissinger proved instrumental in achieving this.In his 2001 book "The Trial Against Henry Kissinger," Christopher Hitchens shed light on Kissinger's role. Kissinger, an unofficial consultant to the American delegation negotiating an end to the Vietnam War in Paris in 1968, became "a source of hints and tips and early warnings of official intentions" for the Nixon campaign, according to Hitchens. Kissinger informed Nixon that Johnson was considering suspending the bombing of North Vietnam to facilitate the negotiations in Paris. Armed with these secret details, the Nixon campaign contacted the South Vietnamese government through intermediaries and promised it a better deal if Nixon won the election. Once Johnson actually suspended the bombing, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu pulled out of the peace talks.The exhibition dedicated to Kissinger in his hometown of Fürth, as well as the guided tour of the exhibition, stress the image of the statesman as the paradigmatic practitioner of Realpolitik. Thus, we read that Kissinger knew more than anyone else that "all states have interests, but they are rarely identical." Kissinger's role in the opening of diplomatic relations with Communist China has weighed heavily in the arguments of those who see Kissinger as mainly concerned with national interests. Similarly, Kissinger's scholarship, such as his 1994 book "Diplomacy," displays a very clear interest in the balance of power. But there are reasons to believe that Kissinger, who has often been presented to us as the paradigmatic realist, was equally influenced by ideological considerations in many of his actions. Take, for instance, the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende in 1973. This is the only slightly critical reference to Kissinger's political trajectory that can be found in the exhibition in Fürth. In a picture, Kissinger is seen smiling while shaking hands with Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, who took power after Allende killed himself during the army's assault against the presidential palace.Five days after the coup, in a conversation with Nixon, Kissinger said, "We didn't do it. I mean we helped them." This modesty was not justified. In October 1970, when Allende had already won the presidential elections but had still not been confirmed as president by the Chilean Congress, Kissinger met with the CIA's deputy director of plans, who subsequently transmitted to the CIA station in Chile that "it is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup."Chile has the largest copper reserves in the world. After they were nationalized in 1971, the Allende government decided not to pay compensation to the U.S. companies that owned them. This enraged the Nixon administration but was hardly a threat to U.S. national security. The U.S. policy to overthrow Allende had little to do with Realpolitik. Ideology helps explain it far better.Jorge Heine, a Research Professor at Boston University, writes that "what made Kissinger take such deadly aim at Allende was his new political model, a "peaceful road to socialism." If the Chilean model was replicated elsewhere, the U.S. narrative of political freedom being possible only in a free-market system would have been in trouble.After Kissinger's death, political analysts all over the world sought to understand why the statesman generated such great fascination in both admirers and detractors. Part of the explanation is that, through Kissinger's biography, one can understand many of the key events that shaped the last 100 years.He was there when fascism rose in Europe, fought Nazi Germany in the Second World War, and held power during the height of the Cold War. He remained a sought-after author, consultant, and commentator in the following decades, exerting influence on current discussions, such as the rise of China. If one had to reach an assessment of Kissinger's political life based only on the exhibition devoted to him in Fürth, one could be forgiven to think that his trajectory was exemplary. This, to put it gently, would be a very mistaken assumption.

Trying to make sense of U.S. policy toward Cuba is like trying to make sense of a play in the theater of the absurd. The rationales offered by the policy's defenders make no sense, and when they try to explain, they sound like characters in an Ionesco play. Recent legislative proposals from Cuban American members of the House of Representatives are prime examples.Rep. Mario Díaz-Balart (R-Fla.), chair of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, and Rep. María Elvira Salazar (R-Fla.), chair of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, recently proposed new sanctions locking in Cuba's groundless designation as a sponsor of international terrorism, blocking assistance to Cuba's private sector on the grounds that it doesn't exist, and punishing countries hosting Cuban medical missions for practicing "modern slavery." The last two proposals became law in the omnibus appropriations bill passed last month to avoid a government shutdown.Cuba is on the State Department's terrorism list, even though the Department's latest Country Report on Terrorism offers no evidence for Havana engaging in international terrorism. It cites Cuba's harboring of U.S. fugitives who committed politically-motivated crimes in the United States more than 40 years ago. Meanwhile, the United States for years harbored notorious Cuban exiles like Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles guilty of myriad terrorist attacks against Cuba, including bombing a Cuban airline flight, killing all 73 people aboard, and bombing tourist hotels in Havana.Early in the Biden administration, the White House said it was "committed to carefully reviewing" Cuba's designation, and in October 2022, Secretary of State Antony Blinken told Colombia's President Gustavo Petro, "We will continue as necessary to revisit those to see if Cuba continues to merit that designation." But just five months later, he told Congress, "We are not planning to remove them from the list." Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Eric Jacobstein told a group of Democratic lawmakers that, contrary to what they had been told previously, there was no review of Cuba's designation underway.Asked in a 2023 press briefing why Cuba was still on the terrorism list, a State Department spokesperson replied that it was because of Cuba's "long track record of egregious human rights abuses, suppression of a free press, suppression of civil society" — which has nothing to do with international terrorism. The official also acknowledged, oblivious to the irony, that the U.S. and Cuban governments engage in regular counter-terrorism cooperation talks under the auspices of a law enforcement agreement concluded during the Obama administration.Last year, Díaz-Balart joined Salazar to sponsor a bill preventing the Biden administration from removing Cuba from the terrorism list until it becomes a multi-party democracy. Although the bill is unlikely to become law this Congress, its disregard for the statutory criteria for designating a country as a sponsor of terrorism brings to mind Humpty Dumpty's declaration in Alice in Wonderland, "When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean."Díaz-Balart had better luck with the omnibus appropriation. When Congress fails to do its job passing the 12 appropriations bills that fund the government, it resorts to omnibus appropriations that lump all the unfinished bills together into one must-pass bill to avoid a government shutdown. All sorts of dubious measures make their way into omnibus appropriations because there just is not time to filter them all out. As chair of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Díaz-Balart was perfectly positioned to insert new Cuba sanctions into the omnibus.The omnibus appropriation prohibits the Biden administration from supporting Cuba's emerging private sector of some 10,000 new businesses, despite the fact that promoting private enterprise has been U.S. policy under Presidents Obama, Trump, and Biden. Rep. Salazar calls the private sector a "myth" because some of the businesses are owned by relatives of government officials, even though the vast majority are not. A year ago, Díaz-Balart forced the Biden administration to abandon plans to help the private sector by threatening to block aid for Ukraine. His appropriations language, now law, blocks U.S. funding for "business promotion, economic reform, [or] entrepreneurship" in Cuba.Another provision of the omnibus appropriation would punish countries that pay Cuba for providing medical services on the grounds that such contracts constitute "modern slavery." Since the 1960s, Cuba has sent some 400,000 medical professionals to serve in 164 countries, but in the past two decades medical service contracts have become an important source of foreign exchange earnings.In 2006, President George W. Bush began offering entry to the United States and a fast path to citizenship to entice Cuban doctors serving abroad to defect. Some of those who defected criticized the pressure placed on them to serve abroad, harsh and restrictive working conditions, and the percentage of the contract fees they received. By contrast, doctors serving in the programs report that they volunteered because the wages are significantly higher than their wages in Cuba, and out of a desire to help people in need.During the Obama administration, U.S. and Cuban medical personnel worked together in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake and in west Africa fighting Ebola virus outbreak. President Obama, in his 2016 speech to the Cuban people, praised Cuba's medical internationalism, saying "No one should deny the service that thousands of Cuban doctors have delivered for the poor and suffering." But Cuban American Republicans do deny it.The original House version of the foreign operations appropriation that came out of Díaz-Balart's subcommittee and passed the House would have cut off U.S. assistance to the Pan American Health Organization and all countries and international organizations that have medical contracts with Cuba. Those provisions did not make it into the final omnibus legislation. But the bill that passed denies entry to the United States and threatens financial sanctions against "officials of foreign governments and their immediate family members" whose governments have medical service contracts with Cuba.Cuba has medical personnel serving abroad in dozens of countries, including Mexico, Italy, Qatar, Jamaica, several smaller Caribbean states, and Northern Ireland. Is it really in the U.S. national interest to ban their government officials from the United States? Would Mexico's indispensable cooperation on migration and narcotics trafficking survive such a ban? Luckily, during the negotiations over the final omnibus bill, cooler heads prevailed and made these sanctions subject to a presidential waiver. But they are still the law of the land, with Washington once again arrogating to itself the right to sanction other countries for their relations with Cuba, as if neither their sovereignty nor Cuba's counts for anything in Washington.That is the final absurdity of U.S. Cuba policy. It's not just that so much of it is built on false premises and distorted facts. It's that a small group of conservative Cuban American legislators, obsessed with reducing Cuba to penury, have been able to dictate policies that damage broader U.S. interests in Latin America, Europe, and the Global South. They get away with it because no issue is more important to them than Cuba, and Cuba is not important enough to Biden for him to stand up to them.These policies are not cost free. Like water dripping on a stone they gradually erode the good will of other countries, diminishing Washington's "soft power." The accretion of damage is chronicled by the annual vote at the United Nations General Assembly on Cuba's resolution condemning the U.S. embargo. When the resolution was first introduced in 1992, it passed with 59 countries in favor, 3 against (the United State, Israel, and Romania), and a majority, 71 abstaining. Last year 187 countries voted for the resolution. Ukraine abstained and only Israel joined the United States in voting no.When American patriots declared their independence from the British crown, they detailed their reasons in the Declaration of Independence out of a "decent respect to the opinions of mankind." That respect is not a virtue Washington policymakers should abandon just because the United States has become a superpower.

 Photos from the Ameriguns by Gabriele GalimbertiIf one wanted to find a text to confirm Louis Althusser's thesis that the writings of the young Marx were not yet Marx, and thus best left to the dustbin, one could perhaps find not better contender than "On the Jewish Question." Much of the essay is a response to Bauer, and part of a long forgotten debate. When Marx breaks free of this debate in the final paragraphs it is to engage in horrible stereotypes of Jewish materialism and greed that many have considered to be not only anti-semitic, but symptoms of self loathing. I am not entering into these debates here, but will say that I have regretted every time I taught the text. If there is one argument for considering to read the essay, as well as to teach it, however, it has to do with the reading and analysis that Marx puts forward of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.One could even argue, using Althusser's own concepts and terminology, that Marx offers a symptomatic reading of the Declaration. He reads the various rights bestowed by the articles of Declaration to demonstrate that property is not only the central right, the one that all of the rights such as security are marshaled to defend, but as central right it effectively undoes all of the rest, placing the private man of civil society above the citizen, and subordinating political society to civil society. As Marx writes, "None of the so-called rights of man, therefore, go beyond egoistic man, beyond man as a member of civil society – that is, an individual withdrawn into himself, into the confines of his private interests and private caprice, and separated from the community. In the rights of man, he is far from being conceived as a species-being; on the contrary, species-life itself, society, appears as a framework external to the individuals, as a restriction of their original independence. The sole bond holding them together is natural necessity, need and private interest, the preservation of their property and their egoistic selves.It is puzzling enough that a people which is just beginning to liberate itself, to tear down all the barriers between its various sections, and to establish a political community, that such a people solemnly proclaims (Declaration of 1791) the rights of egoistic man separated from his fellow men and from the community, and that indeed it repeats this proclamation at a moment when only the most heroic devotion can save the nation, and is therefore imperatively called for, at a moment when the sacrifice of all the interest of civil society must be the order of the day, and egoism must be punished as a crime. (Declaration of the Rights of Man, etc., of 1793) This fact becomes still more puzzling when we see that the political emancipators go so far as to reduce citizenship, and the political community, to a mere means for maintaining these so-called rights of man, that, therefore, the citoyen is declared to be the servant of egotistic homme, that the sphere in which man acts as a communal being is degraded to a level below the sphere in which he acts as a partial being, and that, finally, it is not man as citoyen, but man as private individual [bourgeois] who is considered to be the essential and true man."This can be considered an inversion of the symptomatic reading Marx performs of political economy in Capital. In that text Marx examined a question that political economy could not pose, as to why value appeared in the form of commodities. That unasked question leads to the fundamental mystification of the difference between labor and labor power, of the fact that labor power is unlike all of the commodities in that it is a potential, a capability, and not an actuality, its use is thus inseparable from domination. In Marx's reading of the Declaration, however, it is not a matter of a question not asked but of a conclusion not seen. Property is fundamentally different from other rights in that it is subject to a zero sum game. What I possess you cannot. This makes it fundamentally different from the equaliberty that underlies all other rights, the way in which the recognition of my right hinges on my recognition of your and vice versa. Even the right of privacy, to be outside of political and social considerations, only functions if it is recognized by others as a paradoxical political limit of politics. Property is different from the other rights not just in its form, but in its content. Property belongs not to the political, the state, but to the economy. It is the economic limitation of politics. From the Ameriguns by Gabriele GalimbertyAll of this is a very long preamble to the issue at hand, which is guns. Last weekend Megyn Kelly of Fox News tweeted a rant that argued that the issue of gun control had lost. In its place she suggested measures such as protecting "soft-targets" and ultimately locking people up. As people commented on twitter an elsewhere this would effectively be a matter of trashing the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment in order to save the Second. In effect Kelly proposed her own symptomatic reading not of the text of the Bill of Rights, but its current interpretation in American society. In the second, the right to bear arms, is seen as the foundation of all others, guns protect us against tyrants ostensibly securing our freedoms. However, in some sense despite herself, Kelly suggested that a society that is dedicated to protecting the right to guns above everything and anything, include the protection of children, ultimately ends up undermining all of those other rights in order to protect the right to arms. Given a choice between getting rid of guns and locking people up it is better to lock people up. One could add the First Amendment to the list of collateral damage of the second. I am reminded that when Texas passed a law allowing people to carry concealed guns on campus several campuses responded by recommending that professors "avoid sensitive topics" in the classroom. Contrary to the claim that an armed society is a civil society, guns have a corrosive effect on civilization itself. Even knocking on a stranger's door, or turning around in a driveway, can become a death sentence. As with property in Marx's reading, the right to have a gun tends towards a particular zero sum game. It is a right that is all the more effective if one has exclusive claim to it. As much as we hear about "good guys and bad guys with guns," the model of gun violence seems to be an armed person against an unarmed person. This is the scenario that is referred to in all of the bumper stickers that mention reaching for a gun rather than calling police, and it is also the scenario that played out with George Zimmerman, Kyle Rittenhouse, etc. One could track here an inverted trajectory to the one Marx traced, from content to form. The Second Amendment is not just the dominant right, the one that calls others into question in practice, it is also how the other amendments are interpreted. The so-called defenders of free speech against "cancel culture" are really defending the exclusive right to free speech against anyone who would question or criticize their position. The pundit class misses the day when they had almost exclusive control of the means of intellectual production and dissemination and they could say whatever they wanted without having to dodge the potshots made possible by social media.One could situate these two symptomatic readings historically, arguing that a society founded on private property ultimately disintegrates into guns, but it makes more sense to argue that these two things intersect and reinforce each other, the obsession with guns is itself the logical culmination of the atomization and destruction of political society that Marx warned us about. 

Chapter 1. Introduction to Displacement Studies: Knowledges, Concepts, Practices; Peter Adey, Janet C. Bowstead, Katherine Brickell, Vandana Desai, Mike Dolton, Alasdair Pinkerton, Ayesha Siddiqi -- Section One: Conceptualising Displacement -- Chapter 2. Mobilities and Displacement; Mimi Sheller -- Chapter 3. Political Ecologies of Displacement; Rebecca Elmhirst -- Chapter 4. Displacement Economies: A Relational Approach to Displacement; Amanda Hammar -- Chapter 5. The Slow and the Fast Violence of Displacement; James A. Tyner -- Chapter 6. Assembling Climate Change-Related Displacement; Leonie Tuitjer -- Chapter 7. Affect and Displacement; Mark Griffiths -- Chapter 8. Protection of Displaced Persons and the Rights-Based Approach; Rónán McDermott, Pat Gibbons, and Sinéad McGrath -- Chapter 9. Queering Displacement/The Displacement of Queers; Scott McKinnon -- Chapter 10. Gendered and Feminist Approaches to Displacement; Katherine Brickell and Jessie Speer -- Chapter 11. 'Race,' Ethnicity and Forced Displacement; Luisa Feline Freier, Matthew D. Bird, and Soledad Castillo Jara -- Chapter 12. Conceptualising Postcolonial Displacement Beyond Aid and Protection; Jose Jowel Canuday -- Section Two: Technologies of Displacement -- Chapter 13. Intervention: Displacement Aesthetics; Kaya Barry and Pete Adey -- Chapter 14. The Artwashing of Gentrification and Social Cleansing; Stephen Pritchard -- Chapter 15. Taking the Weather with You: Remittances, Translocality, and the Climate Migrant Within; Laurie Parsons -- Chapter 16. Barbed Displacement: Walls to the Disciplined Migrant; Bénédicte Michalon -- Chapter 17. Technologies of Deportation; William Walters -- Chapter 18. Street Technologies of Displacement: Disposable Bodies, Dispossessed Space; Elijah Adiv Edelman -- Chapter 19. Olympic Favela Evictions in Rio de Janeiro: The Consolidation of a Neoliberal Displacement Regime; James Freeman -- Section Three: Journeys of Displacement -- Chapter 20. Intervention: Women's Narratives from Refugee Camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; Nazand Begikhani -- Chapter 21. Constraints and Transgressions in Journeys of Displacement; Joris Schapendonk and Milena Belloni -- Chapter 22. Migrants' Displacements at the Internal Frontiers of Europe; Martina Tazzioli -- Chapter 23. Carceral Journeys; Nick Gill and Oriane Simon -- Chapter 24. Precarious Migrations and Maritime Displacement; Vicki Squire and Maurice Stierl -- Chapter 25. Maintaining Health on the Move: Access and Availability for Displaced People; Jennifer Cole -- Section Four: Traces of Displacement -- Chapter 26. Intervention: Disasters and Displacement: When There Is No Time to Stop; Ayesha Siddiqi -- Chapter 27. Antipodean Architectures of Displacement; Anoma Pieris -- Chapter 28. Spiritual Geographies of Displacement and Resilience; Julia Christensen and Veronica Madsen -- Chapter 29. Mapping Trajectories of Displacement; Nishat Awan -- Chapter 30. Uncovering Internally Displaced People in the Global North through Administrative Data: Case Studies of Residential Displacement in the UK; Janet C. Bowstead, Stuart Hodkinson, and Andy Turner -- Section Five: Governing Displacement -- Chapter 31. Intervention: Forensic Oceanography: Tracing Violence within and Against the Mediterranean Frontier's Aesthetic Regime; Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani -- Chapter 32. Governing the Displaced: Contradictory Constellations of Actors, Ideas, and Strategies; Lama Tawakkol, Ali Bhagat, Sarah Sharma -- Chapter 33. Bureaucracies of Displacement: From Immigrants' Social and Physical Exclusion to Their Judicial Removal; Cecilia Menjívar and Andrea Gómez Cervantes -- Chapter 34. Police, Bailiffs, and Hired Hands: Researching the Distribution and Dissolution of Eviction Enforcement; Alexander G. Baker -- Chapter 35. Governing the Unwanted: Measuring European Migration Enforcement at Street Level; Lisa Marie Borrelli -- Chapter 36. A Forced Displacement and Atrocity Crime Nexus: Displacement as Transfer, Annihilation, and Homogenisation; Andrew R. Basso -- Section Six: More-Than-Human Displacements -- Chapter 37. Intervention: Flower Power: Khmer Women's Protests against Displacement in Cambodia and the United States; Katherine Brickell -- Chapter 38. Animals, People, and Places in Displacement; Benjamin Thomas White -- Chapter 39. Energy on the Move: Displaced Objects in Knowledge and Practice; Jamie Cross, Craig Martin, and G. Arno Verhoeven -- Chapter 40. Smartphones: Digital Infrastructures of the Displaced; Koen Leurs and Jeffrey Patterson -- Chapter 41. Family Photographs in Displacement; Penelope Pitt -- Chapter 42. Displaced Home-Objects in Homing Experiences; Mastoureh Fathi -- Chapter 43. The Role of Design in Displacement: Moving beyond Quick-Fix Solutions in Rebuilding Housing after Disaster; Esther Charlesworth and John Fien -- Section Seven: Representing Displacement -- Chapter 44: Intervention: Activism, Research and Film-Making: Fighting for the Right to Housing in Bucharest, Romania; Michele Lancione -- Chapter 45. How Not to Eat Human Stories: Ruts, Complicities and Methods in Visual Representations of Refugees; Dominika Blachnicka-Ciacek -- Chapter 46. Displacements of Experience: The Case of Immersion and Virtual Reality; Emma Bond -- Chapter 47. Displacement in Contemporary Art; John Potts -- Chapter 48. Reclaiming Safe Spaces: Arts-Based Research, Advocacy, and Social Justice; Nelli Stavropoulou -- Section Eight: Resisting Displacement -- Chapter 49. Intervention: An Interview with Anna Minton; Vandana Desai -- Chapter 50. 'Housing is a Human Right. Here to Stay, Here to Fight': Resisting Housing Displacement through Gendered, Legal and Tenured Activism; Mel Nowicki -- Chapter 51. Contesting Displacement through Radical Emplacement and Occupations in Austerity Europe; Mara Ferreri -- Chapter 52. Legal Geographies of Resistance to Gentrification and Displacement: Lessons from the Aylesbury Estate in London; Loretta Lees and Phil Hubbard -- Chapter 53: Local Faith Communities and Responses to Displacement; Susanna Trotta and Olivia Wilkinson -- Chapter 54. Hosting the Displaced: From Sanctuary Cities to Hospitable Homes; Jonathan Darling -- Chapter 55. Food and the Politics of Refuge: The Transformative Power of Asylum Seeker and Refugee Food Initiatives; Fiona Murphy.

The Israeli Defense Forces have been targeting civilian centers and using Palestinian civilians as human shields during its operation in Gaza, according to explosive new reporting from Haaretz. Ironically, this comes the day after the 75th anniversary of the Geneva Convention, a groundbreaking series of treaties which established international laws around human rights during war time.The report also arrives after weeks of the Israeli military bombing schools in Gaza used by Palestinians for shelter. In each of the attacks, the IDF has claimed that Hamas was using civilians as human shields. In Haaretz's new investigation however, Israeli soldiers have been seen using "random Palestinians" as human shields on camera for operations in the Strip. This is based in part on the footage, published by Al Jazeera two months ago, which shows Palestinians being forced into buildings and rooms ahead of soldiers to ensure that IDF are kept out of harm's way. Video shows the soldiers placing body cameras on the handcuffed detainees and dressing them in military uniforms with protective vests as they are forced to enter tunnels and buildings before the Israeli soldiers, as a way to check for explosives. Further investigation by Haaretz, published on Tuesday, exposes just how widespread this practice may be among the IDF ranks in Gaza. Combat soldiers and commanders alike were interviewed during this investigation."Our lives are more important than their lives," soldiers were told, according to Haaretz. "The thinking is that it's better for the Israeli soldiers to remain alive and for the shawishim to be the ones blown up by an explosive device."One of the sources interviewed by the paper claimed that the practice of using Palestinians as human shields was well-known, saying "when I saw the report from Al Jazeera, I said: 'Ah, yes, it's true.'" They also charged that leadership knew about the practice adding, "it's done with the knowledge of the brigade commander, at the least." Another soldier added to the testimony saying, "About five months ago, two Palestinians were brought to us. One was 20 and the other was 16. We were told: 'Use them, they're Gazans, use them as human shields.'"According to sources, minors and the elderly are also used. One soldier said, "There were times when really old people were made to go into houses."The list of incidents described in the investigation took place all over Gaza, but were very similar in nature and description, giving credence to the stories. Some soldiers said they felt uneasy about what they were doing, but concerns brought to leadership were met with a wave of the hand. A battalion commander is reported as saying in response to soldiers' questions: "A soldier doesn't need to take an interest in the laws of war. You need to think about the IDF's values and act according to the IDF's values, not the laws of war."The released footage has led to increased calls for an official probe. The IDF Spokesperson's Unit issued a statement saying, "IDF instructions and orders prohibit the use of Gazan civilians caught in the field for military missions that pose a deliberate risk to their lives. The IDF's instructions and orders on the subject have been made clear to the forces."These reports come as Israel is dealing with another alleged human rights violation. It was reported Monday that the IDF admitted to targeting the Taba'een school complex in Gaza City. Gazan civil defense officials claim that over 90 people were killed, including at least 17 women and children. Some of the bodies have yet to be identified due to the level of carnage produced by the strike. The IDF justifies the bombing by claiming that Hamas operatives were using a room inside of the complex's mosque. This has been disputed however, with the Israeli strike list including the name of a child under 12-years-old. Annelle Sheline, Research Fellow at the Quincy Institute, said the Haaretz investigation exposes the lie that the IDF is the "most moral army in the world." "Media routinely criticize Hamas for using Palestinians as so-called human shields," she said. "This is not actually accurate, because the use of a human shield involves coercion and the mere presence of Hamas in Gaza does not mean they have coerced Palestinians to inhabit their own homes, schools, and hospitals."Comparing IDF actions to that of Hamas, she adds, "In contrast, this report and others demonstrate that the Israeli military routinely uses Palestinians to do life threatening work against their will.This is not only a war crime but also goes against IDF rules."Driving the point home, Sheline points out that "The IDF's use of Palestinians as human shields, despite violating both the Geneva Conventions as well as their own rules, demonstrates the depravity of a military organization that still likes to refer to itself as 'the most moral army in the world'."Principal Deputy Spokesperson for the Department of State, Vedant Patel, responded to concerns about the school attack on Tuesday from a reporter during the daily press briefing, stating that Israel has the moral imperative to minimize the impact on civilians, claiming that concerns are raised when necessary and that deterrents are in place.

The EU may be notoriously divided when it comes to the Middle East, but at times those divisions are a blessing. For example, this week Ireland, Spain and non-EU Norway took a step, in a coordinated fashion, of recognizing Palestinian statehood. In the absence of a unified EU position on the matter, moving forward on the level of the individual member states is, perhaps, the only viable way to advance towards the issue. However, beyond the symbolism, it's unclear what impact the move will have.The first EU member state to recognize Palestine was Sweden in 2014. Cyprus, Malta, and a few Central European nations recognized Palestine prior to joining the EU.In a statement on May 22 explaining the move, Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store said that "there can be no peace in the Middle East if there is no recognition." He also made it clear that "the terror was committed by Hamas and militant groups who are not supporters of a two-state solution." His Spanish counterpart Pedro Sanchez announced the his country's Council of Ministers will recognize Palestine on May 28, "echoing the will of the majority of the Spanish people". Israel, predictably, reacted harshly by recalling ambassadors from Ireland and Norway and threatening to do the same with Spain if it moved ahead with a formal recognition in few days. Foreign Minister Israel Katz lashed out at the European trio by saying that their move sends a message that "terrorism pays" and "rewards Hamas and Iran" in the light of Hamas' gruesome attack on Israel on October 7, 2023.By contrast, the move was widely welcomed in the Middle East, with such close partners of the EU as Turkey , Qatar and Jordan, as well as, obviously, Palestinian officials in the West Bank, issuing strongly supportive statements. Of particular note is the statement by Saudi Arabia, in which the Kingdom calls on more countries to "swiftly take the same stance, which would contribute to finding a reliable and irreversible path to achieve a just and lasting peace that fulfills the rights of the Palestinian people." Riyadh has used another occasion to say that a credible path to a Palestinian statehood is not negotiable even as it pursues a normalization deal with Israel, under the U.S. auspices.Not all of the EU members are yet on board, though. Hugh Lovatt from the European Center for Foreign Relations says countries like France, Germany, Italy and non-EU United Kingdom are unlikely to follow suit because they say such a move would undermine the Oslo process. Lovatt, however, believes, that "conditioning the Palestinian right to self-determination on a fatally flawed political process has always been the wrong approach – but it is even more so today in the absence of any realistic prospect for successful negotiations."The recognition of Palestine by Ireland, Norway, and Spain comes just few days after the International Criminal Court prosecutor's application for arrest warrants against leaders of Israel and Hamas. European reactions, again, reveal the familiar pattern of divisions along the predictable lines: Belgium, Slovenia, Ireland and Spain, all strong supporters of the two-state solution, pledged full support for the Court and emphasized that those responsible for the crimes committed in Israel and Palestine from at least October 7, 2023 must be prosecuted. The EU high representative for foreign policy Josep Borrell, along the same lines, stated that "all states that have ratified the ICC statutes are bound to execute the Court's decisions." Notably, all EU members are parties to the Rome Statute that established the ICC.At the opposite side of the spectrum are the usual suspects — Israel's closest allies in the EU. With varying degrees of vehemence, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy and Austria denounced the fact that the ICC issued an arrest warrant for representatives of a democracy like Israel and a terrorist organization like Hamas. Somewhere in the middle stand the EU heavyweights: Germany criticized the "incorrect implication of equivalence" between Israel and Hamas in the ICC application, while expressing its general support for the Court. France equally rejected any equivalence but stressed "respect for the independence of the international justice."While the unilateral recognition of the Palestinian statehood is largely a symbolic move, coupled with the ICC action, backed by a number of Israel's allies in the EU, it signals a serious erosion of Israel's standing in the West. More countries may choose to follow suit in the near future — Belgium and Slovenia being tipped as the prime candidates. Even French President Emmanuel Macron no longer discards such a step.Such moves may clash with the United States, but they reveal the growing frustration in Europe about the futility of sticking to the formula of a negotiated solution that seems increasingly out of reach given the shift in Israel towards more intransigent positions.At the same time, European countries like Spain, Ireland, Norway and possibly more to follow no longer wish to pay a diplomatic price in their relations with the Arab and Muslim world and, in fact, much of the Global South, by refusing to support international law and human rights. Judging by the reactions from the Middle East (except Israel) their recognition of Palestine was a correct bet.

For a certain category of persons in particular cases legislator provides for a special procedure of criminal proceedings as well as mandatory participation of a defender (Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure) to create additional person defense guarantees in criminal proceedings. The article is devoted to study of problem aspects of legislative regulation of defense mandatory participation in criminal proceedings. The importance of defense mandatory participation is emphasized as rendering legal aid to a person in criminal proceedings. This article is devoted to study the importance of the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings and on the basis of obtained data, with due consideration of international standards of human rights protection in criminal proceedings, to submit substantiated author's proposals as regards the expansion of the circle of grounds for the mandatory participation of a defender in Ukrainian criminal proceedings. Within the topic of study we analyzed criminal procedural legislation in force, research works in this area, decisions of European Court oh Human Rights, aiming to reveal deficiencies in law and submit author's proposals as regards their elimination. According to normative sense of Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, the article gives classification of the grounds for mandatory participation of a defender depending on: 1) consideration of severity of a crime; 2) consideration of personal data of a defendant held criminally liable; 3) peculiarities of criminal proceedings. Proposals are presented aimed to improve legislative regulation of Ukrainian criminal procedural law. It is proposed to add one more reason connected to the circumstance that the defendant denies suspicion against him/her and/or denies his/her guilt in commission of criminal offense. The proposal consists in addition to Article 52, Part 2, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine of new Item 10 postulating the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings against persons who deny a suspicion as specified in Suspicion Notice on deny pleading guilty at court session. ; Для определенной категории лиц в отдельных случаях законодатель предусматривает особые порядки уголовного производства, а также обязательное участие защитника (ст. 52 Уголовного процессуального кодекса Украины, далее – УПК Украины), что создает дополнительные гарантии для защиты лица в уголовном производстве. В статье исследованы проблемные аспекты нормативного регулирования обязательного участия защитника в уголовном производстве. Раскрывается значение обязательного участия защитника, который предоставляет лицу профессиональную правовую помощь в уголовном производстве. Целью статьи определено исследование значения обязательного участия защитника в уголовном производстве и на основании полученных данных с учетом международных стандартов защиты прав лиц в уголовном производстве аргументируются авторские предложения по расширению круга оснований обязательного участия защитника в уголовном процессе Украины. В пределах исследуемой тематики, с целью выявления пробелов нормативного регулирования и предоставления авторских предложений по их решению, проанализировано действующее уголовное процессуальное законодательство, исследования соответствующей направленности, решения Европейского суда по правам человека. В соответствии с нормативным содержанием ст. 52 УПК Украины, в статье проводится группировка оснований обязательного участия защитника на следующие группы в зависимости от: 1) учета тяжести преступления; 2) учета личных данных лица, привлекаемого к уголовной ответственности; 3) особенностей уголовного производства. Вносятся предложения, направленные на совершенствование норм Уголовного процессуального законодательства Украины. Предлагается дополнение данной классификации еще одним основанием, которое связано с наличием возражения лица против подозрения и / или не признание виновности в совершении уголовного преступления. Вносятся предложения дополнить ч. 2 ст. 52 УПК Украины новым п. 10 о том, что участие защитника является обязательным в уголовном производстве при не признании подзащитным лицом подозрения, изложенное в сообщении о подозрении, и/или не признании виновным во время судебного разбирательства. ; Для певної категорії осіб в окремих випадках законодавець передбачає особливі порядки кримінального провадження, а також обов'язкову участь захисника (ст. 52 Кримінального процесуального кодексу України, далі – КПК України), що створює додаткові гарантії для захисту особи у кримінальному провадженні. Тож у статті досліджено проблемні аспекти нормативного регулювання обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному провадженні. Розкривається значення обов'язкової участі захисника, який надає особі професійну правничу допомогу у кримінальному провадженні. Метою статті визначено дослідження значення обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному провадженні та на підставі отриманих даних, з урахуванням міжнародних стандартів захисту прав осіб у кримінальному провадженні надані аргументовані авторські пропозиції щодо розширення кола підстав обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному процесі України. У межах досліджуваної тематики, з метою виявлення прогалин нормативного регулювання та надання авторських пропозицій щодо їх вирішення, проаналізоване чинне кримінальне процесуальне законодавство, дослідження відповідної спрямованості, рішення Європейського суду з прав людини. Відповідно до нормативного змісту ст. 52 КПК України у статті проводиться групування підстав обов'язкової участі захисника на такі групи залежно від: 1) урахування тяжкості злочину; 2) урахування особистих даних особи, яка притягується до кримінальної відповідальності; 3) особливостей кримінального провадження. Внесено пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення норм Кримінального процесуального законодавства України, зокрема, доповнення даної класифікації ще однією підставою, яка пов'язана з наявністю заперечення особою підозри та/або не визнання винуватості у вчиненні кримінального правопорушення. Запропоновано доповнити ч. 2 ст. 52 КПК України новим п. 10 про те, що участь захисника є обов'язковою у кримінальному провадженні щодо осіб при запереченні ними підозри, викладеної у повідомленні про підозру, та/або не визнанні себе винним під час судового розгляду.

For a certain category of persons in particular cases legislator provides for a special procedure of criminal proceedings as well as mandatory participation of a defender (Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure) to create additional person defense guarantees in criminal proceedings. The article is devoted to study of problem aspects of legislative regulation of defense mandatory participation in criminal proceedings. The importance of defense mandatory participation is emphasized as rendering legal aid to a person in criminal proceedings. This article is devoted to study the importance of the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings and on the basis of obtained data, with due consideration of international standards of human rights protection in criminal proceedings, to submit substantiated author's proposals as regards the expansion of the circle of grounds for the mandatory participation of a defender in Ukrainian criminal proceedings. Within the topic of study we analyzed criminal procedural legislation in force, research works in this area, decisions of European Court oh Human Rights, aiming to reveal deficiencies in law and submit author's proposals as regards their elimination. According to normative sense of Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, the article gives classification of the grounds for mandatory participation of a defender depending on: 1) consideration of severity of a crime; 2) consideration of personal data of a defendant held criminally liable; 3) peculiarities of criminal proceedings. Proposals are presented aimed to improve legislative regulation of Ukrainian criminal procedural law. It is proposed to add one more reason connected to the circumstance that the defendant denies suspicion against him/her and/or denies his/her guilt in commission of criminal offense. The proposal consists in addition to Article 52, Part 2, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine of new Item 10 postulating the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings against persons who deny a suspicion as specified in Suspicion Notice on deny pleading guilty at court session. ; Для определенной категории лиц в отдельных случаях законодатель предусматривает особые порядки уголовного производства, а также обязательное участие защитника (ст. 52 Уголовного процессуального кодекса Украины, далее – УПК Украины), что создает дополнительные гарантии для защиты лица в уголовном производстве. В статье исследованы проблемные аспекты нормативного регулирования обязательного участия защитника в уголовном производстве. Раскрывается значение обязательного участия защитника, который предоставляет лицу профессиональную правовую помощь в уголовном производстве. Целью статьи определено исследование значения обязательного участия защитника в уголовном производстве и на основании полученных данных с учетом международных стандартов защиты прав лиц в уголовном производстве аргументируются авторские предложения по расширению круга оснований обязательного участия защитника в уголовном процессе Украины. В пределах исследуемой тематики, с целью выявления пробелов нормативного регулирования и предоставления авторских предложений по их решению, проанализировано действующее уголовное процессуальное законодательство, исследования соответствующей направленности, решения Европейского суда по правам человека. В соответствии с нормативным содержанием ст. 52 УПК Украины, в статье проводится группировка оснований обязательного участия защитника на следующие группы в зависимости от: 1) учета тяжести преступления; 2) учета личных данных лица, привлекаемого к уголовной ответственности; 3) особенностей уголовного производства. Вносятся предложения, направленные на совершенствование норм Уголовного процессуального законодательства Украины. Предлагается дополнение данной классификации еще одним основанием, которое связано с наличием возражения лица против подозрения и / или не признание виновности в совершении уголовного преступления. Вносятся предложения дополнить ч. 2 ст. 52 УПК Украины новым п. 10 о том, что участие защитника является обязательным в уголовном производстве при не признании подзащитным лицом подозрения, изложенное в сообщении о подозрении, и/или не признании виновным во время судебного разбирательства. ; Для певної категорії осіб в окремих випадках законодавець передбачає особливі порядки кримінального провадження, а також обов'язкову участь захисника (ст. 52 Кримінального процесуального кодексу України, далі – КПК України), що створює додаткові гарантії для захисту особи у кримінальному провадженні. Тож у статті досліджено проблемні аспекти нормативного регулювання обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному провадженні. Розкривається значення обов'язкової участі захисника, який надає особі професійну правничу допомогу у кримінальному провадженні. Метою статті визначено дослідження значення обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному провадженні та на підставі отриманих даних, з урахуванням міжнародних стандартів захисту прав осіб у кримінальному провадженні надані аргументовані авторські пропозиції щодо розширення кола підстав обов'язкової участі захисника у кримінальному процесі України. У межах досліджуваної тематики, з метою виявлення прогалин нормативного регулювання та надання авторських пропозицій щодо їх вирішення, проаналізоване чинне кримінальне процесуальне законодавство, дослідження відповідної спрямованості, рішення Європейського суду з прав людини. Відповідно до нормативного змісту ст. 52 КПК України у статті проводиться групування підстав обов'язкової участі захисника на такі групи залежно від: 1) урахування тяжкості злочину; 2) урахування особистих даних особи, яка притягується до кримінальної відповідальності; 3) особливостей кримінального провадження. Внесено пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення норм Кримінального процесуального законодавства України, зокрема, доповнення даної класифікації ще однією підставою, яка пов'язана з наявністю заперечення особою підозри та/або не визнання винуватості у вчиненні кримінального правопорушення. Запропоновано доповнити ч. 2 ст. 52 КПК України новим п. 10 про те, що участь захисника є обов'язковою у кримінальному провадженні щодо осіб при запереченні ними підозри, викладеної у повідомленні про підозру, та/або не визнанні себе винним під час судового розгляду.