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Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Metagoverning Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland -- Chapter 3. The genesis of the European Union/Northern Ireland peacebuilding network -- Chapter 4. The 1984 Haagerup Report on the situation in Northern Ireland -- Chapter 5. European Union Structural Funds programmes on the island of Ireland: Interreg and the cross-border dimension -- Chapter 6. The European Union Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland -- Chapter 7. The Belfast/Good Friday Agreement: cross-border cooperation and peacebuilding in the context of the new institutions -- Chapter 8. Conclusion. .

This paper contains a broad overview of law and governance aspects pertaining to the problem of homelessness. The prevention of homelessness has become a constitutional imperative. Yet this does not mean to say the law always works in favour of the inclusion and emancipation of the homeless. Rigid exclusions remain, in particular for immigrants, and repressive policies are on the rise. In the meantime courts soften the worse consequences of these policies by offering human rights remedies. This paper addresses the question of how European policy can respond to this state of affairs. Is it feasible that the remaining restrictions applying in the field of freedom of movement and access to social rights could be lifted in order to give full protection to all mobile citizens, including those with insufficient resources of their own? Or is it possible to introduce common standards for the protection of the homeless in an EU instrument who are in a vulnerable situation, regardless of their nationality?

The growing significance of the real estate taxation in Europe creates the need for presentation of property taxes in economy and taxation theory. In this article an attempt is made to analyze the role of real estate taxes. Here is an outline of this article. In the first part attention is paid to the economic and social consequences of the real estate taxation. In the second part, real estate taxation systems in the European Union countries are described and the incomes from property taxes are presented with special regard to real estate taxes. The analysis allows to draw a few general conclusions relating the immovable property taxation policy. ; Учитывая возрастающее значение налогообложения недвижимости в странах ЕС, представляется необходимым описать сущность налогов на имущество в теории налогообложения и показать их роль в экономике. В статье исследуется роль налогов на недвижимость. Статья построена следующим образом. В первой части рассматриваются экономические и социальные последствия налогообложения недвижимости. Во второй части приведено описание систем налогообложения в странах ЕС, при этом рассматривая доходы от налогов на имущество, автор уделяет особое внимание налогам на недвижимость. Проведенный анализ позволяет сделать ряд общих выводов в отношении политики налогообложения недвижимой собственности.

Presented at CESIFO Conference "A Constitution for the EU", February 2003 ; International audience ; A major characteristic of the European Union is its transitional or evolving nature, in particular with regard to the assignment of powers between the two main levels of government. More precisely, under current constitutional arrangements, this evolving nature takes the form of an integration process which tends to be monotonous, that is, which can only with great difficulty be reversed. The paper is mainly devoted to the explanation of how this comes about and what effects this has on other features of the process. As a concluding remark, however, it suggests that an additional criterion for judging - or an additional indicator for reading - proposed constitutional reforms can be derived from the analysis. This criterion or indicator should be of some value independently of the position adopted with regard to European integration.

Presented at CESIFO Conference "A Constitution for the EU", February 2003 ; International audience ; A major characteristic of the European Union is its transitional or evolving nature, in particular with regard to the assignment of powers between the two main levels of government. More precisely, under current constitutional arrangements, this evolving nature takes the form of an integration process which tends to be monotonous, that is, which can only with great difficulty be reversed. The paper is mainly devoted to the explanation of how this comes about and what effects this has on other features of the process. As a concluding remark, however, it suggests that an additional criterion for judging - or an additional indicator for reading - proposed constitutional reforms can be derived from the analysis. This criterion or indicator should be of some value independently of the position adopted with regard to European integration.

Introduction Reflecting the diversity of countries in its neighbourhood, the European Union (EU) has established different cooperation processes, institutional arrangements and forums for its discussions with these countries. Each form of cooperation is characterized by its own dynamics, institutional set-up and instruments, procedures, long-term objectives and problems. The various forms of cooperation between the EU and its neighbouring countries also reflect the importance of those countries for the competitiveness of the EU and its Member States. The form of cooperation is affected by the size and structure of the economy of the particular country, its geographical location, geopolitical situation and its level of economic development, by bilateral trade and investment flows, its labour market situation and the migration flows between the country concerned and the EU. This study analyses these differences, the impacts of each form of cooperation, and the implications for the competitiveness of these countries and of the EU. Given the special connotation of the term 'European Neighbourhood' in the EU, this study instead uses the term 'European Rim' (or just 'Rim') for the countries covered. Following a mapping of the economic situation and the competitiveness of the Rim countries, the study proceeds to a brief analysis of the following aspects of the Rim's competitiveness The economic impacts of existing agreements between EU Member States and Rim countries, including in terms of FDI and trade flows. A simulation of various scenarios covering free trade in goods between the EU and some of its neighbours is attempted. Where possible, the effects of bilateral agreements on the growth and productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Rim countries are investigated. The economic impact and the impact on competitiveness of migration and remittances flows between Rim countries and EU Member States are investigated, as is the effect these have on the labour market. Conclusions are drawn and policy recommendations made on the basis of the analysis; these cover the challenges and opportunities for the competitiveness of EU enterprises and sectors in the Rim countries.

Background: The growing number of people with diabetes presents a major challenge to healthcare delivery in Europe. Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is considered essential for improving the prevention and care of diabetes through empowering patients to increase agency in their own health and care processes. However, existing evidence regarding DSME in the EU Member States (EU MS) is insufficient to develop an EU-wide strategy. Objectives: This study aimed to present the state of DSME in the 28 EU MS, and contrast it with 3 non-EU countries with comparable Human Development Index score: Israel, Taiwan and the USA (ITU). Because type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disproportionately affects minority and low-income groups, we paid particular attention to health literacy aspects of DSME for vulnerable populations. Methods: Data from multiple stakeholders involved in diabetes care were collected from Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 using an online Diabetes Literacy Survey (DLS). The survey was completed by 379 respondents (249 from EU MS and 130 from ITU), consisting mainly of people with diabetes (33% in the EU MS, 15% in ITU) and care providers (47% and 72%). These data were supplemented by an expert survey (ES) administered to 30 key informants. Results: Analysis of the data shows that access to DSME varies greatly in the EU MS: an average of 29% (range 21% to 50%) of total respondents report DSME programs are tailored for people with limited literacy, educational attainment and language skills vs. 63% in ITU. The data suggests that more than half of adult T2DM patients and children/adolescents participate in DSME in EU MS and in ITU, participation of T1DM patients and older people is lower. The estimates regarding prioritization of DSME (6.1±2.8 out of 10) and the level of satisfaction with the current state of DSME (5.0±2.4 out of 10) in the EU MS were comparable with ITU. Conclusion: Variation in availability and organization of DSME in the EU MS presents a clear rationale for developing an EU-wide diabetes strategy to improve treatment and care for people with diabetes.