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In 2005 the states parties to the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) held the third of their annual expert and political meetings, which considered codes of conduct for scientists. As the process of scientific study involves communication between scientists and relies on the free exchange of information between individuals and between institutions, a framework that includes codes of conduct relating to any activities that could potentially promote the hostile uses of biological sciences should enhance the overall regime. The BTWC is the only one of the global conventions prohibiting possession of a class of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that has no formal verification and compliance mechanisms. The states parties started preparations for the Sixth BTWC Review Conference, to be held in late 2006. The economic and national security implications of diseases received unprecedented attention during 2005. The World Health Assembly adopted new International Health Regulations in May comprising legally binding provisions on sharing epidemiological information about the spread of infectious diseases. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) began operations in Stockholm. The states parties to the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) decided to extend the two action plans adopted in 2003. The Action Plan on national implementation measures contributed to an increase in the number of parties that had established or designated a national authority or that had adopted and reported national legislation covering all key areas required by the CWC. The Action Plan on universality contributed to Antigua and Barbuda, Bhutan, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Grenada, Honduras, Niue and Vanuatu becoming parties to the CWC in 2005. A new goal of trying to raise membership of the convention to at least 180 by the end of 2006 was set. An open-ended working group was established to prepare for the Second CWC Review Conference, to be held no later than 2008. A proposal was endorsed to establish 29 April, the day the CWC entered into force in 1997, as a day of remembrance for victims of chemical warfare and that a memorial to its victims be established in The Hague. The states that declared the possession of chemical weapons at the time the CWC entered into force for them are Albania, India, Libya, Russia, the USA and 'another state party', not identified at its request but widely understood to be South Korea. The CWC requires all these chemical weapons to be destroyed by 2012 at the latest. The continuing difficulties with chemical weapon destruction mean that it is becoming increasingly unlikely that all states will meet the mandated destruction deadlines under the CWC. It is important that the parties with chemical weapon stockpiles remain actively engaged to ensure that political and technical difficulties associated with their destruction programmes are resolved. In relation to the two largest chemical weapon holders, some 36% of the USA's stockpile (about 31 000 tonnes in total) and around 4% of the Russian stockpile (about 40,000 tonnes in total) had been destroyed by the end of 2005. In 2005 the US -- led Iraq Survey Group ended its inspections and closed its investigation into the past chemical and biological weapon programs in Iraq, releasing a series of addenda to its 2004 report and concluding that the investigation had 'gone as far as feasible'. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) remained excluded from Iraq but continued the monitoring and analysis of past and current issues according to its mandate in UN Security Council resolutions. The last of the major official national inquiries into the issues of pre-war intelligence relating to Iraq was published. In the Netherlands, Frans van Anraat was convicted of supplying chemicals for Iraq's chemical warfare programme in the 1980s. In the UK a court case claiming a terrorist conspiracy for the production of ricin finished on 8 April 2005. Although the arrests in January 2003 had been cited many times as evidence that terrorists were actually acquiring biological materials for hostile uses, the prosecution evidence to the court showed that no evidence of ricin production had been found. The magnitude of terrorist threat in the chemical and biological field is still unclear. In recent cases, such as the London 'ricin conspiracy', the initial claims and the final results were very different. However, this should not lead to complacency. There is still a need to prevent the inappropriate use of biological and chemical materials. It would be prudent to ensure that effective bio-safety and bio-security measures are adopted as soon as is practicable. Adapted from the source document.

Der Bart als phylogenetischer Restbestand unserer ehemaligen Vollbehaarung stellt evolutionär betrachtet eine spezialisierte Form der Körperbedeckung dar und signalisiert klaren Sexualdimorphismus. Als Symbol der Lebenskraft durch sein immerwährendes Wachstum und als optisches Zeichen der Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit wurde der Bart für die visuelle Kommunikation instrumentalisiert und zum exponierten Kultsignal. Der Zweck dieser Körperveränderung war und ist, den Naturzustand in eine idealisierte Überrealität zu transformieren, um soziales Ansehen zu erlangen. Die bewußte Formgebung eines Bartes ist deswegen Ausdruck einer kulturellen Überhöhung und somit Bestandteil des jeweiligen mentalen Körperbildes. Darum wurden Bärte geschnitten, geformt, gedreht, geflochten, gefärbt, gelockt, geölt, parfümiert, mit Goldstaub und selbst mit Goldfäden und Ersatzhaar ergänzt. Die Ausbildung von Rangordnungen und Gruppenzugehörigkeiten war die Folge. Die Kulturgeschichte der Völker zeugt ubiquitär von der Faszination, die Bärte ausübten und auch heute ausüben. Das Kultsignal des heiligen, göttlich omnipotenten Bartes wandelt sich im Lauf der Zeit körperbildästhetisch zum virilen kulturkreisabhängigen Individualausdruck. Die dadurch oder dafür ausgegrenzte Materialbasis soll dieses belegen. Einschränkend wird in der vorliegenden Ausarbeitung der Versuch unternommen, schwerpunktmäßig den Kommunikationswert der Bartgestaltung im europäischen Weltbildkontext, basierend auf antiker Überlieferung, interdisziplinär evolutions-, religions-, kunsttheoretisch und modesoziologisch zu analysieren und zu kommentieren, um bisher vernachlässigte Querverbindungen aufzuzeigen. Die Unvollständigkeit liegt in der Komplexität des Phänomens begründet. Das Phänomen Bart wurde bisher in der Literatur kulturhistorisch dokumentiert, aber wissenschaftstheoretisch in seiner Gesamtheit vernachlässigt, obwohl der Bart modesoziologisch und in neuerer Zeit soziopsychologisch eine erhebliche Rolle für die Kommunikation spielt. Ein Grund dafür mag unter anderem das dem Bart phänomenologisch Individuell-Subjektiv-Anhaftende sein, das der objektivierenden Verifikation wissenschaftlicher Methodik erschwerend im Wege steht. Der Bart stellt eine Sonderform für modesoziologische Fragestellungen dar, weil er Bestandteil des mentalen Körperbildes ist, das seinen Träger sowohl körpersprachlich als auch visuell vorstellt. Der Bart als Symbol für genuine Virilität, als Zeichen der Dominanz, politischer Gesinnung und Individualität stellt weiterhin ein sich ständig im modischen Wandel befindliches Bekenntnis am Schnittpunkt zwischen seelischem Körperbewusstsein und gefordertem konventionellen Öffentlichkeitsbildnis dar. Demzufolge entsprechen Bartmoden dem jeweils zugestandenen Spielraum für den Einzelnen im Zivilisationsprozeß. Ebenso belegt die Fülle der gegenwärtigen identitätsstiftenden Bartinszenierungen der Individualisten deutlich das Bedürfnis der Selbstdarstellung in der modernen Massengesellschaft. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stilepochen führt diesbezüglich sinnfällig den immerwährenden Wandel der unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsbilder des jeweiligen Bartbewusstseins vor Augen und bestätigt damit als modisches Phänomen die geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklung des Menschen. Durch die rasante technische Entwicklung, bezogen auf den gegenwärtigen medizinisch-biologisch-physikalisch-psychologisch-philosophisch-kunsttheoretisch-ethischen Diskurs über die Mensch-Maschine, wird sich das Bild vom Körper ändern und somit auch das Bartbewußtsein. Der Bart symbolisiert bisher den fortpflanzungsfähigen, gesunden Mann. In Zukunft jedoch wird die Bartoptik nur noch davon losgelöst für die virtuelle Mustererkennung von spielerischem Wert sein. ; The beard as part of phylogenetic remaining of our anterior completely hair-garment presents evolutionary a specialized form of body-covering and indicates unambiguously sexuell dimorphism. As symbol of vitality by constantly growth and as an optical indication of sexual ability for the reproduction, the beard gained in importance for visual communication and elevated for an exposed cultural signal. The purpose of corporally changing has been and still is, to transform the natural status quo into idealized surreality for gain social reputation. The conscious beard-styling therefore is an expression of cultural revaluation increase in value and regarding this, part of the mental body-image at any time. Therefore beards were skilful styled, oiled, perfumed and supplemented with golden dust, golden strings and hairy substitutes. This development resulted formation of order of social ranks and different groups of membership. The history of civilization gives evidence of the fascination, which causes beards by peoples all over the world. From the aesthetical point of view in time the body-sign beard, the holy symbol of divine omnipotency, changes into an individual virile expression depending on the cultural environment. Therefore the differentiated dividing source research shall give evidence. Restricted to this presented elaboration the attempt will be done, to analyse and comment on main focusly the value of communication of beard-styling, concerning European conception of the world, based on the classical antiquity, considering interdisciplinary evolutionary, religious, visual arts referenced and fashionsociological theories, to prove neglected cross references up to now. The complexity of this phenomenon causes unavoidable incompleteness. In the past the phenomenon beard has been documented in cultural history, but has been scientificly disregarded in its totality, though the beard currently fashionsociological and sociopsychological plays an influential role within communication. One reason may be, that the beard is attached with individual-subjective, which hinders the objectively verification of common scientific method. The beard represents an exceptional feature concerning innovative fashionsociological questions, because being part of the mental body-image, which presents his representative simultaneous as well as corporally and visually. The beard as symbol of genuine virility, of dominance, of a political-minded person and individuality presents furthermore a permanent in changing situated confession to the focal point between mental body-consciousness and demanded conventional public-image. Resulting this, beard-fashions are only in accordance with the respective given room to move for individuals in the process of civilization. As well proves the plurality current identity donating beard-imagery of individualists the desire of self-conscious expostion within the modern mass-society. The history of the epochal development of visual arts verifies relating to this perpetual change of the different appearances of the special beard-consciousness and confirms the fashionable phenomenon as human mental evolution. An appointed statistical verification testifies the relevance of the actual importance of the beard as fashionable bodysignal to communication. By the technical development, lining the current medical-biological-physical-psychological-philosophical-arttheoretical-ethical discourse of the human-machine, the body-image will be changed and also the beard-consciousness. Till now the beard symbolized the ability of reproduction of a healthy man. In future however beard-optics will be given only playful value isolated from thereby for the virtual pattern-identification.

Unangepasste Geschwindigkeit ist weltweit die Unfallursache Nummer 1. Geschwindigkeitsmanagement ist daher unabdingbar. Die sogenannten SUNflower Staaten Schweden, Großbritannien und die Niederlande haben sehr wirksame Verkehrssicherheitsprogramme. Erste Erfolge des Geschwindigkeitsmanagements zeichnen sich in diesen Staaten bereits ab. So konnten sowohl Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeiten als auch Streuungen durch harte Ahndung und Kontrolle reduziert werden. Echte Verkehrssicherheit konnte jedoch auch hier noch nicht erzielt werden. Daher werden andere - teils technische - Maßnahmen diskutiert. Eine Technologie, welche in diesem Zusammenhang oft genannt wird, ist die automatische (intelligente) Geschwindigkeitsbeeinflussung (Abk. ISA). Es gibt drei Arten der Beeinflussung: Version 1 warnt den Fahrer vor der Überschreitung der zulässigen Höchstgeschwindigkeit mittels optischer oder akustischer Hinweise, Version 2 gibt einen Gegendruck auf das Gaspedal, Version 3 regelt die Benzinzufuhr zum Motor ab. Das EC-Forschungsprojekt PROSPER hat zum Ziel, strategische Vorgaben für die Einführung der ISA-Technologie zu erarbeiten. Diese Dissertation verarbeitet einige ausgewählte Zwischenergebnisse aus PROSPER. Zwei empirische Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführt. Zum einen wurden nach der Delphi-Methode in zwei Runden Interessenvertreter befragt, zum zweiten gab es eine Befragung unter Temposündern, ebenfalls in zwei Runden. Ziel war es, Grundvoraussetzungen (z.B. sozialer, wirtschaftlicher oder technischer Natur) für die Einführung von ISA in Deutschland zu eruieren. Zusätzlich wurde ein "Expertenpool" eingerichtet, bei dem 23 Experten aus unterschiedlichen Instituti-onen und Fachdisziplinen zu Ihrer fachlichen Einschätzung bezüglich ISA teils telefonisch teils persönlich interviewt wurden. 12 jener Experten fertigten einen schriftlichen Fachbeitrag zu ISA an. Die Resultate aus Befragungen und Expertenpool mündeten in vier unterschiedliche Szenarios, die eine flächendeckende Einführung von ISA in Deutschland beschreiben. Eine starke politische Lobby seitens der Automobilindustrie könnte jedoch dafür sorgen, dass ISA nicht - wie angestrebt - in den nächsten zehn Jahren eingeführt wird. Die Szenarios sehen also folgendermaßen aus: A) Einführung von Version 1 über den Markt unter Zuhilfenahme staatlicher Subventionen. B) Einführung von Version 2 über den Markt mit Unterstützung von Verkehrssicherheitskampagnen und intensiver Produktwerbung. C) Einführung einer modifizierten Version 3 per Gesetz. Bei schweren Tempovergehen wird dem Täter nicht der Führerschein entzogen sondern stattdessen zwangsweise ISA Version 3 ins Fahrzeug eingebaut. D) Einführung unterschiedliche Versionen in Deutschland aufgrund der flächendeckenden Einführung von ISA in den SUNFlower-Staaten. X) Nicht-Einführung - Stattdessen Alternativ- und Flankenmaßnahmen. Der Autor favorisiert Szenario B, da es unter heutigen Umständen am wahrscheinlichsten umzusetzen ist. Sobald ISA die technische Reife erreicht hat, sollte der Einführungsprozess in drei Schritten durchgeführt werden: 1) Produktwerbung und -information 2) Margeneinführung 3) Einführung am Gesamtmarkt Dieser Einführungsprozess über den Markt könnte dazu führen, dass bis 2015 wenigstens 15% aller Fahrzeuge mit ISA ausgestattet sind. ; Inappropriate speed is the most common reason for road traffic accidents world wide. Thus, a necessity for speed management exists. The so-called SUNflower states Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands - each spending strong effort in traffic safety policies - have great success in reducing mean road speeds and speed variances through speed management. However, the effect is still insufficient for gaining real traffic safety. Thus, there is a discussion to make use of technical in-vehicle devices. One of these technologies called Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) reduces vehicle speeds. This is done either by warning the driver that he is speeding, or activating the accelerator pedal with a counterforce, or reducing the gasoline supply to the motor. The three ways of reducing the speed are called version 1-3. The EC-project for research on speed adaptation policies on European roads (PROSPER) deals with strategic proposals for the implementation of the different ISA-versions. This thesis includes selected results of PROSPER. In this thesis two empiric surveys were done in order to give an overview about the basic conditions (e.g. social, economic, technical aspects) for an ISA implementation in Germany. On one hand, a stakeholder analysis and questionnaire using the Delphi-method has been accomplished in two rounds. On the other hand, a questionnaire with speed offenders has been accomplished, too, in two rounds. In addition, the author created an expert pool consisting of 23 experts representing the most important fields of science and practice in which ISA is involved. The author made phone or personal interviews with most of the experts. 12 experts also produced a detailed publication on their professional point of view towards ISA. The two surveys and the professional comments on ISA led to four possible implementation scenarios for ISA in Germany. However, due to a strong political opposition against ISA it is also thinkable that ISA is not implemented or the implementation process starts after 2015 (i.e. outside the aimed period of time). The scenarios are as follows: A) Implementation of version 1 by market forces with governmental subventions. B) Implementation of version 2 by market forces supported by traffic safety institutions and image-making processes. C) Implementation of a modified version 3 by law for speed offenders instead of cancellation of the driving licence. D) Implementation of various versions in Germany because of a broad implementation of ISA in the SUNflower states. X) Non-implementation of ISA leads to the necessity of alternative speed management measures. The author prefers scenario B because - ceteris paribus - it seems to be the most likely way to implement the technology. As soon as ISA reaches technical maturity, the implementation process has to be accomplished in three steps. 1) Marketing and image making 2) Margin introduction 3) Market penetration This implementation process for ISA by market forces could effect a percentage of at least 15% of all vehicles equipped with ISA before the year 2015.

Technology foresight (TF) is increasingly used by governments, funding agencies, R&D institutions and private companies as a tool for strategy development, prioritisation of R&D funds, and learning. Although the Nordic Council of Ministers aims at"developing Nordic region in next 10 years as the most attractive region in terms of education, research and industry", there seem to be no effective mechanisms capable of embracing the various activities and initiatives at Nordic level. The reportanalyses the potentials of TF in building a Nordic knowledge region. On-going TF activities in the Nordic countries are described as well as the prospects for Nordic TFs. The potentials of a Nordic TF are closely connected with spatial proximity andshared values, as well as with a willingness to exchange experience and to learn from each other. On the other hand, some doubtful concerns stem from the economic and social differences among the Nordic countries. Nordic foresight cooperation may alsoremain as a distant academic exercise if proper links to political and economic decisions cannot be made and maintained. A technology foresight exercise might serve different institutions of the innovation system and the society at large at the sametime. The report recommends: 1. The establishment of a Nordic forum for technology foresight practitioners and researchers. 2. The creation of a common follow-up system for relevant international technology foresight exercises. 3. The realisation oftechnology foresight exercises that involve participants from various Nordic countries (e.g. focusing on specific technologies or problem areas or in selected cross-border regions). ; In the globalised knowledge economy, with increased industrial and economic competition, intense pressure is put on companies to be adaptable and innovative. Private and public decisionmakers must cope with rapid technological developments by anticipating new opportunities and threats. This has intensified the search for proper tools that will create strategic intelligence in decision-making systems. In this context technology foresight exercises are regarded effective tools for "wiring up" the innovation system. Nordic technology foresight (TF) is defined as "systematic, future-oriented interaction processes contributing to shared visions concerning long-term technological developments. In the TF exercises, technological developments are examined in their real-world, economic and societal context, with attention to a wide pool of knowledge and the viewpoints of various interest groups. The processes can be broad-scope or more focused. The purpose is to facilitate communication between the interest groups and to increase decision-makers' and key actors' knowledge base, so that desirable technological developments can be supported with relevant Nordic strategies, decisions and actions. Both analyses and interaction are important in this respect". The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cooperation within research, education, and innovation. Although the Nordic Council of Ministers aims at "developing Nordic region in next 10 years as the most attractive region in terms of education, research and industry", there seem to be no effective mechanisms capable of embracing the various activities and initiatives at Nordic level. Here a Nordic technology foresight may be a promising tool in building a Nordic knowledge region. By increasing Nordic competence and competitiveness, and by creating critical mass behind specific proposals, a Nordic TF may act as a gear change between national research and development activities and the larger European research system within Nordic priority areas. In the Nordic countries governmental institutions, academia and private institutions have embarked on technology foresight activities, though with varying degrees of intensity and at different speeds. The rationale for Nordic technology foresight activities rests on the common values created through a common history and culture and a well consolidated Nordic collaboration within research and innovation. The potentials of a Nordic technology foresight are closely connected with spatial proximity and shared values, as well as with a willingness to exchange experience and to learn from each other. On the other hand, some doubtful concerns stem from the economic and social differences among the Nordic countries. Nordic foresight cooperation may also remain as a distant academic exercise if proper links to political and economic decisions cannot be made and maintained. A technology foresight exercise might serve different institutions of the innovation system and the society at large at the same time. The report recommends: 1. The establishment of a Nordic forum for technology foresight practitioners and researchers. 2. The creation of a common follow-up system for relevant international technology foresight exercises (including monitoring of selected trends and early signals). 3. The realisation of technology foresight exercises that involve participants from various Nordic countries (e.g. focusing on specific technologies or problem areas or in selected cross-border regions).

The spread of democracy beyond Western Europe to Latin America and the duration of Latin American democracies through one or more elections has revealed a surprising and disturbing trend in Latin America. Many new Latin American electorates have supported rightist and non-democratic candidates who, once elected president, have engaged in auathoritarian behavior, bypassing, corrupting or closing the legislature, undeterminig judicial autonomy, and attempting to extend their terms in office indefinitely. Examples of such presidential behaviour in Latin America include Carlos Menen in Argentina, Alberto Gujimori in Peru, and Arnoldo Aleman in Nicaragua. Within Latin American electorates, it is evident that the rural population is even more likely to support rightist candidates than is the electorate as a whole. Rural rightism is surpring, however, given a largebody of literature from the 1970s and 1980s where peasants and rural dwellers are seen primarily as leftists, such as in Russia, China, Mexico, Cuba and Nicaragua. The presence of rightist rural electoral support in new Latin American democracies leaves a puzzle: are peasants fascists or revolutionaries? To unravel such a puzzle, the essay looks first at four cases of rural support for fascism or authoritarian populism in the early to mid-twentieth century, France, Italy, Germany, and Argentina. It compares factors explaining such rightist rural support with the knowledge we have about rural support for the left in Russia, China, Cuba, and Nicaragua. The essay concludes that two overall sets of factors are at play in explaining rural support and activism of a rightist or leftist nature. These are 1) background factors including the context of economic and social relations and the nature of land tenure and 2) foreground factors including thye nature of political leadership, organizational style and skill and the kind of rhetoric used to attract and motivate rural followers. Based upon these comparisons of rural political activism and scrutiny of the European and Latin American cases, the essay concludes that rural dwellers are neither naturally fascists nor naturalleyrevolutionaries. Rather, their activism and heir electoral support can be moved in either direction depending upon the preexisting social and economic background and upon the skill and style of leaders attempting to win rural support. We need to look carefully at the candidates running for office and at their organizational style and the nature of their rhetoric. Such foreground factors will be more likely to tell us whether or not their electoral support (and their behavior in office, for that matter) willresemble the cases of fascism and rightist authoritarianism of the early and midtwentieth century. ; La expansión de la democracia en América Latina y su extensión en el tiempo ha puesto de manifiesto una tendencia sorprendente y preocupante. Muchos de los nuevos electores latinoamericanos han dado su apoyo a candidatos de derecha y no democráticos que una vez en el poder han atentado de diversas maneras contra la democracia. Dentro del electorado se constata que ese apoyo a las fuerzas antidemocráticas es mayor en la población rural. A la luz de la bibliografía de los años 70 y 80 sobre las revoluciones campesinas de Rusia, China, Cuba o Nicaragua, este derechismo campesino es un rompecabezas: ¿los campesinos son fascistas o revolucionarios? Para descifrar este enigma, el trabajo en primer lugar analiza cuatro casos de apoyo rural al fascismo o al autoritarismo populista en la primera mitad del siglo XX (Francia, Italia, Alemania y Argentina). Compara los factores explicativos que emergen de esa comparación con los resultados obtenidos de la investigación sobre el izquierdismo campesino en China, Rusia, Cuba y Nicaragua. La conclusión del trabajo es que hay dos conjuntos de factores que explican el apoyo de los campesinos a la izquierda o a la derecha. El primer tipo de factores, de transfondo, incluye el contexto económico y las relaciones sociales de propiedad y tenencia de la tierra. El segundo tipo de factores, de primer plano,incluye el tipo de liderazgo, el estilo organizativo y la habilidad política, así como el tipo de retórica que se usa para atraer el voto campesino. La población rural no es por naturaleza ni de derecha ni de izquierda, sino que su apoyo puede llevarse a cualquiera de los dos lados dependiendo del trasfondo económico-social y de la escena política. En América Latina hay que estudiar en detalle los estilos de liderazgo y las retóricas de los candidatos. Estas variables de primera instancia nos van a permitir dictaminar si el apoyo electoral dará lugar a panoramas fascistas o autoritarios como los de la Europa de la primera mitad del siglo XX.

La globalización como fenómeno económico y político viene avanzando arrolladoramente en el mundo, especialmente a partir de la última década del siglo XX. Este fenómeno fue tomando cuerpo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las transnacionales se fueron afianzando en el control de la economía de los países más pobres, cerrándoles la posibilidad de salir adelante en sus empresas por sus propios medios. Los países andinos son un ejemplo de esta realidad y por eso se reunieron en Cartagena de Indias el 26 de mayo de 1969 para crear una asociación que permitiera hacer frente a las transnacionales y protegiera a sus propias empresas, dándoles la oportunidad de extender sus mercados a los territorios de los países involucrados, en primera instancia, y luego al exterior. El nombre mismo de la asociación «Pacto Andino» muestra la intención inicial, que apareció como una apuesta en donde los incentivos eran más políticos que económicos, más públicos que privados, es decir era más de gobiernos que de las bases involucradas. Han pasado treinta y un años de la creación del Pacto Andino y los problemas fueron apareciendo a cada paso haciendo que un socio fundador (Chile) se retirara en 1976 y otro (Venezuela) se incorporara en 1973. El Perú también mantuvo una posición de retirada que duró cinco años, hasta que en 1997 se reincorporó plenamente. Al cerrar la década de los noventa, los intentos de integración se han extendido a otros aspectos de la sociedad y el mismo Pacto ha terminado siendo la «Comunidad Andina de Naciones» que en cierta medida busca imitar a la Comunidad de las Comunidades Europeas. El interés económico y comercial, basado en la sustitución de importaciones, se ha ampliado a la libre competencia de mercados; también se han incorporado aspectos de integración cultural y judicial, así como de apoyo financiero a través del Fondo Andino de Reserva para casos de emergencia económica de sus miembros. Los procesos de integración no son sencillos, aun cuando visto de lejos parecería que, dada la mayor integración lingüística, se podría trabajar en una integración cultural y económica con mucha mayor facilidad que en el caso de Europa, donde las barreras idiomáticas son más difíciles de resolver. ¿Qué es lo que impide avanzar más eficientemente en la integración de la Comunidad Andina? ¿Cómo se preparan sus miembros para el siglo XXI? ¿Qué dificulta la integración total? Éstas y otras preguntas se discutirán en este artículo, buscando llegar a conclusiones que nos permitan llegar a un entendimiento del proceso y sus proyecciones para los próximos años. Globalization as an economic and political phenomenon is rapidly extending in the World specially during the last decade of the 201h Century. This process started to be visible after the World War II, when transnational corporations became more active to control the economies of the poorest countries, blocking the way to the national economies to do their own. The Andean countries are an example of this reality and that is why they gathered at Cartagena de Indias on May 26th, 1969, to found an association powerful enough to confront the transnationals and protect their own enterprises giving them the chance to extend their market areas. The name «Andean Pact» reflects the initial objective that was formulated as a bet where the incentives were more political than economic, more public than private, that is, more at the government level than to the social bases. After 31 years of the Andean Pact, the problems have not been a few. Chile, one of the founding associates decided to step out in 1976 while Venezuela got in as a full member in 1973. Perú also was at the edge for five years until1997 when he decided to assume full responsibilities. At the closing of the 1990's the integration plans extended to other issues and the pact moved to be the Andean Community of Nations resembling in some way the European Community of Nations. The economic and commercial interest based on the import-substitution model was relaxed to accept the free market policies. Other issues incorporated were the cultural and judicial integration, and the establishment of the Andean Reserve Fund to help member States in their economic emergencies. The integration processes are not easy even though when looked from outside it would appear the contrary. What are the obstacles to step up the integration of the Andean Community? How are their member States getting ready for the next coming years? What blocks total integration? These and other questions are discussed in this paper, hoping to arrive at reasonable conclusions.

In Germany the foreign born population is made up of foreigners and so called "ethnic Germans" who migrated from eastern European countries to Germany. While the first group is confronted with problems arising from the typical German concept of ethnicity and citizenship, the latter are entitled to a German passport immediately after crossing the border. About one half of the immigrants who entered Germany since 1984 are ethnic Germans. Thus, any analysis of the living conditions of immigrant children in comparison to native born German children must take into account the heterogeneity of immigrants in Germany as well as the respective institutional settings. Throughout the last decade the financial situation of children in Germany has been marked by increasing problems: in 1997 the population share of children living in households receiving welfare payments was about twice as high as the respective share for the entire population. Poverty head count rates (based on a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median equivalent income) clearly increased over this period from about 10 percent to more than 15 percent in 1996. The central aim of this paper is to analyze differences between native and foreign children within this process. Our comparative analyses are based on the different sub-samples of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP). With respect to non-monetary as well as monetary indicators there are - although the German transfer system is strong - remarkable differences in living conditions between native born German children and those born to immigrants and foreigners. On average we find that children in Germany to have lost out in terms of their relative income position over the period 1985/86 to 1995/96, thus pushing the need for targeted social policy. This should cover targeted financial transfers as well as an improvement of day care for children. Although there are some signs of improvement concerning the integration process of foreigners? children over this period, the majority of this group still lives in rather poor conditions. There is no formal "discrimination" of immigrant children by the German school system. But due to the strong intergenerational correlation of educational attainment it is a problem that the educational level of immigrant parents as well as of foreign parents living in Germany is still clearly below the population average, although there are some signs of improvement. As a result of the low educational level of their parents we find children born to immigrants and foreigners in Germany to be on less favorable educational tracks more often than native born German children. The long-term problem arising from this will be a persistently high share of rather poorly qualified persons in the future work force, who will face severe labor market problems and as such will be a problem for the German economy as a whole. In other words: the German educational system -- including pre-school, school and vocational training -- needs to provide equal opportunities to all children regardless of their social background. If necessary, there should be additional incentives for children born to immigrants and foreigners to overcome language disadvantages. ; Der im Ausland geborene Teil der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung besteht aus Ausländern und Aussiedlern, die aus osteuropäischen Ländern nach Deutschland emigriert sind. Während die erste Gruppe mit Problemen konfrontiert ist, die aus dem typisch deutschen Konzept von Ethnizität und Staatsangehörigkeit resultieren, erhält die zweite Gruppe quasi beim Grenzübertritt einen deutschen Pass. Etwa die Hälfte der Immigranten, die seit 1984 nach Deutschland kamen, sind der Gruppe der Aussiedler zuzurechnen. Daher muss jede Analyse der Lebensbedingungen von Immigranten-Kindern im Vergleich zu in Deutschland geborenen Kindern deutscher Eltern sowohl die Heterogenität der Immigranten als auch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen beachten. Während der letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahre ist die finanzielle Situation aller in Deutschland lebenden Kinder von immer größer werdenden Problemen gekennzeichnet: Als Resultat ist im Jahre 1997 der Anteil von Kindern in Haushalten, die Sozialhilfe erhalten ca. zweimal so hoch wie der entsprechende Anteil in der gesamten Bevölkerung. Die Armutsraten (basierend auf einer Armuts-Grenze von 50% des mittleren Äquivalenzeinkommens) sind innerhalb einer Dekade von 10% auf mehr als 15% deutlich angestiegen. Unsere empirische Analyse basiert auf verschiedenen Teilstichproben des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (GSOEP). Nicht-monetäre und monetäre Indikatoren belegen ? trotz der Stärken des deutschen Transfer-Systems ? beachtliche Differenzen zwischen den Lebensbedingungen der Kindern von Immigranten und Ausländern im Vergleich zu Kindern authochthoner Eltern. Im Durchschnitt hat sich relative Einkommensposition der Kinder in Deutschland über den Zeitraum von 1985/86 bis 1995/96 verschlechtert, was eine Notwendigkeit einer gezielten Sozialpolitik unterstreicht. Diese sollte sowohl finanzielle Transfers als auch eine Verbesserung einer außerhäusigen Kinderbetreuung beinhalten. Obwohl es Zeichen einer Verbesserung hinsichtlich des Integrationsprozesses von ausländischen Kindern über diesen Zeitraum gibt, lebt die Mehrheit dieser Gruppe nach wie vor in deutlich unterdurchschnittlichen Bedingungen. Innerhalb des deutschen Schulsystems gibt es keine formale "Diskriminierung" von Immigranten-Kindern. Angesichts der starken intergenerationalen Bildungskorrelation birgt das unterdurchschnittliche Bildungsniveau der in Deutschland lebenden erwachsenen Immigranten und Ausländer - trotz leichter Verbesserungen im langjährigen Vergleich ? jedoch große Probleme für deren Kinder. Als Ergebnis des geringen Bildungsniveaus ihrer Eltern sind Kinder von Immigranten und Ausländern deutlich häufiger auf ungünstigeren Bildungswegen zu finden, mit entsprechenden Problemen bei der Integration in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und die Gesellschaft insgesamt. Daher muss das deutsche Bildungssystem (einschließlich Kindergarten, Vorschule, Schule und Berufsausbildung) allen Kindern effektiv gleiche Startchancen geben ohne Ansehen des sozialen Hintergrundes. Neben Verbesserungen im Zugang zu Ausbildungsförderung (z.B. BAFöG) erscheinen dabei auch zusätzliche Anreize für Immigranten- und Ausländer-Kinder zur Verbesserung ihrer deutschen Sprachkenntnisse von großer Bedeutung.

16 páginas, 6 figuras, 5 tablas. ; [EN] Two sites, both affected by grazing but under different climatic conditions, were selected in Israel to study the effect of grazing on soil degradation. One site was selected in the Judean Desert, a dry environment (260 mm mean annual rainfall) with a long history of overgrazing and very little vegetative cover. The second site was selected in the Galilee Mountains where the climate is of Mediterranean type (650 mm mean annual rainfall) and the vegetative cover is much greater in spite of the grazing. Simulated rain experiments were performed in the field and in the laboratory in order to evaluate differences in hydrological and erosional response to rainfall between the two sites. The results show a clear difference between these two ecosystems. In the Judean Desert, where vascular plant cover is sparse, a crust was developed which enhanced overland flow and erosion. In the Mediterranean environment the overland flow and erosion were negligible under shrubs and relatively high at the intershrub corridors. At the hillslope scale a mosaiclike pattern of water and soil contributing and accepting patches was developed. Such a pattern usually protect the hillslope from being eroded. Runoff and erosion rates luere very high in the Judean Desert and negligible in the Galilee Mountains. ; [FR] Afin d'étudier l'effet du pâturage sur la dégradation des sols, deux zones de caractéristiques climatiques différentes soumises au pâturage ont été sélectionnées en Israel. L'une de ces zones se trouve située dans le désert de Judée, un milieu très aride (260 mm de précipitation annuelle moyenne) avec un couvert végétal peu dense et une longue influence du surpâturage. La deuxième zone se trouve sur les montagnes de Galilée, caractérisées par un climat méditerranéen (650 mm de précipitation annuelle moyenne) et un couvert végétal bien plus dense et ce malgré l'influence du pâturage. Afin d'évaluer le comportement hydrologique et érosif des sols de ces deux zones, des expériences ont été réalisées sous pluie simulée sur le terrain et en laboratoire. Les résultats mettent en évidence une différence nette entre les deux écosystèmes. Dans le désert de Judée, où la couverture végétale est faible, une croûte superficielle se développe favorisant le ruissellement superficiel et l'érosion. Dans la zone méditerranéenne, le ruissellement superficiel et l'érosion sont insignifiants dans les zones recouvertes par les plantes alors qu'ils sont relativement élevés dans les couloirs entre les plantes du maquis. A l'échelle de la pente s'organise une répartition sous forme d'une mosaïque de zones génératrices et d'autres réceptrices d'eau et de sédiments. Ce patron évite à la pente d'être érodée. Les taux de ruissellement et d'érosion se sont avérés être très élevés dans le désert de Judée et insignifiants sur les montagnes de Galilée. ; [ES] Dos zonas afectadas por pastoreo pero bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas fueron seleccionadas en Israel para estudiar el efecto del pastoreo en la degradación del suelo. Una zona se encuentra en el desierto de Judea, un medio muy árido (260 mm de precipitación media anual) con una larga historia de sobrepastoreo y muy baja cubierta vegetal. El segundo está en las montañas de Galilea donde el clima es Mediterráneo (650 mm de precipitación media anual) y la cubierta vegetal es mucho mayor a pesar del pastoreo. Para evaluar el comportamiento hidrológico y erosivo de los suelos de ambas zonas se realizaron experimentos con lluvia simulada en el campo y en laboratorio. Los resultados muestran una clara diferencia entre los dos ecosistemas. En el Desierto de Judea, donde la cubierta de plantas es escasa, se desarrolla una costra superficial, que favorece la escorrentía superficial y la erosión. En la zona Mediterránea, la escorrentía superficial y la erosión es insignificante en las zonas cubiertas con matas y relativamente alta en los corredores entre el matorral. A escala de ladera se desarrolla un patrón en forma de mosaico de zonas contribuidoras y receptoras de agua y sedimentos. Este patrón protege la ladera de ser erosionada. Las tasas de escorrentía y erosión fueron muy altas en el Desierto de Judea e insignificantes en las montañas de Galilea. ; A. Cerda thanks the support received from the Laboratory of Geomorphology at.Bar-Ilan University. He also thanks the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for a fellowship in the framework of the Perfeccionamiento de Doctores y Tecnólogos. The financial support of ERMES project (European Community Environment Programm, 1990-1994, EV5V-CT91-0023) and the Comunidad Valenciana government (Conselleria d'Educació i Ciencia) is acknowledged. Corinna Hawkes reviewed the manuscript. The project IFD-97-0551 and a contract of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Reincorporación de Doctores y Tecnólogos) supported partially the development of this research. ; Peer reviewed

One of the primary purposes of The John Marshall Journal of Computer Information Law is to focus on recent developments, on an international basis, in computer and information technology law. The themes that are developed in each issue of Volume Sixteen, present problems in computer and information technology law, and hopefully help answer questions in this dynamic field of law. The first issue of Volume Sixteen is a perspective issue on cyberspace governance, standards, and control. The lead articles of this issue discusses the challenge to develop international trademark law with regard to the Internet, Internet regulatory zoning of obscene content, Internet service providers' obligations under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, electronic commerce in Taiwan, and a commentary on NBA v. Motorola and STATS, Inc. The second issue of Volume Sixteen is a symposium issue on The Uniform Commercial Code ("U.C.C.") Proposed Article 2B. U.C.C. Proposed Article 2B is a legal framework for the licensing and transfer of rights in the intellectual property of computer technology. This issue is a detailed discussion of the problems facing the computer industry and the Proposed Article 2B drafting committee. The lead articles of this issue discusses generally, the law of the information age and the path of commercial law to cyberspace. Specifically, this issue discusses the treatment of consumers, express warranties and published information content, implied warranty of merchantability, and development contacts under the Proposed Article 2B. The third issue of Volume Sixteen is a perspective issue on privacy, information technology, and the Internet. The lead articles of this issue discusses issues of encryption and liberty on an international basis, legislation and decisions as to the control of the use of social security numbers as personal identifiers, and the mapping of legal metaphors in cyberspace. Additionally, this issue featured the bench memorandum, petitioner brief, and respondent brief on First Amendment and Freedom of Information Act issues associated with Internet blocking software in a public forum from the 1997 John Marshall National Moot Court Competition in Information Technology and Privacy Law. This issue, the fourth issue of Volume Sixteen, is a general issue that presents an array of topics. First, G. Peter Albert, Jr., an intellectual property practitioner and author of a treatise on intellectual property and information technology discusses the domain name registration system. Mr. Albert examines the dispute resolution policies of the leading proposals for the registration of domain names and proposes an alternative solution to "cybersquatting" and other trademark-related domain name issues. Keith Kupferschmid, an instrumental practitioner in Washington D.C. on intellectual property issues and the Internet discusses the fist-sale exception in view of copyrighted works on the Internet. Mr. Kupferschmid argues that the first-sale exception is not applicable to network transmissions and recommends that Congress take steps to limit the applicability of the first-sale exception, and that in order to receive the correct balance between the public's fair use of the work and a copyright owner's right to exploit is the grant of a rental right to the copyright owner is in order. Rinaldo Del Gallo, III, an intellectual property practitioner, discusses the dynamics associated with web site designers and the ownership of a web site under the guise of the work for hire doctrine and joint authorship doctrine. Caroline Uyttendaele, an associate research fellow at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven reviews and analyzes from a European point of view, the need for new free speech legislation regarding the Internet. Ms. Uyttendaele addresses the need for additional legislation protecting free speech and the relevance of the present restrictions on free speech. The student Comments in this issue discuss various important topics with regard to intellectual property and information technology issues. First, Laura McFarland-Taylor proposes adopting an internationally recognized standard of due diligence in reporting lost or stolen artworks utilizing the Internet. Second, Timothy Hofmeyer analyzes and examines the legal issues surrounding the patentability of cloned organisms, yet remains silent regarding the moral issues involved with the "hot topic" of cloning. Last, Steven Hanley on an international topic of Internet regulation, proposes that every country utilizing the Internet has a right when regulating the Internet to uphold its national values, and Internet Service Providers' shall work with each country's government to provide an Internet service that is in conjunction with each country's personal values and ideals. The Global Information Infrastructure is a dynamic medium that requires legal guidance and assistance in all stages of development. As information technology advances, the law must change with these advances. It is the hope of The John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law that the legal insights provided by our authors in this issue and all past and future issues help to mold the legal doctrine of computer and information technology law affecting the dynamics of the Global Information Infrastructure.

One of the primary purposes of The John Marshall Journal of Computer Information Law is to focus on recent developments, on an international basis, in computer and information technology law. The themes that are developed in each issue of Volume Sixteen, present problems in computer and information technology law, and hopefully help answer questions in this dynamic field of law. The first issue of Volume Sixteen is a perspective issue on cyberspace governance, standards, and control. The lead articles of this issue discusses the challenge to develop international trademark law with regard to the Internet, Internet regulatory zoning of obscene content, Internet service providers' obligations under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, electronic commerce in Taiwan, and a commentary on NBA v. Motorola and STATS, Inc. The second issue of Volume Sixteen is a symposium issue on The Uniform Commercial Code ("U.C.C.") Proposed Article 2B. U.C.C. Proposed Article 2B is a legal framework for the licensing and transfer of rights in the intellectual property of computer technology. This issue is a detailed discussion of the problems facing the computer industry and the Proposed Article 2B drafting committee. The lead articles of this issue discusses generally, the law of the information age and the path of commercial law to cyberspace. Specifically, this issue discusses the treatment of consumers, express warranties and published information content, implied warranty of merchantability, and development contacts under the Proposed Article 2B. The third issue of Volume Sixteen is a perspective issue on privacy, information technology, and the Internet. The lead articles of this issue discusses issues of encryption and liberty on an international basis, legislation and decisions as to the control of the use of social security numbers as personal identifiers, and the mapping of legal metaphors in cyberspace. Additionally, this issue featured the bench memorandum, petitioner brief, and respondent brief on First Amendment and Freedom of Information Act issues associated with Internet blocking software in a public forum from the 1997 John Marshall National Moot Court Competition in Information Technology and Privacy Law. This issue, the fourth issue of Volume Sixteen, is a general issue that presents an array of topics. First, G. Peter Albert, Jr., an intellectual property practitioner and author of a treatise on intellectual property and information technology discusses the domain name registration system. Mr. Albert examines the dispute resolution policies of the leading proposals for the registration of domain names and proposes an alternative solution to "cybersquatting" and other trademark-related domain name issues. Keith Kupferschmid, an instrumental practitioner in Washington D.C. on intellectual property issues and the Internet discusses the fist-sale exception in view of copyrighted works on the Internet. Mr. Kupferschmid argues that the first-sale exception is not applicable to network transmissions and recommends that Congress take steps to limit the applicability of the first-sale exception, and that in order to receive the correct balance between the public's fair use of the work and a copyright owner's right to exploit is the grant of a rental right to the copyright owner is in order. Rinaldo Del Gallo, III, an intellectual property practitioner, discusses the dynamics associated with web site designers and the ownership of a web site under the guise of the work for hire doctrine and joint authorship doctrine. Caroline Uyttendaele, an associate research fellow at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven reviews and analyzes from a European point of view, the need for new free speech legislation regarding the Internet. Ms. Uyttendaele addresses the need for additional legislation protecting free speech and the relevance of the present restrictions on free speech. The student Comments in this issue discuss various important topics with regard to intellectual property and information technology issues. First, Laura McFarland-Taylor proposes adopting an internationally recognized standard of due diligence in reporting lost or stolen artworks utilizing the Internet. Second, Timothy Hofmeyer analyzes and examines the legal issues surrounding the patentability of cloned organisms, yet remains silent regarding the moral issues involved with the "hot topic" of cloning. Last, Steven Hanley on an international topic of Internet regulation, proposes that every country utilizing the Internet has a right when regulating the Internet to uphold its national values, and Internet Service Providers' shall work with each country's government to provide an Internet service that is in conjunction with each country's personal values and ideals. The Global Information Infrastructure is a dynamic medium that requires legal guidance and assistance in all stages of development. As information technology advances, the law must change with these advances. It is the hope of The John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law that the legal insights provided by our authors in this issue and all past and future issues help to mold the legal doctrine of computer and information technology law affecting the dynamics of the Global Information Infrastructure.

Während ziel- und methodenorientierte Psychotherapieansätze sich nicht zuletzt dank gesellschaftspolitisch aktueller Effizienzansprüche einer beträchtlichen Konjunktur erfreuen, gewinnen andererseits in den verschiedensten Schulen offene und personale Konzepte und ein beziehungsorientiertes Verständnis immer stärker an Bedeutung. Die beiden über die Jahrhunderte herausgebildeten Traditionsstränge zum Personbegriff (der individualistische, Personsein in Selbständigkeit, Freiheit und Würde betonende, und der relationalistische, Personwerden in Beziehungsorientiertheit, Begegnung und Dialog akzentuierende) werden in ihrer Bedeutung für die Menschenbilder in der Psychotherapie erörtert. Werden die beiden Zugänge in fruchtbarer Beziehung zueinander gesehen, kann Person, ethisch fundiert, als Antwort in einer Kommunikation begriffen werden, in die der Mensch hineingeboren wird, woraus seine Ver-antwort-ung entspringt. Hier liegt auch eine ethische Grundlegung für Psychotherapie.In einem bis heute nicht ausgeloteten radikalen Paradigmenwechsel stellte die Personzentrierte Psychotherapie schon vor einem halben Jahrhundert den Menschen als Person in den Mittelpunkt ihres Ansatzes, wobei beide Zugänge miteinander in einmaliger Weise verbunden sind - in einer Spannung, die es auszuhalten gilt (,,Werde, der du bist"). Damit ist der Ansatz einem Menschenbild mit Wurzeln in der abendländischen Geistesgeschichte verpflichtet, dessen Anspruch in Theorie und Praxis es gegen eine Reihe von Verwässerungs- und Verharmlosungstendenzen erst noch einzulösen gilt.Schlüsselwörter: Anthropologie, Menschenbild, Personbegriff, Personzentrierte Psychotherapie. ; While goal- and skill-oriented approaches m psychotherapy are en vogue mainly because of socio-political claims for efficiency, open and personal concepts and a relationship-oriented understanding become more important in various schools. Both traditional lines of understanding of the term "person" (the individualistic view of being a person which emphasizes autonomy, freedom and dignity, and the relationalistic view of becoming a person which stresses the inclination to relationship, encounter and dialogue) are discussed with regard to their significance for the images of man in psychotherapy. If both approaches are seen in a mutual fruitful relationship, person, ethically founded, can be conceptualized as response in a communication into which men and women are born, from where his or her respons-ability evolves. Here also an ethical foundation of psychotherapy is found.In a radical paradigm change, not yet fully sounded out, person-centered psychotherapy focused on the human being as person half a century ago connecting both approaches in a unique way - in a tension which is to be endured ("Become who you are"). Thus, this approach commits itself to an image of man rooted in the European Jewish-Christian tradition the claim of which still has to be met in theory and practice in spite of tendencies towards eclectically watering down or underrating it.KeywordsAnthropology, image of man, personhood, person-centered psychotherapy. ; Alors que les approches qui se centrent sur des objectifs et des méthodes jouissent d'une conjoncture relativement élevée, en partie grâce au fait que la politique sociétale tend à exiger un maximum d'efficacité, au sein des différentes écoles de psychothérapie des concepts ouverts et centrés sur la personne, ainsi qu'une perception de la thérapie en tant que devant attribuer de l'importance aux relations jouent un rôle de plus en plus important. La question se pose donc une fois de plus de l'image de l'homme élaborée par la psychothérapie et des différences fondamentales séparant les diverses approches.La théologie et la philosophie européennes ont développé au cours des siècles deux types de tradition en rapport avec le concept anthropologique de la personne: une perception individualiste, soulignant l'indépendance, la liberté et la dignité de l'homme (être une personne dès le début) et une perception relationnelle, centrée sur l'importance des relations, de la rencontre et du dialogue (devenir une personne pendant toute une vie). Nous examinons leurs implications pour la psychothérapie. Si l'on établit des rapports fructueux entre les deux types de tradition, on peut considérer que, d'un point de vue éthique, la personne peut être entendue en tant que réponse à une communication à laquelle nait l'être humain. Ceci implique une responsabilité en retour et c'est à ce niveau que peut se situer l'un des fondements éthiques de la psychothérapie.En plaçant la dimension personne de l'être humain et l'art des rencontres entre hommes au centre de sa réflexion et de son action, la psychothérapie centrée sur la personne a choisi il y a un demi siècle un paradigme radicalement différent - mais cette démarche n'a, à ce jour, pas été honorée. En choisissant de ne plus utiliser le terme d'approche "centrée sur le client" mais celui de "centrée sur la personne", on a tenu compte du fait que le groupe auquel elle s'adresse est plus étendu. Mais, ce faisant, on a également choisi pour fondement une anthropologie spécifique, qui a ses racines dans l'histoire spirituelle de l'Occident, ou plus exactement dans la tradition judéo-chrétienne. Rogers a adhéré à cette tradition en se référant à ses deux "philosophes favoris", Kierkegaard et Buber. L'approche centrée sur la personne associe leurs deux traditions de manière unique - en une tension qu'il s'agit de supporter ("Deviens celui que tu es"). Dans ce sens, cette approche tient compte d'une image de l'homme dont les sources se situent dans l'histoire de la spiritualité en Occident. Il reste encore à honorer les exigences posées par ce choix au niveau théorique et pratique, en les défendant contre toute une série de tendances à affaiblir et à bagatelliser leur nature.

Liv Mjelde is well known in the field of vocational education for her defence of applied pedagogies such as apprenticeship and other workshop learning modes. In a number of important articles (Mjelde 1984, 1987, 1994) and in a fulllength book (Mjelde, 1993) she has contested the pervasiveness and hegemonic quality of what she refers to as the 'academic pedagogic tradition' which became entrenched in Western educational systems with the introduction of comprehensive schooling. Mjelde has argued - and has consistently built on empirical bases, often with reference to the Norwegian and Scandinavian contexts - that that form of learning which involves moving from the practical to the abstract holds great promise as a pedagogic alternative to other, more common, forms of representation of knowledge. Accepting the Marxian critique regarding the destructive nature of the division of labour, Mjelde has argued for a 'polytechnic' education where the three elements of workshop learning, vocational/technical trainil1g and general education come together in order to facilitate the development of an all-rounded, fully developed human being. \;Ve can distinguish various elements in this discourse of hope that Mjelde weaves. In the first instance, workshop learning, or learning by doing, resonates with the cognitive and cultural needs and styles of that group of students who are most often disillusioned bv traditional schoolino J 0' namely the working class. While the academic learning tradition excludes these pupils and proceeds to label them as 'unmotivated' or 'nonachieving', the learning by doing approach builds on the interests and experiences of the same students and succeeds in reigniting curiosity and the will to learn. This, in turn, holds out other promises which Mjelde articulates with reference to a variety of educational discourses. We can distinguish the discourse of utilitarianism or economic efficiency, since the presumed ability of workshop learning to reintegrate potential drop-outs into the education and training enterprise has important consequences for the development of a country's human resources. But there is another strand of educational discourse which emerges even more powerfully in Mjelde's writing, one linked much more closely to the emancipatory dynamic in leftwing, progressive social thought. For Mjelde believes that a true education does not distinguish between hand and mind, and her conception of vocational education as an alternative pedagogic mode strives to bridge the gap that is so endemic, and so functional, to the division of labour in capitalist economies. One could point out that Mjelde's position is not particularly novel. Indeed, various governments, from the right and the left political spectrum, have, from the nineteenth century onwards, looked towards vocational forms of education in order to meet the challenges identified by Mjelde and, therefore, to satisfy economic, e(~uc8.tional and ideological goals. Mjelde herself conjures up the ghosts of Krupskaya, Dewey, Freinet and Kerschensteiner in order to draw connections between her project and theirs. But I would argue that what Mjelde is making a case for has increasing relevance in a world where there is widespread consensus that general education is the best form of vocational education (see Sultana, 1992), and where there is, therefore, a tendency for the academic pedagogic tradition to prevail. Mjelde's position also serves to resurrect normative issues - such as those dealing with equity and social justice - in a sphere of educational discourse which has often been constructed in 'purely' technocratic terms. Her work therefore has the virtue of connecting with current European and worldwide preoccupations regarding vocational training and retraining, while at the same time reconstructing the agenda in more than economistic terms. In other words, Mjelde's work carries that most enticing promise of making morality pragmatic. Even the industrial agenda, so often opposed to the democratic imperative by educational writers ranging from Dewey (1915) to Carnoy and Levin (1985), is reconciled with progressive thought given the requirements of a post-Fordist economy for an educated, skilled and flexible workforce where the many faceted human being has an opportunity to develop to the full. Indeed, a post-Fordist economy represents a challenge to traditional pedagogies and, according to Mjelde, is a justification for her strongest claim: that the workshop model becomes the foundation for all learning. Mjelde is here in tune with other educational theorists, such as Brown and Lauder (1991) and Young (1993), who see post-Fordism as an economic context whose implications for educational systems include the transcendence of the traditional dichotomy between education and work, between academic and vocational pedagogic traditions. Her distinctive position lies in the fact that she locates this resolution of opposing traditions in the camp of vocational education. ; peer-reviewed

-Jay B. Haviser, Jerald T. Milanich ,First encounters: Spanish explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492-1570. Gainesville FL: Florida Museum of Natural History & University Presses of Florida, 1989. 221 pp., Susan Milbrath (eds)-Marvin Lunenfeld, The Libro de las profecías of Christopher Columbus: an en face edition. Delano C. West & August Kling, translation and commentary. Gainesville FL: University of Florida Press, 1991. x + 274 pp.-Suzannah England, Charles R. Ewen, From Spaniard to Creole: the archaeology of cultural formation at Puerto Real, Haiti. Tuscaloosa AL; University of Alabama Press, 1991. xvi + 155 pp.-Piero Gleijeses, Bruce Palmer Jr., Intervention in the Caribbean: the Dominican crisis of 1965. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1989.-Piero Gleijeses, Herbert G. Schoonmaker, Military crisis management: U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. 152 pp.-Jacqueline A. Braveboy-Wagner, Fitzroy André Baptiste, War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1988. xiv + 351 pp.-Peter Meel, Paul Sutton, Europe and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1991. xii + 260 pp.-Peter Meel, Betty Secoc-Dahlberg, The Dutch Caribbean: prospects for democracy. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1990. xix + 333 pp.-Michiel Baud, Rosario Espinal, Autoritarismo y democracía en la política dominicana. San José, Costa Rica: Ediciones CAPEL, 1987. 208 pp.-A.J.G. Reinders, J.M.R. Schrils, Een democratie in gevaar: een verslag van de situatie op Curacao tot 1987. Assen, Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1990. xii + 292 pp.-Andrés Serbin, David W. Dent, Handbook of political science research on Latin America: trends from the 1960s to the 1990s. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood, The Bahamas between worlds. Decatur IL: White Sound Press, 1989. vii + 119 pp.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood ,Modern Bahamian society. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. 278 pp., Steve Dodge (eds)-Peter Hulme, Pierrette Frickey, Critical perspectives on Jean Rhys. Washington DC: Three Continents Press, 1990. 235 pp.-Alvina Ruprecht, Lloyd W. Brown, El Dorado and Paradise: Canada and the Caribbean in Austin Clarke's fiction. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. xv + 207 pp.-Ineke Phaf, Michiel van Kempen, De Surinaamse literatuur 1970-1985: een documentatie. Paramaribo: Uitgeverij de Volksboekwinkel, 1987. 406 pp.-Genevieve Escure, Barbara Lalla ,Language in exile: three hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xvii + 253 pp., Jean D'Costa (eds)-Charles V. Carnegie, G. Llewellyn Watson, Jamaican sayings: with notes on folklore, aesthetics, and social control.Tallahassee FL: Florida A & M University Press, 1991. xvi + 292 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Kaiso, calypso music. David Rudder in conversation with John La Rose. London: New Beacon Books, 1990. 33 pp.-Mark Sebba, John Victor Singler, Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1990. xvi + 240 pp.-Dale Tomich, Pedro San Miguel, El mundo que creó el azúcar: las haciendas en Vega Baja, 1800-873. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 224 pp.-César J. Ayala, Juan José Baldrich, Sembraron la no siembra: los cosecheros de tabaco puertorriqueños frente a las corporaciones tabacaleras, 1920-1934. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1988.-Robert Forster, Jean-Michel Deveau, La traite rochelaise. Paris: Kathala, 1990. 334 pp.-Ernst van den Boogaart, Johannes Menne Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xiv + 428 pp.-W.E. Renkema, T. van der Lee, Plantages op Curacao en hun eigenaren (1708-1845): namen en data voornamelijk ontleend aan transportakten. Leiden, the Netherlands: Grafaria, 1989. xii + 87 pp.-Mavis C. Campbell, Wim Hoogbergen, The Boni Maroon wars in Suriname. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1990. xvii + 254 pp.-Rafael Duharte Jiménez, Carlos Esteban Dieve, Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1989. 307 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Hans Ramsoedh, Suriname 1933-1944: koloniale politiek en beleid onder Gouverneur Kielstra. Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon, 1990. 255 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Kees Lagerberg, Onvoltooid verleden: de dekolonisatie van Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsvraagstukken, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1989. ii + 265 pp.-Aisha Khan, Anthony de Verteuil, Eight East Indian immigrants. Port of Spain: Paria, 1989. xiv + 318 pp.-John Stiles, Willie L. Baber, The economizing strategy: an application and critique. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. xiii + 232 pp.-Faye V. Harrison, M.G. Smith, Poverty in Jamaica. Kingston: Institute of social and economic research, 1989. xxii + 167 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Dorian Powell ,Street foods of Kingston. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of social and economic research, 1990. xii + 125 pp., Erna Brodber, Eleanor Wint (eds)-Yona Jérome, Michel S. Laguerre, Urban poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a social laboratory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. xiv + 181 pp.

Book Reviews in This Article Thomas Tooke: Pioneer of Monetary Thought. By Arie Arnon. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 1990, pp Under One Roof: Retail Banking and the International Mortgage Finance Revolution. By Michael Ball. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990, pp Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Volume V: Themes in Pre‐Classical, Classical and Marxian Economics. Edited by William J. Barber. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp Essays on the Foundations of Game Theory. By Ken Binmore. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989, pp Market Forces in Planned Economies. Edited by Oleg T. Bogomolov. (Basingstoke, Macmillan Press in association with the International Economic Association, 1990, pp Macroeconomics and the Wage Bargain: A Modern Approach to Employment, Inflation and the Exchange Rate. By Wendy Carlin and David Soskice. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp Macroeconomics for Developing Countries. By Paul Cook and Colin Kirkpatrick. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990, pp Industrial Policy after 1992: An Anglo‐German Perspective. Edited by Keith Cowling and Horst Tomann. (London, Anglo‐German Foundation, 1990, pp Military Expenditure: The Political Economy of International Security. By Saadet Deger and Somnath Sen. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp Estimates of Productivity Change by Industry: An Evaluation and an Alternative. By Edward F. Denison. (London, University of Chicago Press/Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 1989, pp The Total Incomes System of Accounts. By Robert Eisner. (Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1990, pp The Economics of Technical Change and International Trade. By Giovanni Dosi, Keith Pavttt and Luc Soete. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990, pp Quantitative Marxism. Edited by Paul Dunne. (Oxford, Polity Press, 1990, pp Growth, Distribution, and Uneven Development. By Amitava Krishna Dutt. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 262, £32.50). Economic Behavior and Institutions. By Thraainn Eggertsson. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp Economics of the European Community. (Third Edition) Edited by A. M. El‐Agraa. (Hemel Hempstead, Philip Allan, 1990, pp Industrial Organization, Economics and the Law: Collected Papers of Franklin M. Fisher. Edited by John Monz. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990, pp Growth and Crisis in Post‐War Capitalism. By D. J. Frantzen. (Aldershot, Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited, 1990, pp Privatization and Deregulation in Global Perspective. Edited by Dennis J. Gayle and Jonathan N. Goodrich. (London, Pinter Publishers, 1990, pp Applied Nonparametric Regression. By W. Haurdle. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal. Edited by John D. Hey and Donald Winch. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp Economic Forecasting: An Introduction. By K. Holden, D. A. Peel and J. L. Thompson. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp The Invisible Hand: Economic Equilibrium in the History of Science. By Bruna Ingrao and Giorgio Israel. (Cambridge, Mass, and London, The MIT Press, 1990, pp Capital, Distribution and Effective Demand. By Heinz Kurz. (Oxford, Polity Press, 1990, pp Current Issues in International Monetary Economics. Edited by David T. Llewellyn and Chris Milner. (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education Ltd., 1990, pp Dynamics of Uneven Development. By Lynn Mainwaring. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1990, pp Rationality and Dynamic Choice: Foundational Explorations. By Edward F. McClennen. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp Development Dynamics: Theories and Lessons from Zimbabwe. By Mthuli Ncube. (Aldershot, Avebury, 1991, pp The Economics of Europe. By Edward Nevin. (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education Ltd., 1990, pp The Chinese Economy and its Future. Edited by Peter Nolan and Dong Fureng. (Oxford, Polity Press, 1990, pp Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. By Douglass C. North. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp The Direction of Trade Policy. Edited by Charles S. Pearson and James Riedel. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp Equilibrium Unemployment Theory. By Christopher A. Pissarides. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp Long Waves in Economic Development. By Jan Reijnders. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1990, pp Information and Investment: A Study in the Working of the Competitive Economy. By G. B. Richardson. With a new Foreword by David J. Teece, new Introduction and two new chapters. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991, pp Restoring Economic Equilibrium: Human Capital in the Modernizing Economy. By Theodore W. Schultz. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp Foreign Investment in China under the Open Policy: The Experience of Hong Kong Companies. By John T. Thoburn, H. M. Leung, Esther Chau and S. H. Tang. (Aldershot, Avebury, 1990, pp Structural Change in the World Economy. Edited by Allan Webster and John H. Dunning. (London, Routledge, 1990, pp Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach. By L. Randall Wray. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1990, pp

188The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Application brought by one Contracting State against another under Article 24 — Failure of Respondent State fully to afford desirable assistance to the Commission — Article 28 (duty of Contracting States to cooperate with Convention institutions)Article 3 (prohibition against torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) — Article 3 — Uncontested allegations of breach — Question whether an adjudication would be devoid of purpose — Role of Court in elucidating, safeguarding and developing the rules instituted by the Convention — Question of Court's jurisdiction to deal with individual cases in view of Commission's concern with an "administrative practice" — Commission's admissibility decision traces the framework for a case subsequently brought before Court — Definition of an "administrative practice" — Strict liability under the Convention of higher State authorities for actions of subordinates — Importance of concept of a practice in the context of the domestic remedies rule which applies equally to State and individual applications — Location of burden of proof — Standard of proof — Proof "beyond reasonable doubt" — Place of inferences, presumptions of fact and conduct of Parties in applying this standard — Minimum level of severity for treatment to fall within Article 3 — Relativity of such a level depending on all the circumstances of the case — Victim's conduct irrelevant in applying this standard — Evaluation of "the five techniques" — Whether reaching the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the term "torture", whether "inhuman treatment" — Other alleged practices — Practices of physical ill-treatment which are discreditable and reprehensible but not in breach of Article 3Request for a consequential order from the Court — Sanctions available to Court do not include power to direct a Contracting State to institute criminal or disciplinary proceedingsArticle 5 (prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of liberty and protection of various ancillary rights) — List of cases in Article 5(1) in which it is permissible to deprive someone of his liberty is exhaustive — Various deprivations of liberty alleged unjustifiable under Article 5(1) — Failure to provide reasons for arrest — Breach of Article 5(2) — Impugned measures not effected for the purpose of bringing the persons concerned promptly before the competent legal authority — Breach of Article 5(3) — No entitlement to take 189proceedings by which the lawfulness of detentions would be decided speedily by a court — Breach of Article 5(4) — Habeas corpus in this context — Judicial review powers insufficiently wide in scope to satisfy Article 5(4)Article 5 taken together with Article 15 (right of derogation in time of war or other public emergency) — Conditions under which Article 15 comes into play — Role of the Court in applying these criteria — Wide margin of appreciation afforded to national authorities in Article 15 determinations — Margin accompanied by international supervision — Evidentiary questions — Court's complete freedom in assessing admissibility, relevance, and probative value — Factors reducing weight of certain evidence — Factors establishing that Respondent was reasonably entitled to consider that normal legislation offered insufficient resources for campaign against terrorism — Arrest of persons for sole purpose of obtaining information from them about others — Fact that measures were used principally or exclusively against one group of terrorists and not against another in context of Article 15 — Whether such restriction of scope incompatible with the standard of being "strictly required" — Whether tendency towards a liberalisation of domestic enactments meaning that initial measures were not "strictly required" — Article 15 must leave a place for progressive adaptationsArticle 5 taken together with Article 14 (prohibiting discrimination in the enjoyment of the protected rights and freedoms) — Difference in treatment between two groups of terrorists — Question of objective and reasonable justification in this regard — Existence of profound differences between the two sources of terrorist activity — Court unable to affirm, on evidence before it in view of margin of appreciation, that there was any violation of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 5Article 6 (the principle of a fair trial) — Unnecessary to decide the matter — Assuming Article 6's materiality, derogations therefrom justifiable under Article 15 — Similarly, no discrimination contrary to Article 14 in the context of Article 6Article 1 (duty to secure the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention) — Meaning and significance of Article 1 in the framework of the Convention — In order to secure the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms there set forth national authorities must prevent or remedy any breach at subordinate levels — Question whether a Contracting State is entitled to challenge a law in abstracto — Such a 190breach may be found only if it is immediately apparent — No such breaches existent in context of Articles 3, 5, 6 and 15, taken together with Articles 1 and 14