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We use a novel method to measure racism at both the individual and the country level. We show that our measure of racism has a strong negative and significant impact on economic development, quality of institutions and education. We then test different hypotheses concerning the origin of racism and its channels of impact in order to establish causality. We find that racism is not correlated with any possible measure of coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups, like ethno-linguistic fragmentation, share of migrants, or ethnically-motivated conflicts among others. Racism has a negative effect on social capital measured as generalized trust and voice and accountability. More importantly, we show that for former colonies, racism is strongly correlated with the presence of extractive institutions during the colonial time, even when we control for current institutions, current GDP per capita or current education. We argue that extractive colonial institutions not only had a negative impact on the political and economic institutions of the colonized countries, but also shaped the cultural values of the population. We claim that colonial powers instilled racism among the population of their colonies in order to weaken their ability for collective action, justify their own role as extractive elite in the eyes of the ruled and facilitate the internal cohesion of the elite. We also show that, at the individual level and using country fixed effects, racism is negatively correlated with those cultural values that one would expect if an extractive elite would be able to decide the cultural values of the society they control: lower trust, higher obedience, lower respect for others, lower feeling of control of one's live, lower preference for democracy, higher support for military intervention of the government, lower preference for political participation, lower valuation of civil rights, higher preference for state intervention in the economy, lower support for economic competition, and higher acceptance of dishonest behavior. We finally show that racism still has a significant impact on our outcome variables even when we control for these potential cultural correlates.

Background: As with many Indigenous groups around the world, Aboriginal communities in Canada face significant challenges with trauma and substance use disorders (SUD). Treatment for intergenerational trauma (IGT) and SUD is challenging due to the complexity of both disorders. There is strong evidence that strengthening cultural identity, incorporating traditional healing practices, encouraging community integration, and inviting political empowerment can enhance and improve mental health and substance use disorders in Aboriginal populations. Methods: The purpose of this study was to explore whether the blending of Indigenous traditional healing practices and the Western treatment model Seeking Safety, which is used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and SUD, resulted in a reduction of IGT symptoms and SUD. Twelve Aboriginal men and 12 Aboriginal women were recruited into this study—all of whom resided in Northern Ontario and self-identified as having experienced IGT and SUD. The Indigenous Healing and Seeking Safety (IHSS) group (conducted as sharing circles) were offered twice a week over 13 weeks. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews as well as an end-of-treatment focus group. A qualitative thematic analysis was performed to depict themes. Results: Out of the 24 Aboriginal people who entered the program, nine women and eight men completed the program. Analysis from the qualitative thematic data identified four core themes. Furthermore, the sharing circles and the presence of Elders and Aboriginal helpers increased the benefits of the blended approach. Conclusion: Evidence from this qualitative study suggests that it could be beneficial to incorporate Indigenous traditional healing practices into Seeking Safety to enhance the health and well-being of Aboriginal people with IGT and SUD. This implementation project, if replicated, has the potential to enhance the health and well-being of Aboriginal peoples. The use of blended implementation can be an important option for clinicians and health-care professionals when working with Aboriginal populations. Only the qualitative results will be discussed in this article; quantitative results will be published separately.

The issue of re-nationalization (disintegration and fragmentation) of integration process is manifested by the will of some of the Member States to verify their relations with the European Union. In the age of an economic crisis of the EU and in relation to the large migration of the population, there has emerged strong social and political criticism, on the European level, of the integration process, with some Member States even consideringtheir withdrawal from the EU. In those States, demands forextending the Member States' competences in the field of some EU policies are becoming more and more popular. The legal effects of the above-mentioned processes are visible in the free movements of the internal market, mainly within the free movement of persons. Therefore, there are problems, such as increased social dumping process, the need to retain the output of the European labour law, the issue of the so-called social tourism, erosion of the meaning of the EU citizenship and the principle of equal treatment. ; The issue of re-nationalization (disintegration and fragmentation) of integration process is manifested by the will of some of the Member States to verify their relations with the European Union. In the age of an economic crisis of the EU and in relation to the large migration of the population, there has emerged strong social and political criticism, on the European level, of the integration process, with some Member States even consideringtheir withdrawal from the EU. In those States, demands forextending the Member States' competences in the field of some EU policies are becoming more and more popular. The legal effects of the above-mentioned processes are visible in the free movements of the internal market, mainly within the free movement of persons. Therefore, there are problems, such as increased social dumping process, the need to retain the output of the European labour law, the issue of the so-called social tourism, erosion of the meaning of the EU citizenship and the principle of equal treatment.

In Australia we enjoy a reasonably equitable and relatively efficient healthcare system. However, Australia's health system is under growing pressure. Health spending is projected to jump from 4.0 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 7.1 per cent of GDP by 2050 (Treasury 2010, p. 49). In the immediate future the effect will be substantial growth in all major categories of health spending, including hospitals, medical benefits, pharmaceuticals, and private health insurance subsidies. Spiralling health expenditures are the result of large increases in the demand for health services. As medical treatments improve, it becomes desirable to intervene earlier and more extensively with each patient. This increases the level of health utilisation at all ages. When combined with a rapidly ageing population, the financial stability of the healthcare sector is challenged. In light of these escalating pressures, it will be more important than ever to ensure the health system delivers cost-effective care. This requires a system that promotes innovation in meeting the changing needs of the population, whilst prioritising matters of efficiency and equity. In order to achieve these goals a system of managed competition is proposed. The key components of these reforms are as follows: 1. Current Government funding is pooled to provide a basic health insurance product covering existing Medicare entitlements. 2. Health insurance funds compete to enrol all Australian residents, offering additional private hospital and supplementary cover. 3. A system of risk equalisation payments (transfers from insurers with relatively lower risk members to insurers with higher risk members) is operated by PHIAC, and regulated by the PHIO. 4. Insurers would purchase all healthcare for their enrolled members, from competing public or private providers. Such a program would effortlessly link public and private financing, while also creating superior incentives for the management of chronic illnesses. Consumers would benefit from expanded choice between health services, while market competition will help to keep premium prices subdued. In this competitive environment both insurers and providers will be encouraged to deliver efficient healthcare, contain costs, and improve outcomes for patients.

L'estate 2015 è stata testimone di due movimenti di grande ampiezza a Bagdad come a Beirut, causati dalle interruzioni di elettricità e dalla non-raccolta della spazzatura, mentre il termometro segnava quasi 50°. Questi movimenti orizzontali, senza l'inquadramento di un partito politico, hanno espresso tutte le rivendicazioni accumulate dalla popolazione contro la corruzione endemica, il disfunzionamento dello Stato e la paralisi delle istituzioni politiche. In Irak come in Libano, il responsabile è stato chiaramente designato : il confessionalismo. In Irak come in Libano, il movimento, per quanto potesse essere di massa, si è finalmente esaurito, per mancanza di interlocutore : a Bagdad come a Beyrouth, in effetti, lo Stato era assente! ; Causés par les coupures d'électricité et le non-ramassage des ordures, alors que le thermomètre avoisinait les 50C°, l'été 2015 a été témoin de deux mouvements de grande ampleur à Bagdad comme à Beyrouth. Ces mouvements horizontaux, sans encadrement par un parti politique, ont exprimé toutes les revendications accumulées par la population contre la corruption endémique, le dysfonctionnement de l'État et la paralysie des institutions politiques. En Irak comme au Liban, le responsable a été clairement désigné: le confessionnalisme. En Irak comme au Liban, le mouvement, aussi massif qu'il ait pu être, s'est finalement épuisé faute d'interlocuteur: à Bagdad comme à Beyrouth, en effet, l'État était aux abonnés absents! ; Because of the permanent power cuts and the garbage non-collection at a time when temperature was near 50C°, 2015 summer witnessed two major movements in Bagdad as in Beirut. These horizontal movements, without any political party supervision, expressed all the claims the population has accumulated against the endemic corruption, the failure of the state and the collapse of the public institutions and services. In both Iraq and Lebanon, the target was clearly the same: sectarianism is the main responsible for the disaster. In both Iraq and Lebanon, the movement, massive though it was, has finally died down because of the absence of valid representative in a negotiating capacity: in Bagdad as in Beirut, actually, the State was absent!

International audience ; Problems and Perspectives State of Research This volume is the first to address the modern Armenian presence in the countries of post-socialist Europe. The spatial focus of the fifteen following chapters is delineated by political and geographical borders, within which the countries of the former Central and Eastern European socialist camp, as well as the European part of the former Soviet Union, are located. While these borders are rather easy to trace on a map, they embrace a vast and enormously diverse territory in political, economic, linguistic, ethnic, and religious terms, divided into more than twenty states, but at the same time 'united' by a shared communist past. As this last caveat suggests, in its temporal aspect the volume focuses on the period that followed the socio-political changes of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which led to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union. 1 The discussion of the modern Armenian diaspora in the region is, nevertheless, preceded in most chapters by an overview of the historical presence of Armenians in a given territory. One can speak about 'residual' (as in Albania or Romania), 'emergent' (as in the Baltic States) or 'dominant' (as in Russia) Armenian diasporic populations in the region (Tölölyan 2000: 112-113); those more 'rooted' and those more 'en route' (Clifford 1994). They differ according to the time and reasons of their settlement, their history and heritage, their current size, organisational structures, legal and social position, and other aspects. While in some countries the Armenian presence stretches back to the Middle Ages, in others it only goes back to the early 20th century or to Soviet times. Regarding population size, Serbia and Macedonia are each home to around 300 Armenians, while, in contrast, the number of Armenian citizens in Russia totals 1,200,000, most of them concentrated in its European part (the number of immigrants without citizenship is estimated to be at least equally high). In some countries (e. g. ...

Dès son indépendance, le Congo a compris la nécessité d'expulser le paradigme de la manne pétrolière en mettant en œuvre une politique de diversification de son économie. Cette politique a été renforcée avec l'apparition de la dévaluation du FCFA en 1994 dont l'un des objectifs visé était l'amélioration de la compétitivité internationale dans les secteurs des services et de l'industrie de transformation. Malheureusement ce processus a échoué puisque le Congo s'était engagé dans des investissements surdimensionnés qui n'ont eu pour objectif que l'expression d'une fierté nationale. En effet, les efforts de diversification n'ont pas été très vigoureux car le potentiel d'amélioration de l'efficacité économique n'était pas important dans les secteurs non pétroliers. Seules les exportations du pétrole ont pu financer les importations du Congo dont plus de « 140 à 150 milliards de FCFA sont au titre de produits agricoles et alimentaires. Le Congo continue d'importer tous les produits manufacturés qu'il consomme » et ne fabrique presque pas de produits hors pétrole en grande quantité, pour éradiquer la sous-alimentation au sein de sa population ; et de bonne qualité pour être compétitif et performant sur le plan international ou régional. Il est remarqué que sans le pétrole, le Congo ne peut pas couvrir ses importations. Depuis plus de 10 ans (1999 à 2009) les exportations hors pétrole du Congo n'ont pas pu couvrir au moins la moitié des importations en valeur. Tout se repose sur le pétrole. Alors que la production de ce bien n'a pas une évolution stable, ne profite pas à la plus part des congolais et dépend du prix des hydrocarbures dans le monde.Aujourd'hui, sachant que le pétrole est le poumon de l'économie congolaise et qu'il peut s'épuiser, on se demande comment est-ce que le pays peut arriver à diversifier son économie afin d'améliorer les conditions de vie de sa population ou de maintenir le niveau économique que nous avons car beaucoup de pays pétroliers pensent déjà de l'après pétrole.En effet, durant ces trois ...

International audience ; In France, like in other parts of the world, environmental-protection policies appear to have taken note of local resistance driven by the eviction of populations and restrictions on their use of certain areas. The amendment to the law on French national parks (2006 reform) as such recognized that local populations can help to protect natural environments, as well as their right to participate in defining the charter (or spatial plan) of new parks. This article analyses the creation and local acceptance of the Calanques National Park, a peri-urban park and the first of a new generation of parks in mainland France. Our approach is based on the analytical framework of environmental effort. Using a qualitative corpus of semi-structured interviews and direct observation, we explore three analytical axes. We begin by analyzing the consultation process conducted during the creation of the park. This points up inequalities in access to the public sphere and underscores that only a few, well-endowed user-organizations truly helped define the 'good use' of the Calanques that became a reference in the park's charter. Then we examine how such unequal user participation impacted the wording used in the charter and the distribution of environmental effort demanded of different users. Lastly, the first two observations lead us to question the acceptability of the effort required and its division among users, particularly since the consultation process has been strongly criticized. We question how fairly the effort required by the park's creation was distributed, particularly given the lack of information and limited legitimacy afforded to the consultation process. Finally, we look at the blaming that has taken place amongst different users of the park—a process compounded for many of those interviewed by their fear of being deprived (unjustifiably, they felt) of their freedom to access nature. ; En France, comme dans d'autres régions du monde, les politiques de mise en protection de la nature semblent ...

National audience ; Identity checks are one of the most controversial types of police action, since the law leaves officers considerable discretion as to how to carry them out. The police forces are therefore frequently suspected of using this legal provision for harassment purposes or in ways that are discriminatory toward some particular population groups, so that many recommendations have been formulated in recent years as to the need to modify these practices, and how to do so, in order to dispel suspicion. The study that follows lies within the framework of these debates, since it aims at specifying who are those individuals checked by the police, on the basis of the data collected on young Parisians aged 17-18 during a one-day military preparation program, the Journée d'appel à la préparation à la défense or JAPD, subsequently dubbed the Journée défense et citoyenneté, JDC (National defense and citizenship day) (ESCAPAD survey, OFDT). The study is the outcome of collaboration between the French Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drugs Trafficking (OFDT) and the CESDIP. ; Les contrôles d'identité sont l'une des modalités d'intervention policière les plus controversées, car la loi laisse au policier une large marge d'appréciation dans leur mise en oeuvre. Les forces de l'ordre sont dès lors fréquemment soupçonnées d'utiliser cette disposition à des fins de harcèlement ou sur un mode discriminatoire à l'égard de populations particulières, si bien que de nombreuses propositions se sont fait entendre ces dernières années sur la nécessité et la manière de modifier ces pratiques, et de dis-siper ces soupçons. L'étude que nous proposons s'inscrit dans ces débats, puisqu'elle vise à identifier qui sont les personnes contrôlées par la police, par l'exploitation de données collectées au cours de la Journée d'appel à la préparation à la défense auprès des jeunes Pari-siens âgés de 17-18 ans (enquête ESCAPAD, OFDT). Elle est le fruit de la collaboration entre l'Observatoire français des drogues et des toxicomanies et le ...

With the SKYLINE (ANR) research programme, I led a group of researchers in exploring the landscape issues at stake in connection with towers, focusing attention on a particular dimension of the city landscape: the skyline. Because of their architectural characteristics and their prominence, towers become part of the material landscape at all levels. On the other hand, only they can be read and have an impact on the wider landscape in its volume. Sometimes, they act as symbols of a dynamic economy and/or urban renewal and translate into a political project (McNeill 2005; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). As they are highly visible from far and near, they are among the most widely contested buildings at a time when the landscape is being remobilised both as a living environment, and to win over local populations when it comes to urban projects. In European cities, opposition to towers has become more organised and more widespread: London (Appert and Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), but also Seville, Vienna, Barcelona, Geneva and even Saint-Petersburg are affected (Dixon 2009). The first part of Volume 3 describes the resurgence of towers in Europe and elucidates the motivations behind this. The post-war boom years and adherence to urban and architectural modernism precipitated the first construction phase of skyscrapers, both in Eastern and Western Europe. Verticalization of the cities of the continent was brought about by the combined effect of real estate developers and large-scale planning projects by public authorities. The repeated economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the rise of heritage preservation aspirations diminished the desire for towers, which were rejected both by a sector of the population and city councils. The 1980's and 1990's saw an all-time low, with just a few exceptions.After this "fallow" period during which very few towers were built, European cities saw a renewed enthusiasm for this architectural and urban form. While the resurgence of skyscrapers has, to date, been somewhat timid in ...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief (CG) are debilitating disorders associated with numerous negative health concerns. PTSD has been widely studied among Veteran populations, however, few studies have evaluated CG. The current study examined 1122 returning Veterans following enrollment into the VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS). Veterans were classified into four groups based on self-reported symptoms: (1) CG alone (n = 26); (2) PTSD alone (n = 112); (3) both CG and PTSD (n = 99), and (4) neither CG or PTSD (Veteran controls; n = 554). This study aimed to (1) evaluate group differences in baseline demographic, physical, and mental health variables (baseline variables); (2) evaluate group differences in use of physical healthcare, mental healthcare, and emergency services (healthcare services) within the first six months following VASDHS enrollment; and (3) evaluate the predictive utility of baseline variables on use of healthcare services within the first six months following VASDHS enrollment. Regression analyses (multiple, binary logistic, multinomial logistic, and negative binomial) were used. Screening positive for both CG and PTSD was associated with the greatest severity of physical and mental health symptoms, followed by PTSD alone, CG alone, and Veteran controls. Screening positive for both CG and PTSD and PTSD alone was associated with greater use of healthcare services compared to other groups. Baseline variables, including branch of military service, positive TBI screen, greater generalized anxiety symptoms, greater insomnia symptoms, greater physical health symptoms, greater pain interference, worse mental health functioning, less resilience, and better physical health functioning predicted greater use of healthcare services. These findings supplement the growing body of literature documenting the negative health impact of PTSD and add to it the importance of considering CG in the overall health and health-utilization of returning Veterans. Results suggest that Veterans with PTSD are more likely to use healthcare services compared to Veterans without PTSD. Results may also suggest that Veterans with CG may underutilize healthcare services compared to other groups. This highlights the importance of routinely screening for CG in Veteran populations, and is relevant to understanding and improving access to healthcare services for Veterans with CG.

Despite vast expenditures on prison construction in the late 20th century, infrastructure has not kept pace with the dramatic growth of incarceration in the U.S. As a result, extreme prison overcrowding has led to humanitarian, legal and fiscal emergencies nationwide. These emergencies are especially pronounced at the state level, where the Great Recession most directly affected and severely curtailed public spending; today, more than a third of state prison populations exceed institutional capacity. In the present policy environment, rather than investing scarce capital on building more prisons, state-level legal reforms aimed at downsizing the prison population are widely seen as the more prudent solutions. Little is known, however, about the diffusion and implementation of prison reform laws among local criminal justice actors and their effects at the county level of practice, where the incarceration process begins for most inmates. This project examines the 2011 "Realignment" of California's unconstitutionally overcrowded prison system as an empirical window into how legal interventions and policy innovations filter to lower levels of government and diffuse into local organizational and professional practices. Using multiple methods, the study investigates how differences in local organizational culture shape the meaning of law on the ground in ways that bolster or undermine the reform goal of decarceration. The research focuses on two questions: (1) how do local criminal justice actors respond to, comply with, shape, and resist prison downsizing laws, and (2) what effect do these responses have on decarceration as a key metric of institutional change? A combination of group-based trajectory modeling and institutional ethnographic methods are used to assess the proposition that local organizational culture mediates the implementation of prison downsizing laws and that variation in county organizational culture explains differences in the outcome of decarceration. These multiple methods enable to the study to: (1) specify the measures of local variation most salient in predicting decarceration, (2) identify processes by which local organizational culture mediates law, as well as variations in these processes across counties, and (3) relate these variations to the outcome of decarceration.

Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are found in plants, soil and as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, mammals, and insects. Despite their commensal nature, they have also become globally important nosocomial pathogens. Within the genus Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis are clinically most relevant. In this review, we will discuss how E. faecium and E. faecalis have evolved to become a globally disseminated nosocomial pathogen. E. faecium has a defined sub-population that is associated with hospitalized patients and is rarely encountered in community settings. These hospital-associated clones are characterized by the acquisition of adaptive genetic elements, including genes involved in metabolism, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. In contrast to E. faecium, clones of E. faecalis isolated from hospitalized patients, including strains causing clinical infections, are not exclusively found in hospitals but are also present in healthy individuals and animals. This observation suggests that the division between commensals and hospital-adapted lineages is less clear for E. faecalis than for E. faecium. In addition, genes that are reported to be associated with virulence of E. faecalis are often not unique to clinical isolates, but are also found in strains that originate from commensal niches. As a reflection of more ancient association of E. faecalis with different hosts, these determinants Thus, they may not represent genuine virulence genes but may act as host-adaptive functions that are useful in a variety of intestinal environments. The scope of the review is to summarize recent trends in the emergence of antibiotic resistance and explore recent developments in the molecular epidemiology, population structure and mechanisms of adaptation of E. faecium and E. faecalis. ; WS is funded through a NWO-Vidi grant (917.13.357). TC and FB are supported by grants PI12-01581 and PI15-01307 from the ISCIII-Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (to TC), S2010/BMD2414 from the Regional Government of Madrid (to FB) and the CIBERESP Network for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (Instituto Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, reference number CB06/02/0053). ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

Faba bean (Vicia faba) production in Mediterranean and Near East agriculture is severely constrained by broomrape infection. The most widely distributed broomrape species affecting faba bean is Orobanche crenata, although O. foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca are of local importance. Only moderately resistant cultivars are available to farmers. Rizotrons studies allowed the dissection of resistance components in faba bean accessions against the very infective species O. crenata, O. foetida var. broteri and P. aegyptiaca, and to the inappropriate P. ramosa and O. foetida var. foetida. Results confirm that some levels of incomplete resistance are available, resulting in a reduced number of broomrape tubercles successfully formed per faba bean plant. Interestingly, the intermediate levels of resistance of cv. Baraca were operative against all broomrape populations and species studied, confirming previous reports on the stability of resistance of Baraca in field trials in different countries. Low induction of seed germination played a major role in the resistance against the inappropriate O. foetida var. foetida but not against the also inappropriate P. ramosa, neither to the infective species O. crenata, O. foetida var. broteri, or P. aegyptiaca. Negative tropism of germinated seeds with radicles growing away from faba bean roots was marked for both inappropriate species but was not observed in any of the infective species. Also, a proportion of radicles that had successfully contacted faba bean roots became necrotic, failing in starting tubercle development, particularly frequent for the two inappropriate species. Such necrosis was significant also on radicles contacting resistant faba bean accessions, being particularly relevant for Spanish O. crenata population, and lower although still significant in some accessions against Syrian O. crenata and P. aegyptiaca, suggesting that this might also be an operative mechanism to be selected and further exploited in faba bean resistance breeding. Even formed broomrape tubercles might later become necrotic, particularly in the case of some of the resistant faba bean accessions to the Spanish O. crenata and to P. aegyptiaca but not to the very infective Syrian O. crenata or O. foetida var. broteri. ; Authors are greatly indebted to European Union projects FP7-ARIMNet-Medileg and FP7-LEGATO (grant agreement 613551) for financial support. ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

Most occupied residential property developers in Nigeria urban centers are faced with lack of land-title and physical development documentation and problem of acceptability of population census data. Consequent upon these and in the realization of likely loss of significant revenue accrual there from, and perhaps due to the emerging sporadic yearning and aspiration of most property owners to have their respective properties properly and statutorily documented for record purpose or for financial obligations or both, the government of Ogun State, Nigeria came up with a program tagged " Homeowner Charter (HOC) 2013 ". The programme provides window of opportunity for home-owners or property developers in respect of residential buildings for securing statutory land-title and development permit, with concession/waiver on some usual pre-requisites and financial obligations. This was to stimulate voluntary compliance with the physical development requirements by homeowners for generating appropriate population data for developmental project planning and implementation. This paper therefore attempts the assessment of the level of achievement of the Government of Ogun State, Nigeria in this pursuit. Pertinent data were obtained through a case study approach and field survey of randomly selected 304 respondents in Ogun State and data there from were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Findings revealed that although revenue-raising was not indicated as one of the objectives of HOC programme, the programme was able to create a considerable revenue share from property market both in primary form and secondary form to the Government. The Ogun State Government gave priority to revenue generation above other objectives set for the program and the program is generally not meeting up with the scheduled time for the exercise. The study also found out that the HOC program benefitted all the stakeholders, but with shortcomings of abuse of existing planning and land documentation processes and encouragement of pre-mature inhabitation of buildings. It is therefore recommended that Government should emphasise on speedy delivery of the HOC programme rather than revenue generation and take caution so that the programme do not extinguish the already established land documentation and planning permit approval system.