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Introduction to Special Issue Hague Journal on the Rule of Law

In this paper, we offer and study a novel type generalized soft-open sets in topological spaces, named soft Ƅc-open sets. Relationships of this set with other types of generalized soft-open sets are discussed, definitions of soft Ƅ , soft bc- closure and soft bc- interior are introduced, and its properties are investigated. Also, we introduce and explore several characterizations and properties of this type of sets.

Information systems and technologies (IST) have been playing increasingly crucial roles in supporting the smooth running of maritime supply chain operations. The degree of acceptance of IST within the maritime sector as a whole, however, remains fragmented and variable. Some IST products and platforms have entered the market and gained a broad market share, while others are still struggling. This study, based on twenty-five cases, aims to investigate the adoption of IST in a range of organizations in the maritime shipping supply chain. Open platform, a concept first introduced by Maersk Line and IBM in 2018 for inter-organizational information sharing for the maritime supply chain, is used as an exemplar for this study. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first studies to conduct a chain-level analysis of IST adoption within the maritime transportation context. The results suggest that the adoption of inter-organizational information systems is largely affected by factors such as industry characteristics, the system's information confidentiality, supply chain trade partners' power, governmental power, and the ownership structure of the organization, among others. Furthermore, these factors have varying degrees of impact across the various organizational tiers in the maritime supply chain, e.g., information confidentiality mainly influences the adoption of forwarders. This study provides broad insights that will be of interest to both the researchers and practitioners in the maritime supply chain, in which the acceleration of digitalization is expected

Vorworte -- Was sind Methoden, was ist Empirie? -- Messen und Zählen I -- Messen und Zählen II -- Auswahlverfahren -- Befragung I: Grundlagen -- Befragung II: Fragebogenkonstruktion und Befragungsmodus -- Befragung III: Das Interview – Interviewer:innen und Befragte -- Inhaltsanalyse I: Grundlagen -- Inhaltsanalyse II: Kategorien und Codebuch -- Inhaltsanalyse III: Automatisierte Inhaltsanalyse -- Beobachtung I: Grundlagen -- Beobachtung II: Durchführung und Gütekriterien -- Beobachtung III: Automatisierte Beobachtung -- Experiment I: Grundlagen -- Experiment II: Validität und Fehler -- Experiment III: Varianten und Durchführung -- Schlüsselbegriffe.

This book is a compilation of more than 70 qualitative research concepts that are used by researchers and practitioners in the social sciences and humanities. The concepts include methods and methodologies applied in qualitative research in various contexts. Each concept is a standalone chapter that is authored by a researcher or practitioner who has had some scholarly experience with it. The chapters are alphabetized using the titles of the concepts to provide easy access for readers. They follow a prescribed outline which ensures homogeneity in the layout of the book. Each chapter starts with a brief historical background of the concept, followed by a concise description of the concept, and the process used in its application. Readers are then provided with the possible ways in which the concept can be used, and its benefits. Each chapter concludes by providing readers with some strengths and limitations of the concept and a list of references that authors have used in the chapter. .

The choice of evaluation methodology is as important as any part of the assessment process. In the past, most selections have been made from among various quantitative strategies and techniques. Recently, program evaluation researchers have begun to discuss some of the limitations of quantitative techniques for addressing some evaluation questions. In response to these limitations — most of which characterize the evaluation of health promotion programs — some have turned to a set of techniques which can complement or, at times, replace quantitative evaluation methods. These methods are collectively called "qualitative" evaluation methods. In this article, we highlight some of the differences between quantitative and qualitative approaches and suggest ways in which both may be used in a given evaluation effort.