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The process of digitalisation of the economy and social sphere that has occurred in the last decades is beyond the wildest expectations put forward by the technological pioneers. Information technologies and new possibilities of electronic communication have totally changed business, economic and social relations, as well as labour market, industries and professions. Technologies as social innovations change the way of work, forms of education and development, adherence to social networks or consumption patterns. The article also tries to prove that social innovations are not only digital technologies, but also the search for new social ideas and values, including solutions in the scope of social economy, sharing economy, a new model of welfare state. Moreover, some new social issues are revealed, together with new forms of social risk related to the development of technology and digi-talisation, which will have to be solved in the future.

In this article, we explore the arts/market dualism in jazz from a fresh methodological, empirical and theoretical perspective in which post-structuralist thought on performativity, relational space and actor–networks is used to interrogate the ecology of jazz production and consumption we call 'the jazz constellation'. In this, we trace the positioning(s) and movements of an increasingly well-known jazz musician via an analytic auto-ethnographical account of being and becoming an authentic jazz musician in the United Kingdom. By this, we give a rich, first-hand account of how the jazz constellation operates at and through the individual level. We then consider the extent of the negative grip the arts/market dualism has on jazz musicians, and ask if it can be overcome or eased in practice. Finally, we provide pointers towards future research that might draw on the post-structuralist approach adopted here.

Legal education in Central and Eastern Europe is often criticised for its inefficiency, outdated models of teaching, discrepancy between market needs and educational offer, strong power relations within institutions or distorted professional ethos of academics. Many of the institutional problems seem to stem from the peculiar historical past of the region, including the socialist heritage of higher education. Law is a particularly sensitive discipline in this respect as its education was – and arguably, has still remained – deeply overpoliticized. Although direct political influence ceased after the political transition in 1989, the professional ethos and the power relations of legal academia have hardly changed in the last twenty years. The papers gathered in the OSLS monographic issue Legal Education in Central and Eastern Europe. Challenges and Prospects discuss these problems of legal education and propose alternative solutions, which could bring about a change in the field.

AbstractCurrent literature on migrant transnationalism highlights the role of new information and communication technologies (ICT) in facilitating lives that are situated simultaneously 'here' and 'there'. Yet discussions of transnationalism and ICT obscure many complexities because of the tendency to focus on migrants' connections with 'homeland'. In this article, we consider more broadly the spatiality of migrant activism and the different ways that ICT enters into it. Drawing on interviews conducted with Arab American and British Arab activists, we ask where is migrant activism geographically situated? How might their use of ICT factor into, or not factor into, activists' activities? In considering our respondents' diverse forms of activism, the multitude of aims and geographical orientations underpinning their activism, and their highly variable use of ICT, this article provides a variegated understanding of migrants' political subjectivities that avoids privileging any single geographical scale or location.

Although there is now a large body of literature on poverty in the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there remains a dearth of comparative analysis of child poverty and wellbeing. This article uses household survey microdata for the period 2001–2003 to compare absolute poverty, relative poverty, material deprivation and participation in schooling among children in five countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia and Tajikistan. The analysis shows that low absolute levels of household consumption are associated with other deprivation indicators and with children's participation in schooling. The article also highlights the usefulness of relative poverty measures that effectively identify children at risk of exclusion in even the poorest countries in the region. The article concludes by arguing that household consumption is a good indicator of child poverty and deprivation in the region, and that relative poverty measures should be more widely used in monitoring global targets for poverty reduction.

This research programme set out to enhance knowledge and improve the policy-making process in the cocoa sub-sector in West and Central Africa. The programme remains unfinished having been halted midway through. However, a number of important results to date should be highlighted. Agricultural research generally has a poor understanding of the economic and institutional dynamics of change in the cocoa sub-sector. There is a need to monitor the rapid changes linked to the process of economic liberalisation occurring in the cocoa sub-sector. This monitoring process should involve a range of actors, including representatives of government, farmers' organisations and private sector producers that play a major role in developing these policies and in cocoa production. This can be done through the establishment of policy networks. However, establishing policy networks involves high transaction costs and therefore cannot succeed without adequate funding and long term commitment.

In order to overcome the underrepresentation of women on higher management levels in planning, the Academy
for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) and the Association for Spatial and Environmental Research (FRU) in
Germany jointly have elaborated a mentoring program for young female planning practitioners and scientists.
This article introduces objectives and elements of the mentoring program being considered a strategic talent
development in a network of excellence. Results from a survey among the mentees and mentors of five subsequent
years are presented revealing the principal verification of the program with its main elements: one-by-one
mentoring for one year each, joint events, qualification classes for the mentees, projects by mentees and support
with publications, and a final certificate. The survey reveals the need for several modifications, such as the
introduction of target agreements at the beginning of a mentoring period, the modification of the project study as
well as the extension of the mentoring period, which are discussed in detail. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the program efficacy and transfer.

AbstractThe criminal law response to adolescent family and dating violence is understudied in Australia. The aim of the present study was to examine the charges and sentences adolescents face when they perpetrate acts of violence against family members or intimate partners, and to better understand the personal circumstances of these adolescents, including whether they have been diagnosed with a mental illness, whether they have a criminal history and whether they have been subject to child protection interventions. We undertook a two stage study analyzing unpublished statistical data and case files held by the Youth Justice department in Queensland, Australia. We found that the most commonly charged offence was contravention of a family violence protection order in the context of adolescent dating violence. We found that many of the adolescents charged with adolescent family and dating violence related offences faced significant challenges and that Indigenous young people were significantly overrepresented in family violence related charges, especially for contraventions of a family violence protection order. Whilst criminal law responses are uncommon in parent–child and sibling violence contexts, family violence protection orders are over-utilized as a response to adolescent dating violence. Such orders when breached result in criminalization of the young person. Resources should to be (re)directed away from the criminal law system and into community-led, place-based initiatives that address the drivers of crime and incarceration.

Dower amount and dowry articles are two of the most important financial matters related to a marriage contract. The inclusion of dower amount is one of the basic conditions for the marriage to be solemnized according to Islamic Shariah while giving dowry to daughters in their marriage is also proven by the blessed Sunnah. However, like all other Shariah rules, the Shariah has set some limits for these two matters, in the observance of which the true spirit of these Shariah rules is manifested in its real glory. If you look at the matter from this perspective, the merits and benefits of both of them are obvious. But if the Shariah limits are exceeded, their ideal form can be blurred and cause disadvantages instead of advantages and potential losses instead of benefits. Nowadays there are many irregularities in the name of dower and dowry which exceed the Shariah limits. To prevent these excesses, it is necessary to get rid of all such superstitions which take them out of the Shariah limits and put them on the path of imitation of strange and frivolous habits and customs. As a counter solution, various legislative proposals come up in this context. This research paper covers aspects such as the legal status of dowry and dowry, the abnormalities found in them, the legislation for their correction, and the powers of the ruling government in this regard.

In Aristotle's thought, economic activity refers to a kind of praxis consisting in allocating the human and material means that constitute the oikos –the domestic community- to fulfil its natural ends: ensure both life and the means of life. By means of natural chrematistics -acquisitive art- families acquire the necessary means for this, which come from production and exchange. Families group together in the political community (polis) whose end is living well, according to virtues, among which justice is highlighted as the 'complete virtue'. For its part, the Christian êthos regards every human act, internal and external, of this complete system (polis, oikos and chrematistics) as tending towards its ultimate purpose (beatitudo). In St. Thomas's view, eternal law harmonizes necessity of irrational beings, loving God's action (divine law), natural law, and the contingency of 'human things' where the economy is included. Trading activity is lawful if it is at the service of the oikos or polis and according to how is exercised, by following commutative justice. The family, political and religious character of human nature establishes what the natural-necessary consists of, embracing, apart from bodily goods, others derived from considering social status and the life chosen (civil, religious, active or contemplative). Economic activity based on this anthropological root has a specific place as a part of an ordered natural-legal totality that provides the economy with meaning and sufficient moral guidance.

The funding of political parties is an issue of considerable contemporary concern in the UK. Although most attention has been paid to the situation regarding national parties, the new funding regime introduced in 2001 also applies to constituency parties, and some concerns have been raised regarding the limits on spending and expenditure there. Using data released by the Electoral Commission on all donations above a specified minimum to constituency parties, this article looks at the pattern of donations over the period 2001–05. It then analyses the impact of spending on the 2005 constituency campaigns, showing that for the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats substantial donations enhanced their vote-winning performances in seats where their candidates were challengers whereas for Labour substantial donations aided its performance in marginal seats that it was defending.

Introduction -- Part one. Statehood and conflicts : contextual indicators and interventions -- Conceptualising fragility and resilience in the political economy of sub-Saharan Africa -- Frames of impact : the contexts and correlates of armed conflicts on state fragility -- Behavioural language frames conflict de-escalation and battle-related deaths across zones of conflict -- Part two. Child labor : thematic indicators and interventions -- Child labor, poverty and fragility -- Regional and country-level interventions to end child labor -- Part three. Food (in)security : contextual indicators and interventions -- The ebola pandemic and household food insecurity -- Institutional interventions in the advancement of food security and health -- Conclusion.

This book deals with the prime movers of socio-economic development, innovations and technical change, their origins, forms and effects. It contains a set of closely related chapters, some of which have been previously published as papers in scholarly journals.