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'Fam policy' (FP) is consensus on a core of fam goals, towards the realization of which the nation deliberately shapes programs & policies. The US may now be in the first stages of development of a nat'l FP. 33 major traditions have operated to prevent a unitary FP: (1) Goals are individualistic re implicit US tradition. The fam is regarded by the individual, & by the country, as a private venture for the sake of personal satisfaction. (2) Goals are to be achieved through private enterprise, with minimum gov intervention. (3) The nature of the pol'al process is one of negotiation among diverse interests, tending to make it difficult to reach unitary goals to which the nation would consistently adhere. Under these influences, FP has taken a course following 3 principles: (A) the 'principle of coherence' - the outline of a FP will be most readily discernible where it is necessary to, or at least consistent with, the needs of individuals; (B) The 'pickaback principle' - change to achieve fam goals is most likely to occur when it is coincidental with other developments (ie, meeting an econ crisis); (C) The 'principle of direct response' - action taken explicitly re fam goals tends to occur on narrowly defined issues. The history of US housing policy & of the improvement in the standard of living turns out to be illustrative of these principles. The US tradition of minimal gov has been yielding to a sense of gov responsibility, & a growing sense that US wealth can meet almost any task may lead to the feeling that any econ costs of FP's can be borne. Both econ forces & gov activity tend to contribute to the development of small, mobile fam's which preserve close ties with other relatives. The motive for a nat'l FP lies in the central position that the US fam seems increasingly to hold for its members. 2 root functions of the fam, child rearing & meeting the personality needs of members, have become more signif. Individuals find themselves valued in their Pam's in a way that is becoming rarer in other instit's. As individual & fam goals become more fully consistent, increasing evidence of the importance of the fam in nat'l policy is anticipated. AA.

Studies and researches revealed the importance of early childhood education. Many theories of early human development have been developed and employed to provide better educational system in those early years. One of the prominent theories comes from Lev S. Vygotsky's work. His theory, which is also known as the sociocultural theory, introduces several powerful ideas for understanding and facilitating young children's development and learning. This paper will examine some of the ideas that have significant impacts on the early childhood educational system. Afterward, the paper will briefly explain about the early childhood system in Indonesia at the present time, including: (1) Short of the government policies and goals; (2) The type of early childhood services; and (3) The new curriculum (known as kurikulum 2013). Based on the examination, it will be evident that the Vygotskian perspectives are basically in accordance with the government's vision. Furthermore, after examining the early childhood system in Indonesia, I suggest that daycare is the most appropriate form of early childhood services for promoting the Vygotskian approach, which will benefit most of the children

Law as it is made by the courts, interstitially as suggested by Mr. Justice Holmes, and interpreted in the cases that arise during a year, covers only a portion of the law-making process of the American states. Judicial interpretation and judicial legislation are determined largely by the types of controversies which arise involving the interpretation and application of constitutions and laws, and by the personnel of the courts before whom the issues are litigated. It is difficult to discover the tendencies or trends which are in the molding during a decade or more of legal history; for such a short term as a year, generalizations or conclusions may be attempted only with great caution and with well understood reservations.The significant decisions affecting state constitutional law in 1931-32 in the state supreme courts or courts of appeal and in the inferior federal courts may conveniently be grouped under the following headings: (1) the separation and delegation of powers; (2) the protection of civil rights; (3) due process of law and equal protection of the laws; (4) due process and public utility regulations; (5) due process and the police power; (6) taxation; and (7) miscellaneous decisions.