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The concept of "psychological trauma" conflates emotional responses to traumatic events such as motor vehicle accidents, muggings, and house fires, responses to natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and responses to war, chronic physical abuse, prolonged torture, and repeated gang‐rape as an act of "ethnic cleansing." It is argued that, from a psychological, human, and moral perspective, use of a single construct to describe responses to such a range of horrific happenings makes no sense. The benefits and limits of conceptualizing PTSD as a unifying concept for describing psychological responses to calamitous events are discussed. The consequences (with respect to clinical work, research, and social policy) of failing to distinguish between responses to relatively circumscribed traumatic events, more extreme, prolonged, or repeated individual traumatization, and collectively experienced mass violence against entire communities are examined.

This article presents information on treatment services received by women participating in an initial multistate evaluation of CASAWORKS families. Results indicated most women received services to address medical, employment, basic needs, alcohol and drug, family, and psychiatric problems during the first six months of the program. The clients also had frequent contact with their case managers and were retained in the program for an average of 222 days. Considerable variation was observed across sites in the percentage of clients who received various services and the number of sessions they received. In Cox regressions, shorter retention in the program was predicted by referral to program from Child Protective Services or parole/probation, social conflicts, employment, and marijuana use at baseline, whereas a history of suicide attempts was associated with longer retention. Longer retention was associated with better alcohol use outcomes but was unrelated to employment or drug use outcomes.

The effect of relationship availability on perceived attractiveness is a key component to social relations. Experiment 1 tested 90 female college students, having them read a vignette description of a hypothetical male who was either single, involved, or married. Participants rated
the male on 5 questions pertaining to attractiveness. The results indicated that females were more attracted to single males compared to both involved and married males. No significant difference was found between the ratings of involved and married males. In Experiment 2, 127 males and females
were tested employing the same instrument. The results indicated that females were less attracted to married individuals, while the male participants had no significant difference in their ratings. Although these findings show no clear support for either evolutionary or sociocultural attraction
theories, they point towards striking gender differences in perceived attraction.

Halo error, although traditionally viewed as being detrimental to the quality of social cognition, has been purported to have potentially beneficial effects in some situations (Murphy, Jako, & Anhalt, 1993; Nathan & Tippins, 1990). Consequently, Murphy et al. called for investigations
on the effects of inducing halo. The present experiment tested the effect of inducing halo on performance rating accuracy. Participants (N=160) were randomly assigned to either the induced halo or control condition. Participants observed videotaped performances then made job performance
ratings after a 24-hour delay. In spite of a high degree of power, the effect of the halo induction on rating accuracy was not significant. Thus, it appears plausible that any potentially beneficial effects of halo on performance ratings may be limited to naturally occurring halo rather than
to induced halo.

Participants in this study were 217 employees and managers. Two structural equation models that reflected the relationships among locus, stability, controllability, affect responses, the change of expectancy and judgments of responsibility were set up. EQS (Bentler, 2000) was used to
test the models. The authors found that their models were well supported by the data. In these models, "cognition" (judgment of responsibility) and "affect" (sympathy and anger) had a two-way directional relationship. Not only were causal locus and stability important
attributional dimensions that could contribute to the judgment of responsibility, but also affect response contributed to the judgment of responsibility. Causal attribution (including locus, controllability, stability), affect and expectancy change could serve as the antecedents of judgments
of behavior responsibility. These findings have important significance for our understanding of people's social behavior.

The study focuses on academically successful 17-year-old adolescents of Turkish and Moroccan background in the Netherlands. The parenting practices of their parents are examined along with the students'relationships with their parents. One hundred and six successful and less successful
adolescents of Turkish, Moroccan and Dutch background participated in the study. The successful ethnic-minority students were expected to have a better relationship with their parents and to have less authoritarian parents than did less successful students. Indeed, the successful Turkish-
and Moroccan-background students appeared to have less authoritarian parents than did the less successful. Nevertheless, the successful Turkish- and Moroccan- background students had a less satisfactory relationship with their parents, probably because their success widened the social distance
between them and their parents more than was the case for the other groups.

Young adults who had previously participated in a longitudinal survey of youth were sent a questionnaire. They were randomly assigned to receive a $20 prepayment, a $20 postpayment, or a $25 postpayment for participation in the latest survey. Those in the large incentive condition were 7 percentage points more likely to return a survey than those in the smaller, postpayment group. Prepayment had a smaller, less reliable effect. Effects of incentive magnitude and timing were consistent at each month of the study period; only better high school grades distinguished early responders from late responders. Nonresponders had characteristics suggestive of low social conformity and were more likely than responders to be African American and male and have low SES. The discussion centers on motivations for participating in research and differences in the incentives likely to promote continued response versus initial study enrollment.

Central administrators in the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Division of Forestry perceived that policies were inconsistently implemented at the field level. Data were collected on implementing five policies in 34 field offices and related to organization structure factors. Overall policy implementation was between 85% and 90%, although nearly 30% of the respondents reported implementation of a given policy at or below 75%. Significant differences were found in overall policy implementation among the five administrative regions in the division. Significant differences in implementation were also found among policies and among field offices. Criticalfactors related to policy implementation included direct influence by people in units above the field office; physical location of the field office in relation to supervisory offices; regional differences in biophysical, social, and economic factors ; influence of other DNR units; and feedback from staff specialists about job performance.

Thinking the origin in a radical way amounts to thinking the movement by which what does not proceed from something else - what does not have its origin elsewhere - comes to itself, has within itself precisely the ontological energy to detach itself from itself and to exist as origin. In its primordial sense, then, origin is self-origin: it is, becomes, and is known starting from itself. This self-presupposition of the origin constitutes the very advent of Being, its unmotivated and permanent upsurge, which has to be thought in terms of creation. Human creation responds to this ontological genesis, to its indeterminacy and to its incompletion - and, consequently, to its temporality. At once individual and collective - that is, both psychical and social - human creation alone can give meaning to ontological genesis.

Sport and leisure have become an essential part of the American lifestyle. Growth in the sport and leisure industry must be understood through primary influences such as spectators in arenas, increase in number of tourists, etc. Central to these issues is whether sport and leisure business
is a unique discipline. The purpose of this study was to investigate ideas that make the sport and leisure industry unique and to determine a comparative framework for theory development. The Delphi method and a Focus Group Interview approach was used for data collection. The result of the
study established a framework of four major issues: money, accountability, purpose, and people. The 13 components identified with each of these issues were: Liability, profits, image, social responsibility, change, management philosophy, organization, working conditions, marketing, selling,
legal issues, resources, and reputation.

The present research examined the relations between individual differences in perfectionism and procrastinatory behavior in college students. A sample of 131 students (56 males, 75 females) completed measures of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism, as
well as measures of academic procrastination and general procrastination. Subjects also completed ratings of factors related to procrastination (i.e., fear of failure, task aversiveness). Correlational analyses revealed it was the socially prescribed perfectionism dimension that was most closely
correlated with both generalized procrastination and academic procrastination, especially among males. There were few significant correlations involving self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism. However, the fear of failure component of procrastination was associated broadly with all
the perfectionism dimensions. Overall, the results suggest that procrastination stems, in part, from the anticipation of social disapproval from individuals with perfectionistic standards for others.

The development of the Family Satisfaction Scale is described. Respondents (total N = 843) completed the Family Satisfaction Scale either (1) for the purposes of assessing item-operating characteristics, factor structure and reliability of Family Satisfaction Scale scores; or
(2) their predictability of both alternative measures of family attitudes and feelings, and current interpersonal functioning. Results indicated a single factor underlying responses to Family Satisfaction Scale items and a revised 20-item version of the scale yielded acceptable estimates of
internal and temporal stability. Subsequent analyses indicated that Family Satisfaction Scale scores were related to various measures of family attitudes (e.g., cohesion, task acceptance, etc.) as well as current interpersonal functioning and attitudes (e.g., loneliness, social support, and
marital satisfaction). These results are interpreted as supporting the validity of Family Satisfaction Scale.

Ninety female undergraduates participated in an experiment investigating whether composition of three fragrances (perfumes) influenced impressions of personality traits of people who would wear each fragrance. Analysis of covariance with the variance due to liking of the fragrance (a
covariate) removed, revealed that fragrance composition influenced impressions of personality. Impressions made of affiliated fragrances (oriental and chypre) were more closely aligned than impression of the dissimilar (floral) fragrance for the multi-item Uninhibited and Traditional
Male factors and single item traits such as aggressive, confident, and assertive according to Tukey's tests. The floral fragrance produced significantly (p<.05) lower ratings in these instances. The findings suggest that compositional components of fragrances (olfactory cues) were
used in formation of impressions. This has implications for research of the role of olfactory cues in social and professional interactions.

A modified version of Kuethe's technique, measuring distances between figures and heights of figures, was employed to study the social schemata of 128 Israeli fifth-graders, 65 boys and 63 girls. Each subject was asked to place a self-figure, plus a fat her figure, or a mother
figure, or all three figures, or a friend figure – four separate placements in all – on a sheet of paper. The subject was instructed to choose from three figures of differing heights, one adult figure and one child figure, for the above-mentioned placements. Results showed that
the subjects placed child-child figures closer together than other configurations. The girls placed figures closer together, and chose taller figures to represent a friend than did the boys. There was, however, no difference between the sexes in their choice of adult figures.

As an elaboration of the concept of self-disclosure, self-disclosure flexibility, defined as the modulation of disclosure in accordance with target and setting conditions, has been related to greater social perceptiveness and generally successful interpersonal functioning. The present
study investigated the manner in which the appropriateness of self-disclosure relates to the concept of disclosure flexibility. Subjects rated contrived protocols which varied disclosure appropriateness with respect to target and setting conditions. Significant main effects for target and
setting dis closure appropriateness for both adjustment and attraction variables were observed. Results are interpreted as indicating that differential perceptions of self-disclosure are largely contingent on the appropriateness of the disclosure and not the flexibility per se. Implications
of the study are discussed in terms of the current method of assessing self-disclosure flexibility.