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Objective. To present some socio-demographic and political aspects of care and protection of children in migration from Mexico to the United States. The article is part of an investigation that includes the forced or voluntary return in this sector of the population. Methodology. The work is based on the critical perspective of population studies using the comparative and deductive methodology in the light of bibliographic, newspaper archives, and available statistical information. Results. a sociodemographic diagnosis of migration of Mexican children to the United States is made. The child care policy and the so-called children mobility humanitarian crisis in the international context are addressed and discussed. Conclusions. This complexity of international child migration, framed in economic globalization, in addition to the increasing numbers, leads to conclusions regarding the social and demographic dimension and the violation of human rights and the rights of children in contradiction with the instruments of international Law and with the anti-immigration policies that violate the guarantees of migrant children. ; Objetivo. Exponer algunos aspectos sociodemográficos y la política del cuidado y protección de la migración infantil de México a los Estado Unidos. El artículo hace parte de una investigación que incluye el retorno obligado o voluntario de este sector de la población. Metodología. El trabajo se fundamenta en la perspectiva crítica de los estudios de la población utilizando la metodología comparativa y deductiva a la luz de la información bibliográfica, hemerográfica y estadística disponible. Resultados. Se realiza un diagnóstico sociodemográfico de la migración de niños mexicanos a Estados Unidos; se aborda y discute la política del cuidado y la denominada crisis humanitaria de la movilidad infantil en el contexto internacional. Conclusiones. Esta complejidad de la migración infantil internacional, enmarcada en la globalización económica, además de las crecientes cifras, conduce a conclusiones que atañen a la dimensión social y demográfica y a la violación a los derechos humanos y los derechos de los niños en contradicción con los instrumentos del derecho internacional y con las políticas antimigratorias que violan las garantías de los menores migrantes.

Статья посвящена исследованию проблем формирования инновационных подходов к социальному обслуживанию пожилых граждан и оценке эффективности деятельности социальных учреждений в Кабардино-Балкарской республики. Раскрывается понятие инноваций и аргументируется необходимость реорганизации системы социальной поддержки населения в кризисной ситуации. Рассматриваются причины, обусловливающие внедрение новых социальных технологий и модифицирующих нововведений, направленных на улучшение базовых форм работы с социально нуждающимися категориями населения. Авторы выносят свои суждения по улучшению организации системы мониторирования деятельности учреждений социального обслуживания и внедрению новых параметров оценки их эффективности в связи с обновлением правовой основы их функционирования. Среди важнейших критериев мониторинговой оценки выделяются: общие критерии – открытость, доступность информации и обслуживания, адресность; «качество предоставления социальных услуг» как деятельность, направленная «на конечный результат»; эффективность предоставления социальных услуг, то есть как оптимальное соотношение ресурсных возможностей и конечных результатов работы учреждения при реализации целевых (функциональных) задач в соответствии с законодательством РФ. ; Article is devoted to research of problems of formation of innovative approaches to social service of elderly citizens and an assessment of efficiency of activity of social establishments in Kabardino-Balkar Republic. The concept of innovations reveals and need of reorganization of system of social support of the population for a crisis situation is reasoned. The reasons causing introduction of the new social technologies and the modifying innovations directed on improvement of basic forms of work with socially needing categories of the population are considered. Authors take out the judgments on improvement of the organization of system of monitoring of activity of establishments of social service and introduction of new prametr of an assessment of their efficiency in connection with updating of a legal basis of their functioning. Are distinguished from the most important criteria of a monitoring assessment: the general criteria – openness, availability of information and service, addressing; "quality of providing social services" as the activity directed "on the end result; efficiency of providing social services that is as an optimum ratio of resource opportunities and the end results of work of establishment at realization of target (functional) tasks according to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Climate change is increasingly perceived as one of the major constraints that limit agricultural productivity. Crop losses due to climate change could be direct, such as damages through flooding or storms, or indirect such as altered distribution of crop pests. The real impact of climate change at global level is yet uncertain and likely variable from one region to another. Within this context, it is difficult to predict effects of climate change, particularly when long-term datasets from the past are missing to develop and test predictive models for the future. Nevertheless, our knowledge of plant-disease interactions, population genetics of pathogens as well as crops, and examples of overwhelming establishment of new diseases in a given region provides insights into how climate change may affect disease incidence and severity. Here we report examples of pest populations which have been established across regions previously considered detrimental for their survival and yield losses associated to these pests. Faced with the uncertainty regarding the effects of changing climate on crop protection, here we propose a number of action points that, to our opinion, may help improve current plant protection strategies. Given this uncertainty, policy, research, and extension should be prepared to promote resilience vis-à-vis pests which, at the biophysical level, entails uncovering what currently makes cropping systems resilient, while at the organizational level, the capacity to adapt needs to be recognized and strengthened (Lamichhane et al 2014). Such action points include increase in human resources, development of resilient cropping systems, more focus on crop-weed competition, anticipating of risks and international monitoring, and more effort on breeding for resistance, development of biological control strategies and pest risks analysis. This diversification could be achieved by improving current plant protection practices which might help mitigate the effect of climate change in future crop protection, particularly in the EU, but also at global level. The vision presented here is that of the ENDURE European Research Group, which brings together some of Europe's leading agricultural research, teaching, and extension institutes with a special interest in IPM.

Summary Background The risk factors for food allergy (FA) and anaphylaxis remain uncertain. Objective We examined the association between socio-economic status (SES), geographic remoteness and childhood FA and anaphylaxis in Australia. Methods Sales of infant hypoallergenic formulae (IHF; 2008-2009) and EpiPens (2006-2007) in children aged 0-4 years and hospital anaphylaxis admission rates (2002-2006) in age groups 0-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-64 and 65+ years were used as proxy markers of FA and anaphylaxis in Australia. Government and commercially derived data were analysed by SES and geographic remoteness (very remote, remote, outer regional, inner regional and major cities). Results Annual IHF sales rates were higher in those with the greatest compared with the least socio-economic advantage (47 830 vs. 21 384 tins/100 000 population; P<0.001). EpiPen sales trends were also higher in those with the greatest socio-economic advantage in all age groups, most marked in those aged 0-4 (1713 vs. 669/100 000; P=0.002) and 5-14 years (1628 vs. 600/100 000; P=0.001). Formula sales rates were higher in major cities than remote/very remote regions (37 421 vs. 6704/100 000; P<0.001) with similar EpiPen sales trends, particularly in ages 0-4 (1166 vs. 601/100 000; P=0.045) and 5-14 years (1099 vs. 588/100 000; P<0.001). Socio-economic advantage and geographic remoteness remained statistically significant in multivariable analysis of prescription rates (P<0.01) and were unchanged by adjustment for health services access. While anaphylaxis admission rates were higher in those with the greatest compared with the least socio-economic advantage in children aged 0-4 years (129 vs. 92/100 000 population/year; P=0.03), the opposite was observed in older age groups (e.g. aged 25-64 years: 43 vs. 76, P=0.01). There was no association between geographic remoteness and anaphylaxis admissions. Conclusion Socio-economic advantage and residence in major cities may be risk factors for developing childhood FA and anaphylaxis. Further study will determine the extent to which economic factors and location of residence also influence access to health services.

The idea that populations participate politically outside of the formal mechanisms of a political system and through mass mobilizations is a reasonably accepted part of political science orthodoxy. Since the turn of the last century, in Indonesia, as in other developing countries, populations have mobilized en masse at particular stages of their histories into nation-state building processes, as well as have been mobilized by political authorities seeking to bolster or install their regimes. In the 1960s, Sukarno increasingly sought to mobilize a range of classes and interests behind his presidency and, in 1965-66, Suharto and his military backers organized anti-communist groups behind a systematic campaign to eradicate the Communist Party and remove Sukarno. Throughout the so-called 'New Order' period (1966-98), Suharto periodically mobilized groups behind his presidency and against opponents who, in turn, engaged in occasional street demonstrations against the regime. In the mid-to-late 1990s, the opposition leader, Megawati Sukarnoputri became an important rallying point for popular dissent against Suharto and, in 1998, the student movement played a crucial role in street demonstrations which helped bring down the president after three decades of strongman rule. In the post-Suharto period, which has seen the installation of three presidents between 1998 and 2001, mass mobilizations have continued to be a striking feature of the political landscape. President Habibie mobilized progovernment militias against opponents and student demonstrators, who threatened to bring down his regime. The Muslim supporters of Abdurrahman Wahid entered the streets in their thousands to protest the parliamentary impeachment of the president. Radical Muslim groups demonstrated against US military strikes on Afghanistan and against President Megawati Sukarnoputri's initial soft stance on the strikes. Potentially, these kinds of demonstrations could undermine Megawati's presidency. However, parliamentary processes rather than street mobilizations brought the presidencies of Habibie and Abdurrahman to an end while Megawati is still seeing out her term. This article examines the political mobilizations of the late-Suharto and post-Suharto periods and asks whether these mobilizations pose a threat to Indonesia's fragile transition to democracy and to a more stable institutional political process.

Global human population recently passed six billion. To mark this, the BMJ (formerly the British Medical Journal) published a special edition that was both controversial and innovative. It had 12 complimentary essays, written by leading demographers, epidemiologists, and public health workers. A key issue highlighted was a debate between the nondemographer Maurice King and many demographers, regarding the concept of "demographic entrapment." King and his supporters argue that the limited reserve carrying capacity of Rwanda was a major factor in that country's devastating civil war, a consequence of which was the release of spare carrying capacity. In contrast to this body of opinion, the key importance of population pressure as a factor in Rwanda's war is denied, not only by demographers but most other analysts of Rwanda. A second major issue highlighted in the journal was that of overconsumption, particularly of natural capital. The importance of this was partially recognized by the demographic papers, but none exhibited the sense of urgency concerning this conveyed in the two relevant papers written by epidemiologists and public health workers. This article discusses relevant sections of the 12 papers with regard to demographic entrapment and over-consumption. In addition, several other examples of demographic entrapment, both historic and contemporary, are suggested and described. Finally, the suggestion by King that the whole world may be demographically entrapped is refined by consideration of ongoing global environmental changes, both anthropogenic and natural, which are likely to reduce future global carrying capacity. While such changes are, themselves, unlikely to cause global under-nutrition, the negative political and economic consequences of increased regional scarcity, consequent to approaching or passing local carrying capacities, are likely to exacerbate the risk of regional conflict. These areas of conflict could widen, and be aggravated by an increased frequency of natural disasters, predicted by some computerized climate change models. At the worst case, "civilization failure" or "barbarianization" could result. The complex pathway to this, substantially caused by adverse global environmental change, is called global "ecological entrapment.".

KYC conformity entails the creation of auditable evidence of due diligence activities, in addition to the need for customer identification. There is necessity for financial institutions to validate that their customers are not or have not been involved in illegal activities such as fraud, money laundering or organized crime in order to meet KYC conformity requirements. This study examines factors that determine the level of compliance with KYC requirements by commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, this study investigates the effect of customer characteristics, staff competency, information communications technology infrastructure and bank size on the level of KYC compliance requirements. The study used descriptive research design. The target population of this study was the top and middle level officers who are directly involved in the day-today operations of the commercial banks. For purposes of this study a descriptive survey design was employed. The target population was 43 commercial banks and 1 mortgage finance firms operating in Kenya. Target respondents comprised of top and middle level involved in the day-to-day institution's operations. Questionnaire was used as the main data collection instrument. To address the objectives of the study, descriptive and inferential analysis techniques were utilized. Regression analysis was employed to ascertain the relationships between KYC compliance and the four variables of interest in this study. Computations of coefficient of determination indicates that four independent variables that were studied, explain 78.3 percent of the commercial banks compliance level with KYC requirements in Kenya, implying that 21.7 percent could be explained by other factors not examined in this study. Study findings reveal that customer characteristics are a key determinant of KYC compliance, small banks are not capable of meeting KYC compliance cost and that staff attitudes and physical facilities affect customer service and effective KYC procedures compliance. Regression analysis further reveals that there is a significant relationship between the four variables and KYC compliance level. Finally the study recommends that ICT is a useful tool that could be used to enhance compliance with KYC requirements.

Global human population recently passed six billion. To mark this, the BMJ (formerly the British Medical Journal) published a special edition that was both controversial and innovative. It had 12 complimentary essays, written by leading demographers, epidemiologists, and public health workers. A key issue highlighted was a debate between the nondemographer Maurice King and many demographers, regarding the concept of "demographic entrapment." King and his supporters argue that the limited reserve carrying capacity of Rwanda was a major factor in that country's devastating civil war, a consequence of which was the release of spare carrying capacity. In contrast to this body of opinion, the key importance of population pressure as a factor in Rwanda's war is denied, not only by demographers but most other analysts of Rwanda. A second major issue highlighted in the journal was that of overconsumption, particularly of natural capital. The importance of this was partially recognized by the demographic papers, but none exhibited the sense of urgency concerning this conveyed in the two relevant papers written by epidemiologists and public health workers. This article discusses relevant sections of the 12 papers with regard to demographic entrapment and over-consumption. In addition, several other examples of demographic entrapment, both historic and contemporary, are suggested and described. Finally, the suggestion by King that the whole world may be demographically entrapped is refined by consideration of ongoing global environmental changes, both anthropogenic and natural, which are likely to reduce future global carrying capacity. While such changes are, themselves, unlikely to cause global under-nutrition, the negative political and economic consequences of increased regional scarcity, consequent to approaching or passing local carrying capacities, are likely to exacerbate the risk of regional conflict. These areas of conflict could widen, and be aggravated by an increased frequency of natural disasters, predicted by some computerized climate change models. At the worst case, "civilization failure" or "barbarianization" could result. The complex pathway to this, substantially caused by adverse global environmental change, is called global "ecological entrapment.".

APOE plays a well established role in lipid metabolism. Animal model evidence suggests APOE may also be associated with adiposity, but this has not been thoroughly investigated in humans. We measured adiposity (BMI, truncal fat mass, waist circumference), physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness and APOE genotype (E2, E3, E4) in 292 8-year-old children from the Tasmanian Infant Health Survey (TIHS), an Australian population-based prospective birth cohort. Our aims were to examine the association of APOE with child adiposity, and to examine the interplay between this association and other measured factors. We found that APOE was associated with child lipid profiles. APOE was also associated with child adiposity measures. The association was E4 allele-specific, with adiposity lower in the E4-containing group (BMI: Mean difference -0.90 kg/m²; 95% confidence intervals (CI) -1.51, -0.28; p = 0.004). The association of APOE4 with lower BMI differed by fitness status (difference in effect p = 0.002), and was more evident among the less fit (mean difference -1.78 kg/m²; 95% CI -2.74, -0.83; p<0.001). Additionally, associations between BMI and lipids were only apparent in those of lower fitness who did not carry APOE4. Similar overall findings were observed when truncal fat mass and waist circumference were used as alternative adiposity measures. APOE4 and cardiorespitatory fitness could interact to influence child adiposity. In studies addressing the genetic determinants of childhood obesity, the context of child fitness should also be taken into account. ; The Tasmanian Infant Health Survey was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), United States of America National Institutes of Health (grant 001 HD28979-01A1), Tasmanian State Government, Australian Rotary Health Research Fund, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Research Foundation, National Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Council of Australia, Community Organizations' support program of the Department of Human Services and Health, Zonta International, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and the Tasmanian Sanatoria After-Care Association. JE was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Capacity Building Grant in Population Health.

Abstract Background There is limited evidence from community-based interventions to guide the development of effective maternal, perinatal and newborn care practices and services in developing countries. We evaluated the impact of a low-cost package of community-based interventions implemented through government sector lady health workers (LHWs) and community health workers (CHWs) of a NGO namely Aga Khan Health Services on perinatal and neonatal outcomes in a sub-population of the remote mountainous district of Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. Methods The package was evaluated using quasi experimental design included promotion of antenatal care, adequate nutrition, skilled delivery and healthy newborn care practices. Control areas continued to receive the routine standard health services. The intervention areas received intervention package in addition to the routine standard health services. Outcome measures included changes in maternal and newborn-care practices and perinatal and neonatal mortality rates between the intervention and control areas. Results The intervention was implemented in a population of 283324 over a 18 months period. 3200 pregnant women received the intervention. Significant improvements in antenatal care (92% vs 76%, p < .001), TT vaccination (67% vs 47%, p < .001), institutional delivery (85% vs 71%, p < .001), cord application (51% vs 71%, p < .001), delayed bathing (15% vs 43%, p < .001), colostrum administration (83% vs 64%, p < .001), and initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour after birth (55% vs 40%, p < .001) were seen in intervention areas compared with control areas. Our results indicate significant reductions in mortality rates in intervention areas as compared to control areas from baseline in perinatal mortality rate (from 47.1 to 35.3 per 1000 births, OR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.56-0.69; P 0.02) and neonatal mortality rates (from 26.0 to 22.8 per 1000 live births, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.48-0.68; P 0.03). Conclusions The implementation of a set of low cost community-based intervention package within the health system settings in a mountainous region of Pakistan was found to be both feasible and beneficial. The interventions had a significant impact in reduction of the burden of perinatal and neonatal mortality. Trial registration This study is registered, ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02412293 .

Abstract Background Globalization and increased marketing of non-nutritious foods and beverages are driving a nutrition transition in developing countries, adversely affecting the health of vulnerable populations. This is a visual interpretive study of food, snack, and beverage advertisements (ads) in rural and urban El Salvador to discern the strategies and messages used to promote consumption of highly processed, commercialized products. Methods Digital photographs of billboard and wall advertisements recorded a convenience sample of 100 advertisements, including 53 from rural areas and 47 from urban areas in El Salvador. Advertisements were coded for location, type of product, visual details, placement and context. Qualitative methods were used to identify common themes used to appeal to consumers. Results Advertisements depicted "modern" fast foods, processed snacks and sugary beverages. Overall, the most prominent themes were: Cheap Price, Fast, Large Size, and Modern. Other themes used frequently in combination with these were Refreshment, Sports/Nationalism, Sex and Gender Roles, Fun/Happy Feelings, Family, Friendship and Community, and Health. In rural areas, beverage and snack food ads with the themes of cheap price, fast, and large size tended to predominate; in urban areas, ads for fast food restaurants and the theme of modernity tended to be more prominent. Conclusions The advertisements represented a pervasive bombardment of the public with both explicit and subliminal messages to increase consumerism and shift dietary patterns to processed foods and beverages that are low in micronutrients and high in carbohydrates, sugar, fat and salt—dietary changes that are increasing rates of child and adult diseases including tooth decay, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Global food and beverage industries must be held accountable for the adverse public health effects of their products, especially in low-middle income countries where there are fewer resources to prevent and treat the health consequences. In addition, public health and governmental authorities should learn from the advertising strategies to promote social marketing of public health messages, and enact and enforce regulations to limit the advertisement and sale of unhealthy products, particularly for children in and around schools. This will create healthier social norms and environments for the entire population.

Abstract Background Women having multiple sex partners are reportedly at an increased risk of HPV infection. However, the prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection in female sex workers (FSWs) vary considerably across racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection in FSWs in Northeast China. Methods A total of 309 FSWs identified and approached through a local police office and 1000 healthy subjects from a single factor undergoing annual gynecological examinations in Shenyang were recruited. A liquid-based ThinPrep Pap test and the Hybrid Capture II-based high-risk HPV DNA test, with or without a colposcopic examination, were performed on both FSWs and control subjects. Data on HPV infection and histological and cytological lesions of the cervix were obtained and analyzed. A questionnaire survey was administered to all 309 FSWs with their socio-demographic and behavioral information collected. The association of various socio-demographic and behavioral variables with HPV infection was assessed. Results HPV was significantly more prevalent in FSWs (61.90 %) than in healthy control subjects (21.00 %) ( P < 0.01), so were cervical lesions ( P < 0.01). HPV prevalence in our sample of FSWs fell in the upper range of reported values in FSWs across different countries, and was similar to that for FSWs in the southeast Chinese city of Huzhou but higher than that for FSWs in southwest China, Guangxi, as compared with data from other studies within China. HPV infection in FSWs was significantly associated with the age at first sexual intercourse (OR 0.699, 95 % CI 0.492–0.992) and post-menopause (OR 2.928, 95 % CI 1.099–7.800) ( P < 0.05). Conclusions FSWs are at a substantially high risk of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia development as compared with healthy control subjects in Shenyang, China. Age of first sexual intercourse and post-menopause are two independent risk factors for HPV infection in this special group of population. Intensified and coordinated efforts from government, public health sector, communities and families are needed to reduce the risk of HPV infection in this specific group of population.

Abstract Objectives A key policy question for the government of Uganda is how to equitably allocate primary health care pharmaceutical budgets to districts. This paper seeks to identify variables influencing current primary health care pharmaceutical expenditure and their usefulness in allocating prospective pharmaceutical budgets to districts. Methods This was a cross sectional, retrospective observational study using secondary administrative data. We collected data on the value of pharmaceuticals procured by primary health care facilities in each district from National Medical Stores for the financial year 2011/2012. The dependent variable was expressed as per capita district pharmaceutical expenditure. By reviewing literature we identified 26 potential explanatory variables. They include supply, need and demand, and health system organization variables that may influence the demand and supply of health services and the corresponding pharmaceutical expenditure. We collected secondary data for these variables for all the districts in Uganda (n = 112). We performed econometric analysis to estimate parameters of various regression models. Results There is a significant correlation between per capita district pharmaceutical expenditure and total district population, rural poverty, access to drinking water and outpatient department (OPD) per capita utilisation.(P < 0.01). The percentage of health centre IIIs (HC III) among each district's health facilities is significantly correlated with per capita pharmaceutical expenditure (P < 0.05). OPD per capita utilisation has a relatively strong correlation with per capita pharmaceutical expenditure (r = 0.498); all the other significant factors are weakly correlated with per capita pharmaceutical expenditure (r < 0.5). From several iterations of an initially developed model, the proposed final model for explaining per capita pharmaceutical expenditure explains about 53% of the variation in pharmaceutical expenditure among districts in Uganda (Adjusted R 2 = 0.528). All variables in the model are significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions From evaluation of the various models, proposed variables to consider in allocating prospective primary health care pharmaceutical budgets to districts in Uganda are: district outpatient department attendance per capita, total district population, total number of government health facilities in the district and the district human poverty index.

Abstract African Swine Fever (ASF) is an important contagious haemorrhagic viral disease affecting swine whose notification is mandatory due to its high mortality rates and the great sanitary and socioeconomic impact it has on international trade in animal and swine products. This disease only affects porcine species, both wild and domestic, and produces a variety of clinical signs such as fever and functional disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems. Lesions are mainly characterized by congestive-haemorrhagic alterations. ASF epidemiology varies significantly between countries, regions and continents, since it depends on the characteristics of the virus in circulation, the presence of wild hosts and reservoirs, environmental conditions and human social behaviour. Furthermore, a specific host will not necessarily always play the same active role in the spread and maintenance of ASF in a particular area. Currently, ASF is endemic in most sub-Saharan African countries where wild hosts and tick vectors ( Ornithodoros ) play an important role acting as biological reservoirs for the virus. In Europe, the disease has been endemic since 1978 on the island of Sardinia (Italy) and since 2007, when it was first reported in Georgia, in a number of Eastern European countries. It is also endemic in certain regions of the Russia Federation, where domestic pig and wild boar populations are widely affected. By contrast, in the affected eastern European Union (EU) countries where ASF is currently as epidemic, the on-going spread of the disease affects mainly wild boar populations located in restricted areas and, to a much less extent, domestic pigs. Unlike most livestock diseases, no vaccine or specific treatment is currently available for ASF. Therefore, disease control is mainly based on early detection and the application of strict sanitary and biosecurity measures. Epidemiology of ASF is very complex by the existence of different virus circulating, reservoirs and a number of scenarios, and the on-going spread of the disease through Africa and Europe. Survivor pigs can remain persistently infected for months which may contribute to virus transmission and thus the spread and maintenance of the disease, thereby complicating attempts to control it.

Summary Background The risk factors for food allergy (FA) and anaphylaxis remain uncertain. Objective We examined the association between socio-economic status (SES), geographic remoteness and childhood FA and anaphylaxis in Australia. Methods Sales of infant hypoallergenic formulae (IHF; 2008-2009) and EpiPens (2006-2007) in children aged 0-4 years and hospital anaphylaxis admission rates (2002-2006) in age groups 0-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-64 and 65+ years were used as proxy markers of FA and anaphylaxis in Australia. Government and commercially derived data were analysed by SES and geographic remoteness (very remote, remote, outer regional, inner regional and major cities). Results Annual IHF sales rates were higher in those with the greatest compared with the least socio-economic advantage (47 830 vs. 21 384 tins/100 000 population; P<0.001). EpiPen sales trends were also higher in those with the greatest socio-economic advantage in all age groups, most marked in those aged 0-4 (1713 vs. 669/100 000; P=0.002) and 5-14 years (1628 vs. 600/100 000; P=0.001). Formula sales rates were higher in major cities than remote/very remote regions (37 421 vs. 6704/100 000; P<0.001) with similar EpiPen sales trends, particularly in ages 0-4 (1166 vs. 601/100 000; P=0.045) and 5-14 years (1099 vs. 588/100 000; P<0.001). Socio-economic advantage and geographic remoteness remained statistically significant in multivariable analysis of prescription rates (P<0.01) and were unchanged by adjustment for health services access. While anaphylaxis admission rates were higher in those with the greatest compared with the least socio-economic advantage in children aged 0-4 years (129 vs. 92/100 000 population/year; P=0.03), the opposite was observed in older age groups (e.g. aged 25-64 years: 43 vs. 76, P=0.01). There was no association between geographic remoteness and anaphylaxis admissions. Conclusion Socio-economic advantage and residence in major cities may be risk factors for developing childhood FA and anaphylaxis. Further study will determine the extent to which economic factors and location of residence also influence access to health services.