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Cover -- GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Concepts and Ideas -- 2.1. Islamism -- 2.2. Internal Secularization and Internal Liberalization -- 3. Summary of the Essays -- 4. Historical Outline -- 4.1. The Ottoman Legacy -- 4.2. Modernization, Westernization, and Secularization -- 4.3. The Military Coup of 1980 and Onwards -- 4.4. The 1990s and the 28 February Process -- Bibliography -- ESSAY 1: THE 'LIBERAL-CONSERVATIVE' RAPPROCHEMENT IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF THE LIBERAL THOUGHT SOCIETY -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The LDT in the Turkish Academia -- 2. Liberalism in the Ottoman-Turkish Political Tradition: A Pre-History -- 3. Mardin's "Center-Periphery" Model: A Key to the LDT's Understanding of Turkish Politics -- 4. The Liberal Thought Society: A General Outlook -- 5. On Politics and Democracy: Basic Parameters for Limiting Political Power -- 5 .1. Private Property and Free Markets -- 5.2 . Individual Liberty -- 5.3. Culture, Tradition, and Religion -- 6. Kemalist Moder nization: Continuity and Rupture -- 6.1. K emalism and "Bureaucratic Dominance" -- 6.2. The Single-Party Re gime: Total "Bureaucratic Dominance" of Politics -- 6.3. The Pendulum Swing of Democracy in Turkey: "Bureaucratic Tutelage" -- 7. Search for a Political Subject: The LDT's Vision of a "Liberal-Conservative" Rapprochement -- 8. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- ESSAY 2: A LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE ON ISLAM AND SECULARISM IN TURKEY: REFLECTIONS ON THE LIBERAL THOUGHT SOCIETY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. "Laicist State versus Islamic Society": the Thesis of Exclusion -- 3. "Republican Failure" and the "Return of the Repressed" -- 4. The Sphere of Civil Society: The Case of the Tarikat -- 5. The Sphere of Politics: the Refah Partisi Dissolution Case -- 5.1 The Refah Partisi and the Takiyyah Debate

Social identities based on class, religion, and region underpin political cleavages in Spain. This article examines the salience of divisions based on these identities and estimates changes in the conflict-potential of the cleavages over time. The political consequences as well as the origins of the dimensions of conflict are analyzed. While some of the social identities remain fairly strong—religion, for example, more evidently than class—the direct effects of the cleavages on both within-and extra-system politics at the mass level appear to have weakened. Data are drawn from the third in a series of national surveys conducted in 1978, 1980, and 1984.

The international rise to power of conservative governments reflects a reaction to the international economic crisis, but one that is irrational in terms of the actual interests of the people affected by the crisis. Neoconservatism achieves this by making use of anxiety as a political motive. The relevance of the concept of the authoritarian personality to this motive is considered, & it is shown that neoconservatism largely reflects the same tendencies in a slightly modified form. W. H. Stoddard.

THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM OF TWO BIG PARTIES IS IN REALITY COMPLICATED BY THE PRESENCE OF SMALLER PARTIES THAT ENFORCE COOPERATION OR EVEN COALITION