Suchergebnisse

Full list of authors: Baqui, P. O.; Marra, V.; Casarini, L.; Angulo, R.; Díaz-García, L. A.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Lopes, P. A. A.; López-Sanjuan, C.; Muniesa, D.; Placco, V. M.; Quartin, M.; Queiroz, C.; Sobral, D.; Solano, E.; Tempel, E.; Varela, J.; Vílchez, J. M.; Abramo, R.; Alcaniz, J.; Benitez, N. Bonoli, S.; Carneiro, S.; Cenarro, A. J.; Cristóbal-Hornillos, D.; de Amorim, A. L.; de Oliveira, C. M.; Dupke, R.; Ederoclite, A.; González Delgado, R. M.; Marín-Franch, A.; Moles, M.; Vázquez Ramió, H.; Sodré, L.; Taylor, K. ; Context. Future astrophysical surveys such as J-PAS will produce very large datasets, the so-called "big data", which will require the deployment of accurate and efficient machine-learning (ML) methods. In this work, we analyze the miniJPAS survey, which observed about similar to 1 deg(2) of the AEGIS field with 56 narrow-band filters and 4 ugri broad-band filters. The miniJPAS primary catalog contains approximately 64 000 objects in the r detection band (mag(AB)less than or similar to 24), with forced-photometry in all other filters.Aims. We discuss the classification of miniJPAS sources into extended (galaxies) and point-like (e.g., stars) objects, which is a step required for the subsequent scientific analyses. We aim at developing an ML classifier that is complementary to traditional tools that are based on explicit modeling. In particular, our goal is to release a value-added catalog with our best classification.Methods. In order to train and test our classifiers, we cross-matched the miniJPAS dataset with SDSS and HSC-SSP data, whose classification is trustworthy within the intervals 15 <= r <= 20 and 18.5 <= r <= 23.5, respectively. We trained and tested six different ML algorithms on the two cross-matched catalogs: K-nearest neighbors, decision trees, random forest (RF), artificial neural networks, extremely randomized trees (ERT), and an ensemble classifier. This last is a hybrid algorithm that combines artificial neural networks and RF with the J-PAS stellar and galactic loci classifier. As input for the ML algorithms we used the magnitudes from the 60 filters together with their errors, with and without the morphological parameters. We also used the mean point spread function in the r detection band for each pointing.Results. We find that the RF and ERT algorithms perform best in all scenarios. When the full magnitude range of 15 <= r <= 23.5 is analyzed, we find an area under the curve AUC=0.957 with RF when photometric information alone is used, and AUC=0.986 with ERT when photometric and morphological information is used together. When morphological parameters are used, the full width at half maximum is the most important feature. When photometric information is used alone, we observe that broad bands are not necessarily more important than narrow bands, and errors (the width of the distribution) are as important as the measurements (central value of the distribution). In other words, it is apparently important to fully characterize the measurement.Conclusions. ML algorithms can compete with traditional star and galaxy classifiers; they outperform the latter at fainter magnitudes (r greater than or similar to 21). We use our best classifiers, with and without morphology, in order to produce a value-added catalog. © ESO 2021 ; POB thanks, for financial support, the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. VM thanks CNPq (Brazil) and FAPES (Brazil) for partial financial support. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 888258. LADG is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant MOST 106-2628-M-001-003-MY3), and by the Academia Sinica (grant AS-IA-107-M01). ES has been partly supported by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Projects AYA2017-84089 and MDM-2017-0737 at Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu. MQ is supported by the Brazilian research agencies CNPq and FAPERJ. RGD acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and through the projects AyA2016-77846-P and PID2019-109067GB-100. LS acknowledges support from Brazilian agencies CNPq (grant 304819/2017-4) and FAPESP (grant 2012/00800-4). This work made use of the Virgo Cluster at Cosmo-ufes/UFES, which is funded by FAPES and administrated by Renan Alves de Oliveira. Based on observations made with the JST/T250 telescope and PathFinder camera for the miniJPAS project at the Observatorio Astrofisico de Javalambre (OAJ), in Teruel, owned, managed, and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA). We acknowledge the OAJ Data Processing and Archiving Unit (UPAD) for reducing and calibrating the OAJ data used in this work. Funding for OAJ, UPAD, and CEFCA has been provided by the Governments of Spain and Aragon through the Fondo de Inversiones de Teruel; the Aragon Government through the Research Groups E96, E103, and E16_17R; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) with grant PGC2018-097585-B-C21; the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/FEDER, UE) under AYA2015-66211-C2-1-P, AYA2015-66211-C2-2, AYA2012-30789, and ICTS-2009-14; and European FEDER funding (FCDD10-4E-867, FCDD13-4E2685). Based on data from ALHAMBRA Data Access Service the at CAB (CSIC-INTA). Funding for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey has been provided by NSF grants AST-95-09298, AST-0071048, AST-0507428, and AST0507483 as well as NASA LTSA grant NNG04GC89G. The Hyper SuprimeCam (HSC) collaboration includes the astronomical communities of Japan and Taiwan, and Princeton University. The HSC instrumentation and software were developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), the University of Tokyo, the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), the Academia Sinica Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Taiwan (ASIAA), and Princeton University. Funding was contributed by the FIRST program from the Japanese Cabinet O ffice, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University. This paper makes use of software developed for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. We thank the LSST Project for making their code available as free software at dm.lsst.org. This paper is based [in part] on data collected at the Subaru Telescope and retrieved from the HSC data archive system, which is operated by Subaru Telescope and Astronomy Data Center (ADC) at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Dpart carried out with the cooperation of Center for Computational Astrophysics (CfCA), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III website is sdss3.org. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University. ; Peer reviewed

Objective: to know the perception of teachers of elementary and high schools about measures to avoid violence in classrooms. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, with teachers from elementary and high schools in two public schools. Data was collected through recorded audio interviews, and for the analysis, the Content Analysis technique was adopted in the Thematic Analysis modality. Results: it is registered that the majority of teachers were female (n = 24; 77.42%) and were in the age group from 31 to 40 years old (35.48%). It is revealed, in relation to education (54.84%), that they had the title of specialist Lato sensu. Based on the speeches, a thematic category was constituted, « Perceiving the forms of protection against the violence suffered by the teacher », subdivided into five subcategories. Conclusion: it was noticed that measures to reduce violence in the perception of teachers include strict legislation and the punishment of aggressors, the decrease in the number of students in classrooms, the appreciation of teaching work and teacher support networks , the presence of security professionals in the school environment, the creation of spaces for dialogues and the support of psychologists. Descriptors: Workplace Violence; Faculty; Occupational Health; Public Health; Schools; Primary Prevention.Resumo Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos professores dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio sobre as medidas para se evitar a violência em salas de aula. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, com docentes dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio de duas escolas da rede pública. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas em áudio gravadas, e, para a análise, adotou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise Temática. Resultados: registra-se que a maioria dos docentes era do sexo feminino (n=24; 77,42%) e estava na faixa etária dos 31 aos 40 anos de idade (35,48%). Revela-se, em relação à escolaridade (54,84%), que tinham titulação de especialista Lato sensu. Constituiu-se, a partir das falas, uma categoria temática, « Percebendo as formas de proteção contra a violência sofrida pelo professor », subdividida por cinco subcategorias. Conclusão: percebeu-se que as medidas para a diminuição da violência na percepção dos professores incluem a legislação rigorosa e a punição dos agressores, a diminuição do número de alunos nas salas de aula, a valorização do trabalho docente e as redes de apoio ao professor, a presença de profissionais de segurança no âmbito escolar, a criação de espaços de diálogos e o apoio de psicólogos. Descritores: Violência no Trabalho; Docentes; Saúde do Trabalhador; Saúde Pública; Instituições Acadêmicas; Prevenção Primária.ResumenObjetivo: conocer la percepción de los docentes de las escuelas primarias y secundarias sobre las medidas para evitar la violencia en las aulas de clase. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con maestros de escuelas primarias y secundarias en dos escuelas públicas. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas de audio grabadas, y para el análisis, se adoptó la técnica de Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad de Análisis Temático. Resultados: se registra que la mayoría de los docentes eran mujeres (n = 24; 77.42%) y pertenecían al grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años (35.48%). Se revela, en relación con la educación (54.84%), que tenían el título de especialista Lato sensu. Sobre la base de los discursos, se constituyó una categoría temática, , subdividida en cinco subcategorías. Conclusión: se observó que las medidas para reducir la violencia en la percepción de los docentes incluyen una legislación estricta y el castigo de los agresores, la disminución del número de estudiantes en las aulas, la apreciación del trabajo docente y las redes de apoyo docente, la presencia de profesionales de la seguridad en el entorno escolar, la creación de espacios de diálogo y el apoyo de psicólogos. Descriptores: Violencia Laboral; Facultad; Salud Laboral; Salud Pública; Instituciones Académicas; Prevención Primaria. ; Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos professores dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio sobre as medidas para se evitar a violência em salas de aula. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, com docentes dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio de duas escolas da rede pública. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas em áudio gravadas, e, para a análise, adotou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise Temática. Resultados: registra-se que a maioria dos docentes era do sexo feminino (n=24; 77,42%) e estava na faixa etária dos 31 aos 40 anos de idade (35,48%). Revela-se, em relação à escolaridade (54,84%), que tinham titulação de especialista Lato sensu. Constituiu-se, a partir das falas, uma categoria temática, « Percebendo as formas de proteção contra a violência sofrida pelo professor », subdividida por cinco subcategorias. Conclusão: percebeu-se que as medidas para a diminuição da violência na percepção dos professores incluem a legislação rigorosa e a punição dos agressores, a diminuição do número de alunos nas salas de aula, a valorização do trabalho docente e as redes de apoio ao professor, a presença de profissionais de segurança no âmbito escolar, a criação de espaços de diálogos e o apoio de psicólogos. Descritores: Violência no Trabalho; Docentes; Saúde do Trabalhador; Saúde Pública; Instituições Acadêmicas; Prevenção Primária.AbstractObjective: to know the perception of teachers of elementary and high schools about measures to avoid violence in classrooms. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, with teachers from elementary and high schools in two public schools. Data was collected through recorded audio interviews, and for the analysis, the Content Analysis technique was adopted in the Thematic Analysis modality. Results: it is registered that the majority of teachers were female (n = 24; 77.42%) and were in the age group from 31 to 40 years old (35.48%). It is revealed, in relation to education (54.84%), that they had the title of specialist Lato sensu. Based on the speeches, a thematic category was constituted, « Perceiving the forms of protection against the violence suffered by the teacher », subdivided into five subcategories. Conclusion: it was noticed that measures to reduce violence in the perception of teachers include strict legislation and the punishment of aggressors, the decrease in the number of students in classrooms, the appreciation of teaching work and teacher support networks , the presence of security professionals in the school environment, the creation of spaces for dialogues and the support of psychologists. Descriptors: Workplace Violence; Faculty; Occupational Health; Public Health; Schools; Primary Prevention.ResumenObjetivo: conocer la percepción de los docentes de las escuelas primarias y secundarias sobre las medidas para evitar la violencia en las aulas de clase. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con maestros de escuelas primarias y secundarias en dos escuelas públicas. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas de audio grabadas, y para el análisis, se adoptó la técnica de Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad de Análisis Temático. Resultados: se registra que la mayoría de los docentes eran mujeres (n = 24; 77.42%) y pertenecían al grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años (35.48%). Se revela, en relación con la educación (54.84%), que tenían el título de especialista Lato sensu. Sobre la base de los discursos, se constituyó una categoría temática, , subdividida en cinco subcategorías. Conclusión: se observó que las medidas para reducir la violencia en la percepción de los docentes incluyen una legislación estricta y el castigo de los agresores, la disminución del número de estudiantes en las aulas, la apreciación del trabajo docente y las redes de apoyo docente, la presencia de profesionales de la seguridad en el entorno escolar, la creación de espacios de diálogo y el apoyo de psicólogos. Descriptores: Violencia Laboral; Facultad; Salud Laboral; Salud Pública; Instituciones Académicas; Prevención Primaria.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common blood disease caused by a single nucleotide substitution (c.20T>A, p.Glu6Val) in the beta globin gene on chromosome 11. The prevalence of the disease is high throughout large areas in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, and India due to the level of protection that the sickle cell trait, provides against severe malaria. Approximately 300,000 infants are born per year with sickle cell anemia, which is defined as homozygosity for the sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The majority (nearly 75%) of these births occur in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in two countries: Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where there are poorly resourced healthcare systems. Early diagnosis, penicillin prophylaxis, blood transfusions, hydroxyurea, and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation can dramatically improve survival and quality of life for patients with SCD. However, our understanding of the role of genetic and clinical factors in explaining the complex phenotypic diversity of this disease is still limited. Early prediction of the severity, and patients' responses to specific therapeutics of SCD could lead to more precise treatment and management. Beyond well-known modifiers of disease severity, such as fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels and αthalassemia, other genetic variants might influence specific sub-phenotypes. New treatments and management strategies accounting for these genetic and nongenetic factors could substantially and rapidly improve the quality of life and reduce health care costs for patients with SCD. Patients with SCD are subjected to long term administration of drugs and there is a limited data on pharmacogenomics of SCD therapeutics. Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) are the main clinical events of SCD and are associated with recurrent and long-term use of antalgics/opioids and HU. This project aimed to investigate the clinical and genetic predictors of painful vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) among SCD Cameroon patients by exploring pharmacokinetic determinants of treatment responses as well as post-transcriptional signatures triggered by hydroxyurea treatment, particularly, miRNA expression. SCD patients were recruited from Yaounde Central Hospital and Laquintinie Hospital in Douala (Wonkam et al., 2018, Mnika et al., 2019 (b)), and recent migrants SCD patients from the DRC, recruited at the Haematology Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa (Mnika et al., 2019 (a) and Mnika et al., 2019 (b)). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. Patients' medical records were reviewed to extract their clinical features over the past 3 years. Specifically, the occurrences of VOC, hematological parameters, hospital outpatient visits, hospitalisation, overt strokes, blood transfusions, and administration of hydroxyurea were recorded. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were measured. Detailed descriptions of patients and sampling methods used in the Cameroonian patients have been reported previously (Wonkam et al., 2018 Mnika et al., 2019 (a) and Mnika et al., 2019 (b)). For the purpose of comparing frequencies of variants, ethnically matched Cameroonian controls were randomly recruited from apparently healthy blood donors in Yaounde for participation in the study. All blood samples were collected for genomic characterisation and analysis. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, following instructions on the available commercial kit [QIAamp DNA Blood Maxi Kit ® (Qiagen, United States)]. Genotyping (TaqMan and MassArray) was performed for 40 variants in 17 pain-related genes, three fetal haemoglobin (HbF)-promoting loci, two kidney dysfunction-related genes, and HBA1/HBA2 genes for 436 patients. A subset of these samples was also genotyped to analyse 32 core and 267 extended pharmacogenes using commercially available PharmacoScan® platform for characterisation of pharmacokinetic determinant of response. We also compared the pharmacogenes variants from these African groups, to data extracted from the 1000 genomes Project. Moreover, association studies were carried out on pharmacogenes variants with SCD clinical variability. Additionally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and enriched biological processes and pathways were investigated. For association studies, statistical models using regression frameworks to analyse 40 variants were performed in R®. For miRNA expression, total RNA was isolated using the miRNeasy kit according to protocol of the Manufacturer (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany); and sequenced by the Genomic and RNA Profiling Core at Baylor College of Medicine, United States, using the NanoString Platform (NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, United States), according to manufacturer's instructions. Genes with statistically significant changes in expression were analysed using the significance analyses of microarrays (SAM) tools. Female sex, body mass index, Hb/HbF, blood transfusions, leucocytosis and consultation or hospitalisation rates significantly correlated with VOC. Three painrelated gene variants correlated with VOC (CACNA2D3-rs6777055, P = 0·025; DRD2- rs4274224, P = 0·037; KCNS1-rs734784, P= 0·01). Five pain-related gene variants correlated with hospitalization/consultation rates (COMT-rs6269, P = 0·027; FAAHrs4141964, P = 0·003; OPRM1- rs1799971, P = 0·031; ADRB2-rs1042713; P < 0·001; UGT2B7-rs7438135, P = 0·037). The 3·7 kb HBA1/HBA2 deletion correlated with increased VOC (P = 0·002). HbF-promoting loci variants correlated with decreased hospitalisation (BCL11A-rs4671393, P = 0·026; HBS1L-MYB-rs28384513, P = 0·01). APOL1 G1/G2 correlated with increased hospitalisation (P = 0·048). A commercial genotyping array platform (PharmacoScan®) with 4627 markers located in 1191 genes was used to investigate 299 pharmacogenes (32 ADME core and 267 extended pharmacogenes). Based on the PharmacoScan analyses, no statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were detected between SCD cases and controls from Cameroon. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Cameroonians' data clustered with other Africans, but this population is significantly distinct from American, European and Asian populations data. Variant allele frequencies in 21/32 core pharmacogenes were significantly different between the two SCD groups (Cameroon vs. Congo). No correlation between clinical variability and variants in the core genes was detected for both populations under study. An association study of the core and extended PharmacoScan variants to VOC identified statistically significant associations between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to VOC after correction of multiple testing. These two SNPs mapped to 50 genes, with two SNPs located in core pharmacogenes (SLCO4A1- rs118042746, p=1.21e-07; UGT1A10, UGT1A8- rs10176426, p=1.22e-07). Functional enrichment analyses revealed that these 50 genes are involved in three biological processes and four pathways relevant to SCD pathophysiology, including xenobiotic glucuronidation (GO:0052697, p = 2.3e-03), and drug metabolism - other enzymes (p = 2.1e-02). Further analyses of the 50 genes, identified key genes in human proteinprotein networks: NTSR1, LRMDA, SMAD SMAD4 and CDH2. These four genes also interacted with three core pharmacogenes associated with VOC: UGT1A8, UGT1A10 and SLCO4A1. We found 22/798 miRNAs to be differentially expressed under HU treatment, with the majority (13/22) being functionally associated with HbF-regulatory genes, including BCL11A (miR-148b-3p, miR-32-5p, miR-340-5p, miR-29c-3p), MYB (miR-105-5p), KLF-3 (miR-106b-5), and SP1 (miR-29b-3p, miR-625-5p, miR-324-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-99b-5p, miR-374b-5p, miR-145-5p). The present thesis started by highlighting the scarcity of studies investigating variable responses to pain in SCD patients and then proceeded to addressing this research gap. To our knowledge this is the first body of from Africa to provide evidence supporting the possible development of a genetic risk model for pain in SCD. This is also the first body of work to report an association between these two SNPs and VOC in core and extended pharmacogenes. Our data reveals that the commercial pharmacogenes arrays investigated might need additional evidence for appropriateness among Africans. Therefore, it advocates the need to invest in research exploring population-specific arrays, drug design, targeting, and efficacy, for improved clinical management of patients of African descent. Previous studies have investigated various mechanisms to understand the genomic variations affecting responses to HU, but full understanding of the variable HU-mediated HbF production among individuals affected by SCD remains elusive. The present study showed that mechanisms of HbF production in response to HU, could particularly be mediated through miRNA regulation. The data reveals some alternative perspectives and routes towards identifying new therapeutic targets and approaches for SCD. However, this study needs to be replicated in larger samples in multiple African populations.

Neil Brownsword is an artist, researcher, and educator who holds professorial positions in ceramics at Staffordshire University and the University of Bergen. This essay is based on a lecture given on 5 December 2020 as part of the Centre's Public Lecture Course, Ceramics in Britain, 1750 to Now, which you can watch at: https://www.paul-mellon-centre.ac.uk/whats-on/forthcoming/obsolescence-and-renewal-reimagining-north-staffordshires-ceramic-heritage Obsolescence and Renewal The six towns that constitute Stoke-on-Trent have been famed for their industrial-scale pottery manufacture since the early eighteenth century. By the 1720s, growing consumer demand for finer ceramics led to skill specialisation, and the local population's integration into an economy led by the manufacture of pottery. Alongside pioneers of the industrial revolution such as Wedgwood and Spode, the Staffordshire potteries were driven by hundreds of smaller factories with more than 2,000 kilns firing millions of products a year. By 1938, half the workforce of Stoke-on-Trent worked in the 'Potteries', with employment peaking in 1948 at an estimated 79,000 people. During the last three decades, however, many North Staffordshire-based companies have struggled to compete in both domestic and export markets. In the 1990s, many factories were forced to outsource production to East Asia, where energy and direct labour costs were a fraction compared to those in North Staffordshire. This strategy, coupled with advances in production technology, has been significantly detrimental to traditional practices that once fashioned material objects in particular ways – many of which are now endangered as few apprenticeships exist to effectively transfer this knowledge. The displacement of much of Stoke-on-Trent's manufacturing capacity has accelerated regional decline, with cultural regeneration hailed by policymakers as a universal panacea to transform industrial ruin into aestheticised backdrops for artistic consumption. Yet within the regeneration agenda of place there is often an unseemly haste for local government and cultural organisations to circumvent the human fallout of industrial change, in favour of a more 'managed' account of the recent past. Thus, the psychological and emotional dimensions of industrial history – the first-hand recollections surrounding networks, social bonds, and pride forged by collective skill, can be all too easily side-lined. Since 2013, I have used my artistic profile to foreground the embodied knowledge of skilled personnel formerly employed in North Staffordshire's ceramic industry to challenge both this politicised amnesia, and charges of me being complicit in a 'retrospective idealisation' of the industrial past. Through collaborative performance, object installation, and filmed re-enactment, the work has sought to bring critical attention to people and traditional knowledge displaced by the effects of British economic policies that favour low regulation in global trade. I have staged site-specific performative interventions at numerous post-industrial spaces and high-profile cultural venues, to elucidate and rejuvenate skilled practices often considered outmoded or economically unviable for contemporary production. FACTORY, staged in 2017 at Icheon World Ceramic Center, South Korea, centred on six performances that addressed the cultural hierarchies and value systems of two distinct ceramic traditions. In Britain today, the regressive utopianism of John Ruskin and William Morris and Anglo-Oriental doctrines of the studio pottery movement continue to galvanise notions of spiritual and moral superiority associated with 'handcraft', and to relegate industrial know-how to a position of inferiority. Both Bernard Leach and Yanagi Soetsu, during a period of British and Japanese imperialist power in the early twentieth century, romantically venerated the 'humble beauty' of 'peasant' pottery from the Korean peninsula. As part of its processes of decolonisation at the end of World War II, South Korea adopted a nationalist discourse around its Joseon legacy, and subsequently introduced laws to protect its heritage and reinforce its cultural identity. At the forefront of UNESCO's 1993 campaign to preserve and promote "Living Human Treasures", South Korea now grants special status to individuals with exceptional cultural ability. In 2003, the UNESCO convention to safeguard 'intangible cultural heritage' further advocated support for the transmission of tacit knowledge, skills, and practices. A total of 178 countries have now ratified this convention, effectively making 'intangible heritage' part of their cultural policy – but unfortunately the UK is not one of them. In response to this, FACTORY collided the ceramic practices of two ex-industry personnel from Stoke-on-Trent – china flower-maker Rita Floyd and mould-maker James Adams – with the culturally revered dexterity of Korean master artisans. China flower-making remains one of the few methods of mass production that relies completely upon the dexterity of the hand. With changing fashion, this industry in Stoke-on-Trent has all but disappeared, with Rita Floyd being one of a handful of still-practising artisans who retain this knowledge. Floyd's performance provided an intimate space for audiences to witness her rhythmic intricacies of touch through predetermined patterns of repetition, efficiency, and uniformity. Yet to avoid staging a passive spectacle, typical of 'authorised heritage discourse', Floyd was instructed to continuously discard her manufacture onto a 6-metre production line built within the gallery. These symbolic gestures gave unprescribed form to each crafted component, with their distortion and random coalescence dictated by gravity and the material's plasticity. Floyd's intermittent performances and the linear deposits of waste that accumulated in the space were flanked by two film loops that meditated on industrial transition in Stoke-on-Trent. The films juxtaposed haptic knowledge, documented during the restructuring of the Wedgwood factory in 2004, against a 2016 survey of abandoned industrial sites reclaimed by the forces of nature. These intersecting modes of expression both signal the British government's disregard for intangible heritage and the human consequences of globalisation, and challenge notions that specialist knowledge becomes 'redundant' once the support networks of the factory cease to exist. Instead, they consider industrial heritage as a 'living process' and seek its rejuvenation and continuation for the future. Within the gallery space, production remnants salvaged from historic sites of ceramic manufacture were also stripped of their previously assigned use and presented inside vitrines. These artefacts had been marked by a particular point in time, as prior to the factories' closure they were deconstructed to deter their use in subsequent reproduction. To avoid their display becoming mere objectification, these items were performatively remoulded by Korean master Sinhyun Cho, and subsequently cast in porcelain and decorated by other master artisans – carver Yongjun Cho and painter Wonjeong Lee. Faced with these fragmentary reproductions of post-industrial discard, the artisans were given free rein to use traditional iconography, creating tension between culturally inherited notions of value and perfection. A further collaboration began with a series of partially formed moon jars, created by Living National Treasure Seo Kwang-su, who is renowned for continuing many archetypical forms of Korean ceramics. James Adams then took these casually assembled components into a less-revered craft – production mould-making – which was instrumental to ceramic manufacture in North Staffordshire, and paradoxically eradicated human touch through modes of standardisation. This use of human interaction lay counter to 'fixed in the past' demonstrations of skill and virtuosity, which heritage tourism deploys minus the complexities of social redundancy. FACTORY sought to counter such tropes, and practices of 'othering' more generally – whether experienced by marginalised groups in Britain or between British and South Korean artists – via collaborative modes of investigation that stimulated discourse, interactivity, and sensory understanding through the cultural exchange of tacit and explicit knowledge. Reactivating 'obsolescence' through non-commercial production created a space where people with marginalised immaterial heritage could speak for themselves and renegotiate their value, in a context where such embodiments of knowledge are culturally revered, renewed, and sustained for future generations.

The article's objective is to reveal the determinants of secessionism through identifying its political, ethno-social and economic manifestations with emphasis on the latter, by characterizing them as the background for irredentist and separatist processes. The instruments of economic policy are proposed to be considered through the prism of assessment of their potential for curbing the secessionist strategy of the national development.Secession is defined as a policy and a practice of the socio-political movement, aimed at gaining the national sovereignty by a given ethno-social community on their indigenous territory within the boundaries of the existing state. Using the existing approach to determining the two objectives of the secession, separatist and irredentist ones, it is established that in the Ukrainian realities the secession has acquired the features of both irredentism that must involve the existence of external partners and their influence on the political processes at region or country level, and separatism based on the principle of enthnicism. Because a review of the existing literature on secessionism issues does not show an agreed-upon interpretation of the essential meaning of the concepts "secession" and "separatism" and their causality, the determining features of their origin cannot be easily identified. It is found that political, economic and ethno-social processes lay the fundament for irredential processes (not intended to create an independent state) and separatist processes (for ethnic groups coming out with separatist claims, creation of an independent state is an ultimate goal).The dual role of decentralization as a trigger and a deterrent is revealed by investigating the impact of political processes on rising of secessionist sentiments. It is argued that when decentralization becomes looser and political competition provides greater freedom for political action (with the subsequent creation of powerful regional political parties to be supported by medium and large businesses, with opening up the opportunities for financial inflows), the threats of irredentism and separatism will become more and more pronounced. Also, the assumption is made that if the so called "ideological mobilization" among the population is not critical, decentralization for the regions striving for secession can be an alternative for the ones that demand the real autonomy. Decentralization can, therefore, become an effective strategy for preventing the ultimate secession.The consolidating potential for complementary economic strategies of the regions' development is defined by investigating the impact of economic processes on the aggravation of secessionist danger, which are determined by the existing and potential factor endowment of a region (human, physical, monetary resources; knowledge base; infrastructure), specialization of regions which determines their position in the division of labor and results in the gross regional product. It is proposed that a complimentator, i. e. an actor with great capabilities or resources in its possession, should be sought in a timely manner by way of analysis of supplementary entities involved in interactive relations (international organizations, partner countries, powerful transnational companies, large investors). Bearing in mind that each regions has its distinct historic specifics of formation, traditions and values (depending on the ways of employment of production factors and choice of specialization, as well as on the sources of capital accumulation), it is proposed that complementarity should be regarded as an instrument for manifestation of the internal and external interdependence and dependence of a given region on another one within the boundaries of the state. This is proposed as the starting point for creating a new system for interactions of a higher level, which will provide all the required parameters for the regions by supplementing or replacing various functions of the latter, which will be promoted by creating national networks of value added, e. g. through launching the network of industrial parks.The role and specific features of "separatism of elites" are defined by investigating ethno-social processes resulting in the changed ethnic self-identity (ethno-transformational processes, or the processes involving a transition from one ethnic status to another) and the changed cultural and value specifics of ethnic communities (ethno-evolutionary processes that change significantly all the key parameters of the ethnos, but do not change the ethnic self-identity). The economic mechanisms to curb secessionist sentiments and counteract manifestations of separatism and irredentism are proposed. ; Мета статті полягає у розкритті детермінант сецесіонізму шляхом виокремлення політичних, етносоціальних та економічних його проявів з акцентом на останньому, охарактеризувавши їх як підґрунтя для іредентистських та сепаратистських процесів. Інструменти економічної політики запропоновано розглядати крізь призму оцінки їхнього потенціалу до стримування сецесіоністської стратегії національного розвитку.Сецесія визначена як політика і практика суспільно-політичного руху, спрямована на здобуття державного суверенітету окремою етносоціальною спільнотою на території її проживання у межах існуючої держави. Базуючись на існуючому підході до виокремлення двох цілей сецесії —сепаратистської та іредентистської —встановлено, що в українських реаліях сецесія набуває ознак як іредентизму, який передбачає обов'язкову наявність зовнішніх партнерів та вплив останніх на політичні процеси в регіоні або державі, так і сепаратизму за принципом етніцизму. Аналіз існуючої літератури з питань сецесіонізму дозволив встановити відсутність єдності у трактуванні змістовного наповнення та співвідношення таких понять, як «сецесія» та «сепаратизм», що ускладнює виокремлення детермінуючих ознак їхнього походження. Встановлено, що політичні, економічні та етносоціальні процеси формують підґрунтя для іредентистських (які не спрямовані на утворення незалежної держави) та сепаратистських процесів (для етнічних груп, які висувають сепаратистські заклики, утворення незалежної держави є головною метою).При розгляді впливу політичних процесів на розгортання сецесіоністських настроїв виокремлено роль децентралізації як одночасно і тригера, і стримувача останніх. Стверджується, що чим неконтрольованішою є децентралізація, чим більшої свободи для політичних дій дає політична конкуренція (з перспективою створення потужних регіональних політичних партій, що матимуть підтримку з боку представників середнього і великого бізнесу та забезпечуватимуть приплив відповідних фінансових ресурсів), тим виразнішими стають загрози іредентизму і сепаратизму. При цьому висловлено припущення, що децентралізація для регіонів, що прагнуть відокремлення, якщо так звана «ідеологічна мобілізація» серед населення є не критичною, може стати певною альтернативою для тих, хто насправді вимагає автономії. Відтак децентралізація може стати дієвою стратегією запобігання повної сецесії.При аналізі впливу економічних процесів на загострення сецесіоністської небезпеки, які детермінуються наявним і потенційним факторним надбанням регіону (людські, фізичні, грошові ресурси; ресурс знань; інфраструктура), спеціалізацією регіонів, яка визначає їхнє місце у поділі праці і результується у валовому регіональному продуктові, виокремлено консолідуючий потенціал компліментарних економічних стратегій розвитку регіонів. Запропоновано шляхом аналізу додаткових учасників відносин взаємодії (міжнародних організацій, країн-партнерів, потужних багатонаціональних підприємств, масштабних інвесторів) вчасно здійснювати пошук компліментора, тобто, актора, що володіє великими можливостями або ресурсами. Враховуючи, що кожен регіон відрізняється історичними особливостями становлення, традиціями і відповідними ціннісними орієнтирами (що, зокрема, залежить як від специфіки освоєння факторів виробництва і вибору спеціалізації, так і від джерел накопичення капіталу), компліментарність запропоновано розглядати як інструмент прояву внутрішньої і зовнішньої взаємодоповнюваності і залежності одного регіону від іншого у межах держави. На основі цього пропонується формувати нову систему взаємодії більш високого рівня, що забезпечує усіма необхідними параметрами регіони, доповнюючи або замінюючи різні функції останніх, чому сприятиме створення національних мереж створення доданої вартості у тому числі і завдяки відкриттю мережі індустріальних парків.При дослідженні етносоціальних процесів, які передбачають зміну етнічної самосвідомості (етнотрансформаційні або такі, що пов'язані з переходом з одного етнічного стану в інший) та зміну культурної і ціннісної специфіки етнічних спільнот (етноеволюційні процеси, що виражаються у значній зміні будь-якого з основних параметрів етносу, але безпосередньо не спричиняють зміни етнічної самосвідомості), виокремлено роль та характерні ознаки «сепаратизму еліт». Запропоновано економічні механізми стримування сецесіоністських настроїв та протидії проявам сепаратизму та іредентизму.

The League of Women (Liga Kobiet), until 1949 operating under the name of the Socio-Civic League of Women (Społeczno-Obywatelska Liga Kobiet), was a mass women's organisation functioning in the Polish People's Republic. Throughout the whole period, one of the priorities set by the organisation was to build up its mass character and, thus, to influence different social, professional and environmental groups of Polish women, fitting into the general agenda of implementing the communist regime in Polish society. Most League of Women's members were also members to the Polish United Workers' Party. The League of Women tried to play a role of a "utilitarian" organisation, supporting in a genuine and diverse way the Polish women's environment. The period between 1945 and 1975 was the first stage of organisation's activity; in the communist Polish People's Republic it was a period of "isolation" of the Polish society from the Western world and of a significant influence of the Soviet Union's policy on the social relations in the country. The League of Women was an example of an East European women's organisation in the communist era. ; Liga Kobiet, działająca do 1949 r. pod nazwą Społeczno-Obywatelska Liga Kobiet, była masową organizacją kobiecą działającą w PRL. Przez cały okres jednym z priorytetów organizacji było budowanie jej masowego charakteru, a tym samym wpływanie na różne grupy społeczne, zawodowe i środowiskowe Polek, wpisujące się w ogólny program wdrażania reżimu komunistycznego w polskim społeczeństwie. Większość członkiń Ligi Kobiet należała również do Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. Liga Kobiet starała się odgrywać rolę organizacji "utylitarnej", wspierającej w sposób autentyczny i różnorodny środowisko Polek. Lata 1945–1975 to pierwszy etap działalności organizacji; w PRL był to okres izolacji polskiego społeczeństwa od świata zachodniego i znaczącego wpływu polityki Związku Sowieckiego na stosunki społeczne w kraju. Liga Kobiet była przykładem wschodnioeuropejskiej organizacji kobiecej w czasach komunizmu. ; Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Małgorzata Dajnowicz – prof. dr hab., Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, kierownik Zakładu Historii Kultury, Myśli i Ruchów Społecznych na Wydziale Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych UwB. Zainteresowania naukowe: historia elit politycznych XIX i XX w., historia kobiet polskich. W ramach projektu MNiSzW powołała Ośrodek Badań Historii Kobiet. Autorka ponad 130 publikacji naukowych. Podlaska Wojewódzka Konserwator Zabytków. Więcej na stronie prywatnej: www.dajnowicz.pl. ; malgorzatadajnowicz@gmail.com ; 186 ; 2(9) ; 207 ; AAN, KC PZPR, WK, 237/XV-30, Rozwój Ligi Kobiet w okresie od 1945–1951 r., fol. 4. ; AAN, KC PZPR, WK, 237/XV-7, Sprawozdanie Orłowskiej Edwardy, fol. 9–11. ; AIPN, BU 1585/19737, Statut Ligi Kobiet, Warszawa 1967, fol. 2, 6–9. ; APB, KW PZPR, 1124, Realizacja Instrukcji KC PZPR z 1966 r., fol. 74. ; Sprawozdanie z działalności Ligi Kobiet w latach 1979–1981, fol. 82. ; Statut Społeczno-Obywatelskiej Ligi Kobiet", (Warszawa, b.r.w.), 4. ; Konstytucja Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej uchwalona przez Sejm Ustawodawczy w dniu 22 lipca 1952 r., Dziennik Ustaw 1952, nr 33, poz. 232. ; Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "Działalność Ligi Kobiet na obszarze kraju w świetle czasopism organizacji – »Kobiety Dzisiejszej« (1946–1947) i »Kobiety« (1947–1949)", Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej, z. 3, 2018, 65–72. ; Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "Główne kierunki działalności Ligi Kobiet w Polsce Ludowej do 1975 roku (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem województwa białostockiego)", Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace Historyczne, nr 3, 2018, 596. ; Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "Liga Kobiet w okręgu łódzkim w latach 1945–1981. Główne obszary działalności organizacji", Dzieje Najnowsze, nr 4, 2019, 75–90. ; Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "»Zwierciadło« – platforma polityczna Ligi Kobiet w okresie PRL (1957–1961, 1982–1989)", Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej, z. 3 (47), 2017, 69. ; Daskalova, Kassimira. "How Should We Name the 'Women-Friendly' Actions of State Socialism?", Aspasia, Vol. 1, 2007, 214–219. ; Dłuska, Stanisława. "Posiedzenie Rady Naczelnej Światowej Demokratycznej Federacji Kobiet", Nasza Praca, nr 2, 1947, 3–6. ; Eastern Europe: Women in Transition, Irena Grudzińska-Gross, Andrzej Tymkowski (eds.), (Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 2013). ; Fidelis, Małgorzata. 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"Ten Years After: Communism and Feminism Revisited", Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women's and Gender History, Vol. 10, 2016, 102–168. ; Haney, Lynne. "From Proud Worker to Good Mother: Women, the State, and Regime Change in Hungary", Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1994, 113–150. ; Harsch, Donna. Revenge of the domestic: women, the family, and communism in the German Democratic Republic, (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2007). ; Hrabionkina, Anna. "Żanaddzieły, delehackija schody i żansawiety u zachodnich abłasciach BSSR (1946–1950 hh.)", Wiesci Akademii nawuk BSSR. Sieryja hramadskich nawuk, nr 6, 1973, 52–61. ; Jarosz, Dariusz. "Idee, programy i realia. Funkcje Ligi Kobiet w porządku instytucjonalnym Polski Ludowej (1945–1957)", in: Agnieszka Janiak-Jasińska, Katarzyna Sierakowska, Andrzej Szwarc (eds.), Działaczki społeczne, feministki, obywatelki… Samoorganizowanie się kobiet na ziemiach polskich po 1918 roku (na tle porównawczym), (Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Neriton, 2009), 308–330. ; Jarska, Natalia. "A patriarchal marriage? The women's movement and the communist party in Poland (1945–1989)", Kwartalnik Historyczny, nr 2, 2018, 7–37. ; Miroiu, Mihaela. "Not the Right Movement! Women and the Politics of Endless Delay in Romania", Women History Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2010, 580–581. ; Mrozik, Barbara. "Pod znakiem planety Wenus. O równość, rozwój i pokój", Kobieta i Życie, nr 46, 1975, 3. ; Nowak, Barbara. "Constant Conversations: Agitators in the League of Women in Poland during the Stalinist Period", Feminist Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2005, 488–518. ; Nowak, Barbara. Serving Women and the State. The League of Women in Communist Poland, PhD diss., (Ohio State University, 2004). ; "Ochrona pracy kobiet", Kobieta, nr 8, 1948, 3. ; Peto, Andrea. "Women's Associations in Hungary: Demobilization and Remobilization 1945–1951", in: Claire Duchen, Irene Bandhauer-Schöffmann (eds.), When the War Was Over: Women, War and Peace in Europe, 1940–1956, (London and New York : Leicester University Press 2000), 135–142. ; Popa, Raluca Maria. "Translating Equality between Women and Men across Cold War Divides: Women Activists from Hungary and Romania and the Creation of International Women's Year", in: Shana Penn, Jill Massino (eds.), Gender Politics and Everyday Life in State Socialist Eastern and Central Europe, (New York : Palgrave Macmillan 2009), 59–73. ; "Pracujemy w Społeczno-Obywatelskiej Lidze Kobiet", Kobieta Dzisiejsza, nr 8, 1946, 17. ; Praspaliauskiene, Rima. "Women's Activism in Lithuania: 1945–1985", in: Edith Saurer, Elisabeth Frysak, Margareth Lanzinger (eds.), Women's Movements. Networks and debates in post-communist countries in the 19th and 20th centuries, (Köln : Böhlau Verlag 2006), 315, 116. ; "Rosną nasze szeregi", Kobieta, nr 48, 1948, 7. ; Skórzyńska, Zofia. "Praca zawodowa kobiet a wychowanie", Więź, nr 6, 1965, 56. ; Tomaszkiewicz, Jerzy. "W stolicy i w kraju", Nasza Praca, nr 2, 1947, 26–28. ; "Udział kobiet polskich w pracach Światowej Demokratycznej Federacji Kobiet", Nasza Praca, nr 6, 1947, 16. ; WIDF [Women's International Democratic Federation], Second Women's International Congress. Account of the Work of the Congress Which Took Place in Budapest (Hungary) from the 1st to the 6th of December 1948, (Paris : Women International Democratic Federation, 1948), 229–230. ; "Wstępna analiza pracy Ligi Kobiet w okresie 10-lecia jej istnienia", Nasza Praca, nr 1, 1956, 7. ; Zawodowe kształcenie kobiet", Nasza Praca, nr 2, 1947, 13–14. ; Artykuł przygotowany w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego Narodowego Centrum Nauki pt. Liga Kobiet w terenie. Działalność organizacji i realia jej funkcjonowania na szczeblu regionalnym i lokalnym w rzeczywistości Polski Ludowej (1945–1989), nr 2017/25/B/HS3/02015.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 지리학과,2019. 8. 신혜란. ; This study investigates how the locality of an annexational space is reflected in the perceptions of social activists through the case of Jeju Island. Locality in this thesis refers to "the sum total of the various relationships that spaces as well as actors create across time, which is very fluid, multilayered, political, and value-oriented (Moon, 2016)." Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the concept of locality in social science fields and humanities. In the field of geography, locality has been one of the key concepts following the spatial restructuring in the Western capitalist countries in the 1970s. In previous studies, 'annexation' has been used to mean incorporation of one region to another region or a country. For example, Tanji (2006) used the concept of 'annexation' to refer to compulsory amalgamation of Okinawa to mainland Japan. In this thesis, the concept of annexation is expanded to imply the relations with the mainland from the local point of view. Therefore, I define an 'annexational space' as a space which experienced annexation to the mainland, where the locality featuring dichotomy between the mainland and the area, with complex toward the mainland and loneliness lying behind the pride in local social movement. The emergence and progress of the local refugee movement in Jeju Island enables examination of the locality of an annexational space. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the dynamics of pro-Yemeni refugee movement in Jeju Island. This study aims to answer the following two research questions. (1) How is locality of Jeju Island as an annexational space reflected in the perceptions of local social activists? (2) What kinds of relationship with the mainland have formed the locality? In summary, the results of this study are as follows. Firstly, locality of Jeju Island was investigated by analysis of the local interpretation of the Yemeni refugee issue. Perceptions of refugees and interpretation of the refugee issue in Jeju civil society was different from the mainland. The dichotomous way of thinking between Yug-ji (mainland) and Jeju Island made the difference. Once an independent kingdom annexed into the state in the mainland Korea, Jeju Islanders referred to all other parts of the country as Yug-ji. In the perspective of the local activists, Yemeni refugee issue was an incident that revealed the mainland's perception of treating Jeju as its surroundings. Based on the dichotomy, Jeju Islanders showed complex toward mainland, being susceptible to ideas of mainlanders and being exclusive to mainlanders concurrently. They believed those who opposed the refugee acceptance were mainly from the mainland, and felt that Jeju residents who cared about this public opinion had become increasingly reluctant for accepting refugees. Activists were also sensitive to the public opinion and felt the need to respond. Second, in the process of the emergence of local refugee movement, locality of Jeju Island as an annexational space was exposed. Community culture was found in the solid local activist network, which is based on strong regional identity as Jeju Islanders and personal acquaintances. They built coalitions to support other organizations, and solidarity beyond political factions for local issues was easier because of this character. Local activists were confident in their ability to quickly assemble and cope with the problems themselves. They found the spirit of resistance from the local history, from uprisings in the feudal age to 4·3 Uprising. However, there is loneliness as a remote island and envy toward the mainland behind the pride. It has always been treated as a periphery, including social movements. A yearning for the center arose with these experiences and as an isolated island, it requires mainland help when it encounters limitations. Instead of asking for help from the mainland, Jeju activists argued that Yemeni refuge issue is a national one. It also dealt with the issue separately by interacting with the mainland refugee network. Implications of this research are as follows. First, this study investigated the locality of an annexational space through a specific case. It also contributed to the discussion of locality which has mainly investigated western capitalist societies by analyzing the case in Asia. Second, it discovered a close relationship between the locality and social movement. It is worth referring to the case of refugee movement in Jeju Island at a time when the localization of social movements is spreading. ; 본 연구는 제주도의 난민 운동을 사례로 하여 부속공간(annexational space)의 정체성이 사회운동가들의 인식에서 어떻게 나타나는지 살펴본다. 본 논문에서 로컬리티(locality)는 "오랜 시간에 걸쳐 시간뿐만 아니라 공간이 만들어내는 다양한 관계의 총합으로, 매우 유동적이고 다층적이며 정치적이고 가치 지향적(문재원, 2016)"이다. 최근 사회과학과 인문학에서 로컬리티 개념에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 지리학 분야에서 로컬리티는 1970년대 서구 자본주의 국가에서 나타난 공간 재편(spatial restructuring)을 설명하기 위해 등장한 개념으로 활발히 연구되어 왔다. 선행 연구에서 '병합(annexation)'은 한 지역을 다른 지역이나 국가에 통합시키는 것을 의미했다. 예를 들어, Tanji(2006)는 오키나와와 일본 본토의 강제 합병을 설명하기 위해 이 개념을 사용했다. 본 논문에서는 지역의 관점에서 본토와의 관계를 포함하도록 '병합(annexation)' 개념의 의미를 확장한다. 따라서 따라서 본 연구에서는 '부속 공간(annexational space)'을 본토와의 합병을 경험하였으며 본토와의 관계를 중심으로 하여 본토와 지역 사이 이분법적 사고와 본토에 대한 콤플렉스를 특징으로 하는 로컬리티가 형성된 공간으로 정의한다. 제주도의 지역 난민 운동의 출현은 부속공간의 로컬리티를 잘 나타내는 사례이다. 연구 질문은 다음 두 가지이다. (1) 부속 공간으로서의 제주의 로컬리티가 난민 옹호 운동에 참여한 지역 사회 운동가들의 인식에 어떻게 반영되었는가? (2) 본토와의 어떤 관계가 그 로컬리티를 형성하였는가? 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 예멘 난민 문제에 대한 지역적 해석을 분석한 결과 제주도의 부속 공간으로서의 로컬리티가 드러났다. 제주 시민사회의 난민과 이슈에 대한 해석은 내륙 지역과 달랐는데, '육지(본토)'와 제주도의 이분법적 사고방식이 차이를 만들었다. 지역 운동가들의 입장에서 보면 예멘 난민 문제는 제주를 주변으로 취급하는 본토의 인식을 드러낸 사건이었다. 이러한 이분법을 바탕으로 제주도민들은 본토인에 대한 생각에 민감하고 동시에 본토인에게 배타적인 등 본토에 대한 콤플렉스를 드러냈다. 그들은 난민 수용에 반대하는 사람들이 주로 내륙 출신이라고 믿었고, 이런 여론을 신경 쓰는 제주 주민들이 난민을 점차 꺼리게 되었다고 생각했다. 활동가들도 내륙의 여론에 민감해 이에 대응할 필요성을 느끼고 있었다. 둘째, 지역 난민 운동이 출현하는 과정에서도 부속 공간으로서의 로컬리티가 중요한 역할을 했다. 지역 사회 운동 네트워크 속에서 강한 공동체 문화를 발견할 수 있었다. 그들은 다른 조직을 지원하기 위해 연합체를 만들었고, 강력한 지역 정체성 때문에 지역 문제를 해결하기 위한 정파를 넘어선 연대가 보다 용이했다. 지역 운동가들은 지역 현안에 대해 지역 공동체 내부에서 신속하게 대처할 수 있는 능력에 대해 자부심을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 이러한 자부심 뒤에는 외딴 섬으로의 외로움과 본토에 대한 선망이 있었다. 제주도는 항상 사회 운동을 포함한 모든 분야에서 주변부로 취급되어 왔기 때문에 중심부에 대한 선망을 내면화해 왔다. 따라서 제주 활동가들은 본토에 도움을 요청하기보다는 예멘 난민 이슈가 국가적인 문제라고 주장함으로써 연대의 필요성을 제기했다. 또 본토 난민 네트워크와 교류하였으나 이 문제를 지역 내에서 처리하고자 하였다. 이 연구의 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구는 특정 사례를 통해 부속 공간의 로컬리티를 살펴보았다. 또한 서구 자본주의 국가에 집중된 기존의 연구와 달리 아시아 지역을 사례로 로컬리티에 대해 논의하였다. 둘째, 로컬리티와 사회 운동 사이의 밀접한 관계를 발견했다. 사회운동의 로컬화가 확산되고 있는 상황에서 제주도의 난민 옹호 운동의 사례를 참고할 만하다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research Background and Purpose 1 1.2. Research Subject and Methods 4 1.3. Structure of the Thesis 7 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1. Locality of an Annexational Space 9 2.2. Previous Literature on Social Movements and Refugee Movements 17 Chapter 3. Case Introduction 23 3.1. Geography and History of Jeju Island 23 3.2. Yemeni Refugee Influx in Jeju Island 27 Chapter 4. Local Interpretation of the Yemeni Refugee Issue 33 4.1. Jeju Islanders' Perceptions on Yemeni Refugees 33 4.2. Dichotomy between 'Yug-ji (mainland)' and Jeju Island. 37 4.3. Complex toward the Mainland. 42 Chapter 5. Pro-Yemeni Refugee Movement in an Annexational Space 49 5.1. The Emergence of Pro-Yemeni Refugee Movement: Community to Coalition 49 5.2. Loneliness behind the Pride 57 Chapter 6. Conclusion 65 Bibliography 68 Abstract in Korean 76 ; Master

To achieve the goals of the EU Common Fishery Policy (EU CFP) of ecological and economic sustainable fishery and to meet the demands for protection of sensitive habitats under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU MSFD), as well as to meet the demands from other marine sectors on occupation of specific sea areas for other uses under the EU Marine Spatial Planning Directive (EU MSPD), it is necessary to establish adequate management strategy evaluation (MSE) tools to evaluate the impacts of the different uses of the sea in a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral context. Such tools are needed to evaluate scenarios of different management strategies in order to inform managers and stakeholders about the impacts and relative performance of different management options in achieving the policy objectives. This demands implementation of MSE tools which encompass the dynamic variability in distribution and abundance of fish resources with high resolution in time and space. Also, this demands integration of bio-economic MSE tools which can evaluate fishing patterns and fisher's decision making, i.e. human behaviour, in allocating their fishing effort with high resolution in time and space. Consequently, these tools must be highly spatial explicit and enable small scale time specific resolution in order to efficiently and realistically evaluating the integrated biological and economic effects of spatial management, and contribute to improving spatial management strategies also taking into account the footpring of the marine capture sector including energy use and efficiency to catch the available fishery resources. The MSPTOOLS project provides new and improved quantitative methods for evaluating stock abundances and distributions with high resolution in time and space by integrating different types of quantitative information as well as by linking biological and bio-economic models and evaluation tools. This has involved development of better tools, methods and integrated models to describe the resources, the fisheries and sensitive habitats/species distribution in relation to each other and identify sustainable fishing areas and conservation areas. The model developments under the project have resulted in a row of manuscripts published and submitted to high ranking scientific peer-reviewed journals and symposia, and those manuscripts are summarised in the present report with proper reference to the main manuscripts. The first summary highlight the main results that were obtained in Rufener et al. (2019a;b) which describes a statistical framework (hereafter LGNB) that was developed to combine commercial fisheries and scientific survey data, to ultimately improve the understanding of the spatio-temporal abundance dynamics of marine harvested species. This framework served, in fact, as the main basis for all other MSPTOOLS work packages. The second summary presents preliminary results to an economic extension that was included in the proposed framework where there was made coupling of a Data Development Analysis (DEA) to the LGNB model in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the commercial fisheries and scientific survey, with respect to their sampling size and accuracy in estimating abundance trends. Detailed results of this summary are reported in Rufener et al. (In Prep.1). The third summary provides the methodology and outline of the coupling process between the LGNB and the bio-economic management strategy evaluation tool DISPLACE. This, furthermore, includes a critical commenting on the main hurdles encountered in this process, and how this will be used to investigate the actual benefit of the coupled LGNB-DISPLACE framework within a set of hypothetical management scenarios. Further results of this summary are stated in Rufener et al. (In Prep.2). The fourth summary presents the dissemination of the second and third MSPTOOLS working tasks at the annual ICES Working Group on Spatial Fisheries Data (ICES WGSFD) meeting, and how the working group could benefit from the LGNB-DISPLACE framework. Finally, the fifth summary presents an initial pilot study under the MSPTOOLS project to combine fishery-independent research survey information on catch rates as well as commercial fishery catch and effort information from the targeted Danish Norway pout fishery in integrated analyses with very high spatial resolution to evaluate spatial fisheries management measures in form of a specific fishing closure. The results of this summary is published in ICES Journal of Marine Science (Bigné et al. 2019). The model improvements provided by the project has a high impact and news-value to both the current and future advisory and scientific stock evaluation development work within the scientific and management advisory communities under the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES). As such the models, their improvements and their implementation provides significant new fisheries and marine spatial management scientific knowledge, as well as improved management advisory methods, directly to and relevant also for the Danish fisheries industry and all stakeholders within the fisheries sector besides the ICES communities. The MSPTOOLS work has to high extent been targeted towards model application and implementation of the methodological developments made under the project through the ICES management advisory system and community, as well as the ICES scientific community and network. The project has as such contributed significantly to a row of ICES methodological development working groups such ICES WGSFD, ICES WGFBIT, ICES WKTRADE2 and ICES WGECON, as well as provided contributions to major ICES assessment working groups such the ICES WGNSSK with published pilot studies. Under those ICES working groups, the method developments under the MSPTOOLS project have been directly presented, evaluated and discussed among other through direct project (financed) participation in those working groups. This has also included provision of specific recommendations regarding future data calls, methodological further developments and directions, application to management advice, as well as management strategies in general under ICES according to important stocks, habitats and fisheries (among other for Danish fishery). Furthermore, the implementation of the models have been affiliated further through MSPTOOLS contributions to other EU projects covering the EU-COFASP ECOAST and EU-HELCOM ACTION projects, and not least conducting a full PhD Study co-financed between MSPTOOLS (1 year), EU-COFASP ECOAST (1 year) and a DTU Aqua internal PhD project (1 year) on further development of statistical models for coupling of commercial fishery and research survey data to describe fish stock distribution and abundance surfaces, as well as further development of a bio-economic fisheries model, in order to link the two models. This has involved direct cooperation between those projects and several contributions from the MSPTOOLS project to those projects with input to methodological reviews and improved methods. As such, the MSPTOOLS project has also been further implemented and disseminated through the international expert networks working under these international research projects, as well as implementation of the model developments under MSPTOOLS in the work conducted under those research projects. There has been conducted three project workshops held in cooperation between the EMFF MSPTOOLS and EMFF ManDaLiS projects. One of the workshops was international and was held in association with and just after an International Conference Special Session: IIFET Conference, Seattle, USA, July 2018, (IIFET 2018 International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, https://www.xcdsystem.com/iifet/website/). This Special Open Session was directly arranged by the MSPTOOLS and ManDaLiS Projects with invitation of stakeholders and including stakeholder perspectives. Besides initiative taking, planning, arranging, organizing, coordinating, announcing, leading and carrying through this special session directly under the MSPTOOLS and ManDaLiS Projects the projects produced the session abstract and a full scientific publication reporting of the outcomes of the session (Nielsen et al., 2018): In accordance with several of the stakeholder perspectives and suggestions from the above workshops and the IIFET session there has directly in relation to the MSPTOOLS project been produced a follow up research project proposal and application (NORDFO) submitted to the EMFF project call in spring 2019. This project proposal has had a positive evaluation and is for the time being placed as number one at the waiting list for funding under the EMFF in 2019 for which final decision is pending.

Esta tesis presenta contribuciones en el campo de la planificación automática y la programación de tareas, la rama de la inteligencia artificial que se ocupa de la realización de estrategias o secuencias de acciones típicamente para su ejecución por parte de vehículos no tripulados, robots autónomos y/o agentes inteligentes. Cuando se intenta alcanzar un objetivo determinado, la cooperación puede ser un aspecto clave. La complejidad de algunas tareas requiere la cooperación entre varios agentes. Mas aún, incluso si una tarea es lo suficientemente simple para ser llevada a cabo por un único agente, puede usarse la cooperación para reducir el coste total de la misma. Para realizar tareas complejas que requieren interacción física con el mundo real, los vehículos no tripulados pueden ser usados como agentes. En los últimos años se han creado y utilizado una gran diversidad de plataformas no tripuladas, principalmente vehículos que pueden ser dirigidos sin un humano a bordo, tanto en misiones civiles como militares. En esta tesis se aborda la aplicación de planificación simbólica de redes jerárquicas de tareas (HTN planning, por sus siglas en inglés) en la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos (VRP, por sus siglas en inglés) [18], en dominios que implican múltiples vehículos no tripulados de capacidades heterogéneas que deben cooperar para alcanzar una serie de objetivos específicos. La planificación con redes jerárquicas de tareas describe dominios utilizando una descripción que descompone conjuntos de tareas en subconjuntos más pequeños de subtareas gradualmente, hasta obtener tareas del más bajo nivel que no pueden ser descompuestas y se consideran directamente ejecutables. Esta jerarquía es similar al modo en que los humanos razonan sobre los problemas, descomponiéndolos en subproblemas según el contexto, y por lo tanto suelen ser fáciles de comprender y diseñar. Los problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos son una generalización del problema del viajante (TSP, por sus siglas en inglés). La resolución del problema del viajante consiste en encontrar la ruta más corta posible que permite visitar una lista de ciudades, partiendo y acabando en la misma ciudad. Su generalización, el problema de enrutamiento de vehículos, consiste en encontrar el conjunto de rutas de longitud mínima que permite cubrir todas las ciudades con un determinado número de vehículos. Ambos problemas cuentan con una fuerte componente combinatoria para su resolución, especialmente en el caso del VRP, por lo que su presencia en dominios que van a ser tratados con un planificador HTN clásico supone un gran reto. Para la aplicación de un planificador HTN en la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos desarrollamos dos métodos. En el primero de ellos presentamos un sistema de optimización de soluciones basado en puntuaciones, que nos permite una nueva forma de conexión entre un software especializado en la resolución del VRP con el planificador HTN. Llamamos a este modo de conexión el método desacoplado, puesto que resolvemos la componente combinatoria del problema de enrutamiento de vehículos mediante un solucionador específico que se comunica con el planificador HTN y le suministra la información necesaria para continuar con la descomposición de tareas. El segundo método consiste en mejorar el planificador HTN utilizado para que sea capaz de resolver el problema de enrutamiento de vehículos de la mejor forma posible sin tener que depender de módulos de software externos. Llamamos a este modo el método acoplado. Con este motivo hemos desarrollado un nuevo planificador HTN que utiliza un algoritmo de búsqueda distinto del que se utiliza normalmente en planificadores de este tipo. Esta tesis presenta nuevas contribuciones en el campo de la planificación con redes jerárquicas de tareas para la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos. Se aplica una nueva forma de conexión entre dos planificadores independientes basada en un sistema de cálculo de puntuaciones que les permite colaborar en la optimización de soluciones, y se presenta un nuevo planificador HTN con un algoritmo de búsqueda distinto al comúnmente utilizado. Se muestra la aplicación de estos dos métodos en misiones civiles dentro del entorno de los Proyectos ARCAS y AEROARMS financiados por la Comisión Europea y se presentan extensos resultados de simulación para comprobar la validez de los dos métodos propuestos. ; This thesis presents contributions in the field of automated planning and scheduling, the branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences typically for execution by unmanned vehicles, autonomous robots and/or intelligent agents. When trying to achieve certain goal, cooperation may be a key aspect. The complexity of some tasks requires the cooperation among several agents. Moreover, even if the task is simple enough to be carried out by a single agent, cooperation can be used to decrease the overall cost of the operation. To perform complex tasks that require physical interaction with the real world, unmanned vehicles can be used as agents. In the last years a great variety of unmanned platforms, mainly vehicles that can be driven without a human on board, have been developed and used both in civil and military missions. This thesis deals with the application of Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning in the resolution of vehicle routing problems (VRP) [18] in domains involving multiple heterogeneous unmanned vehicles that must cooperate to achieve specific goals. HTN planning describes problem domains using a description that decomposes set of tasks into subsets of smaller tasks and so on, obtaining low-level tasks that cannot be further decomposed and are supposed to be executable. The hierarchy resembles the way the humans reason about problems by decomposing them into sub-problems depending on the context and therefore tend to be easy to understand and design. Vehicle routing problems are a generalization of the travelling salesman problem (TSP). The TSP consists on finding the shortest path that connects all the cities from a list, starting and ending on the same city. The VRP consists on finding the set of minimal routes that cover all cities by using a specific number of vehicles. Both problems have a combinatorial nature, specially the VRP, that makes it very difficult to use a HTN planner in domains where these problems are present. Two approaches to use a HTN planner in domains involving the VRP have been tested. The first approach consists on a score-based optimization system that allows us to apply a new way of connecting a software specialized in the resolution of the VRP with the HTN planner. We call this the decoupled approach, as we tackle the combinatorial nature of the VRP by using a specialized solver that communicates with the HTN planner and provides all the required information to do the task decomposition. The second approach consists on improving and enhancing the HTN planner to be capable of solving the VRP without needing the use of an external software. We call this the coupled approach. For this reason, a new HTN planner that uses a different search algorithm from these commonly used in that type of planners has been developed and is presented in this work. This thesis presents new contributions in the field of hierarchical task network planning for the resolution of vehicle routing problem domains. A new way of connecting two independent planning systems based on a score calculation system that lets them cooperate in the optimization of the solutions is applied, and a new HTN planner that uses a different search algorithm from that usually used in other HTN planners is presented. These two methods are applied in civil missions in the framework of the ARCAS and AEROARMS Projects funded by the European Commission. Extensive simulation results are presented to test the validity of the two approaches.

Den digitale sky gennemsyrer det daglige liv. 3,6 milliarder brugere føder den 174 $ millionindustri som udgør 3% af det globale energiforbrug. Afhandlingen undersøger metaforen og de datacentre som det er tegn på for at afsløre skyens midlertidighed, rumlighed og materialitet fra et arkitektonisk perspektiv. Ved at skabe analogier med skyvariationer – meteorologiske, fiktive og nedfalds-skyer – søger undersøgelsen at afdække hvad sky-metaforen afslører om digitale arkiver. På trods af den (digitale) skys omfattende tilstedeværelse i beslægtede fagområder, har den stadig ikke etableret en teoretisk ramme i arkitektur. Gennem "planetary imaginary" viser jeg at digitale arkiver legemliggør det meteorologiske modus: som meteorlogiske skyer er de ekstremt responsive og opdaterer konstant deres animerede mobile data, styret af en arkiveringsimpuls til at opdatere. Del I undersøger geologiske konsekvenser af datacentre, skyens fysiske rygrad, da servere er lavet af materialer udvundet af jorden: metaller, mineraler, sjældne jordarter (Parikka). Da geologi var en ung videnskab defineredes planeten som et arkiv. I dialog med en række tænkere (Ruskin, Smithson, Ernst, Leopold, Bjornerud, Cohen, Deleuze og Guattari) udvikler jeg den geologiske modus – en tidslig, materiel og rumlig metode der legemliggør jordens/terrænets logik. Det guider min analyse af tre casestudier. Først Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Det arkiverer sedimentkerner udtaget af fra havbunden, der indeholder geofysiske og miljø historier legemliggjort i fossiler. Med Meillassoux undersøger jeg de store tidslige horisonter i det før animerede stof. For yderligere at vurdere terrænets tidsligheder, vender jeg mig mod stor-skala mindesmærket Il Grande Cretto (1984–2015) af kunstneren Alberto Burri. Det arkiverer geologisk materiale der engang udgjorde Gibellina´s byggede struktur, før det blev ødelagt af jordskælv. I tråd med planetens immanente bevægelse (Nigel Clark), affekt teori (Sara Ahmed og Lauren Berlant) og kunsthistoriske referencer, forstår jeg Cretto som Burri's forsøg på at skabe et ophold, en pause i de vedvarende geologiske aktiviteter. Den geologiske modus frembringer arkiver der uafbrudt opdaterer deres indhold. Denne modus er legemliggjort i Nordeas hovedkvarters datacenter af Henning Larsen, 2017. Datacentre tæmmer det geologiske stofs kapacitet til at arkivere. Deres indgroede hemmelighedsfuldhed modstandsdygtighed og redundans inviterer den arkitektoniske sammenligning til bunkeren (Virilio, Hu). Bunkeren er som en modvægt overfor den omfattende infrastruktur som datacentrerne ikke kan isoleres fra (Koolhaas, Easterling). I Del II med datacentrers faste men aktive (geologiske) terræn som baggrund, har jeg vendt mig mod skyen og den meteorologiske modus. Begyndende med den filosofiske kontekst af skyen og dets skyer som medie (Durham Peters) beskriver jeg de meteorologiske skyers drivgas som datapunktskyer, der bogstaveligt lagrer og overfører information. Som data i den digitale sky, komponerer den konstant foranderlige og omskiftelige drivgas stadigt nye forbindelser og sammenstillinger. Med reference til tidlig "computing" (Babbage) taler jeg for meteorologiske skyer som analoge computere. For en arkitektonisk konstellation af vejr og "computing" vender jeg mig mod meteorologen Richardsons spekulative Forecast Factory (1922) – en kombination af en sky og en klode, designet til at beregne og arkivere planetens vejr. Jeg vender mig mod den arkiveringshistorie som har påvirket skymetaforen. Eksemplet med en tidlig databank foreslået af den amerikanske regering i 1966, afslører hvordan det kybernetiske arkiv i kombination med den kolde krigs konstante tilstedeværelse af radioaktivitet, gav næring til arkiv- og netværk- feber, kulminerede afslutningsvis i vores digitale sky. Udlicitering af ubevidste kognitive processer (Hayles) til "technical beings", er et forsøg på at dæmpe disse febertilstande. Jeg kobler den digitale skys domæne af ubevidstes "mschine learning" og big-data med forestillingen om et "great outdoors" (Meillassoux, Bennett). Kunstige skyer medierer det utilgængelige. Arkitektoniske eksempler fra 1960-erne (Wright, Ant Farm) aktualiserer skymediatoren i en tid hvor det globale, øjeblikkelig kommunikation og rumrejser spirede. Den digitale sky udgør et eksteriørt og fysisk utilgængeligt domæne der paradoksalt nok er fyldt med intime og identitet-definerende information om dets eksternaliserede brugere. Den digitale sky er mere end en metafor: den artikulerer, stadig mere gennemtrængende, tærsklens rumlighed, af kroppe uden overflader, af medie som rum, af vores byggede verden udvidet til det uhåndgribelige – kort sagt et "great outdoors". ; The digital cloud permeates daily life. The $174 billion industry is fuelled by 3.6 billion users and constitutes three per cent of global energy consumption. This thesis examines the cloud metaphor and the data centres it denotes to reveal the cloud's temporality, spatiality and materiality from an architectural perspective. By creating analogies with cloud variations—meteorological, fictional and artificial clouds—the research seeks to uncover what the metaphor discloses about digital archives. Despite the (digital) cloud's ample presence in adjacent fields, a theoretical framework for it has yet to be established in architecture. Tapping into the planetary imaginary, I show that digital archives embody the meteorological mode: like meteorological clouds, they are extremely responsive and governed by an archival impulse to continuously update their animated, mobile data. Part I addresses the geological implications of data centres, the physical backbone of the cloud, as servers are made of materials extracted from the ground: metals, minerals, rare earth elements (Parikka). The beginnings of geology as a science (Hutton, Lyell) defined the planet as an archive. In dialogue with a variety of thinkers (Ruskin, Smithson, Ernst, Leopold, Bjornerud, Cohen, Deleuze and Guattari), I develop the geological mode—a temporal, material and spatial method that embodies the logic of the ground. It guides my analysis of three case studies. The first is the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, New York. This archives sediment cores, extracted from ocean floors, which contain geophysical and environmental histories embodied in fossils. Thinking with Meillassoux, I explore the vast temporal horizons stored in the formerly animated matter. To further gauge the ground's temporalities, I turn to the large-scale memorial Il Grande Cretto (1984–2015) by artist Alberto Burri. It archives geological matter that used to constitute the built fabric of Gibellina before the latter was destroyed in an earthquake. In line with the planet's intrinsic movement (Clark), affect theory (Ahmed, Berlant) and art-historical references, I understand Il Grande Cretto as Burri's attempt to suspend persistent geological activities. The geological mode engenders archives that incessantly update their content. This mode is embodied in Henning Larsen's Nordea Bank headquarters data centre (2017). Data centres harness the archival capacities of geological matter. Their ingrained secrecy, resilience and redundancy invite architectural comparison to the bunker (Virilio, Hu). The bunker is positioned in tension with vast infrastructure networks from which data centres cannot be isolated (Koolhaas, Easterling). In Part 2, against the backdrop of the firm but active (geological) ground of data centres, I turn to the cloud and the meteorological mode. Beginning with the philosophical context of the sky and its clouds as media (Durham Peters), I describe meteorological clouds' aerosols as data points that literally store and transmit information. Like data in the digital cloud, the continuously transforming and shifting aerosols compose ever- new adjacencies and juxtapositions. Referring to early computing (Babbage), I postulate meteorological clouds as analogue computers. For an architectural constellation of weather and computing, I turn to meteorologist Richardson's speculative Forecast Factory (1922)—a combination of a cloud and a globe, designed to compute and archive the planet's weather. I then turn to the archiving history that has affected the cloud metaphor. The example of an early databank proposed by the American government in 1966 reveals how the cybernetic archive, in combination with the constant presence of radioactivity during the Cold War, fuelled archive (Derrida) and network fever (Wigley), finally culminating in our digital cloud. The outsourcing of nonconscious cognitive processes (Hayles) to technical beings is an attempt to cool these fevers. I pair the digital cloud's nonconscious realm of machine learning and Big Data with the notion of a great outdoors (Meillassoux, Bennett). Artificial clouds mediate the inaccessible. Architectural examples during the 1960s (Wright, Ant Farm) actualised the cloud mediator at a time of budding instant global communication and space travel. The digital cloud thus constitutes an exterior, a physically inaccessible realm that is paradoxically filled with intimate and identity-defining information about its externalised users. The digital cloud is more than a metaphor: it articulates an increasingly pervasive spatiality of the threshold, of bodies without surfaces, of space as media, of our built world extended into the intangible—in short, a great outdoors.

The purpose of the article is to present the specific relationship between the EU, which is a unique international organisation, and its Member States, which are the source of integration and, paradoxically, its natural limit. The article contains an analysis of provisional measures imposed on Poland by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) as an example of a judicial and autonomous control mechanism concerning Member States and their obligations under EU law. Case European Commission v. Poland (2017) serves as a central element of the considerations. On 27 July 2017, the CJEU imposed a temporary injunction against logging in the Polish Bialowieza Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the last old-growth forest in Europe, while the case is being tried with the final Court decision expected in December 2017. Nevertheless, the Polish minister of the environment said on 31 July that the Polish government will ignore the ruling and that the logging will continue in tune with the "protective measures" for the forest, since the Bialowieza Forest seems to be under attack from the Spruce Bark Beetle. This species of beetle is a pest which colonises primarily spruce trees (Ips typographus for the lovers of the Latin language). The assumption made in the article is that provisional measures (applied under EU procedural law) have dogmatic roots in the tradition of civil proceedings in Member States. What is involved here are national procedures aimed at securing a claim in certain circumstances which establish a prima facie case on the inefficiency of the future decision. The specificity of provisional measures results from the specificity of EU law, which, in order to be effective, requires a judicial review. Provisional measures are one of the tools to guarantee its effectiveness. Despite relatively strict conditions for the applicability of provisional measures by the CJEU, they can help ensure effectiveness of UE law. The measures imposed to stop the destruction of the Białowieża Forest can be an example here. ; The following paper constitutes a part of the research conducted within the framework of the statutory research at the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw. ; Robert Grzeszczak: r.grzeszczak@wpia.uw.edu.pl ; Mateusz Muchel: m.muchel@wpia.uw.edu.pl ; Robert Grzeszczak - University of Warsaw ; Mateusz Muchel - University of Warsaw ; Annexes to the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: A new EU Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law, Annex I: The Rule of law as a foundational principle of the Union (Brussels, 11.3.2014, COM(2014) 158, final. ; Azoulai, L. "Integration through law" and us. (2016). International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14(2), 449–463. ; Belgium v. European Commission, T131/16 (19 July 2016), EU:T:2016:427. ; Cambridge Healthcare Supplies v. European Commission T-137/00 R (31 October 2000). ; Comité Central d'Entreprise de la SA Vittel and Comité d'Etablissement de Pierval v. European Commission, T-12/93 R (6 July 1993). ; Comité Central d'Entreprise de la Société Générale des Grandes Sources and others v. European Commission, T-96/92 R (15 December 1992). ; Commission Regulation (EU) No 312/2014 of 26 March 2014 establishing a Network Code on Gas Balancing of Transmission Networks (BAL NC). ; Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (OJ C 326, 26.10.2012). ; Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Rome (4 November 1950). Retrieved from: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf. ; Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ 1992 L 206, p. 7), as most recently amended by Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 (OJ 2013 L 158). ; Czachór, Z. (2013). Kryzys i zburzona dynamika Unii Europejskiej [Crisis and disturbed dynamics of the European Union]. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy i Handlowy ELIPSA. ; Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ 2010 L 20). ; Euroalliages v. European Commission, T-132/01 (8 July 2003). ; European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland. (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5367_en.htm. ; European Commission v. Poland C-441/17. (2017). ECLI:EU:C:2017:877. ; Evonik Degussa v. European Commission, C162/15 PR (2 March 2016). EU:C:2016:142 ; Grzeszczak, R. & Karolewski, I.P. (2017). Bialowieza Forest, the Spruce Bark Beetle and the EU Law Controversy in Poland. Retrieved from: http://verfassungsblog.de/bialowieza-forest-the-spruce-bark-beetle-and-the-eu-law-controversy-in-poland/ ; Habermas, J. (2005). Faktyczność i obowiązywanie. Teoria dyskursu wobec zagadnień prawa i demokratycznego państwa prawnego [Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ; Hänseler GmbH v. European Commission, T-83/00 R, (31 October 2000). ; Hans-Martin Tillack v. European Commission, T-193/04 (4 October 2006). ; Iżykowski, M. (1985). Przesłanki zabezpieczenia powództwa. Palestra, 29/11(335). ; Jack Hanning v. European Parliament, C 176/88 R (11 July 1988). ; Jakubecki, A. (2017). Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz aktualizowany. Tom II [Code of Civil Procedure. Comment updated. Vol. II]. Warszawa: C. H. Beck. ; Kingdom of Belgium v. European Commission, C-142/87 R (15 June 1987). ; Kmieciak, Z. (2010). Postępowanie administracyjne i sądowoadministracyjne a prawo europejskie. Wolters Kluwer. ; Lambert and others v. France. 2015, June 5. European Court of Human Rights, No 46043/14. ; Lenaerts, K., Arts, D., Maselis, I & Bray, R. (2006). Procedural Law of the European Union. London: Sweet and Maxwell. ; Poland approves large-scale logging in Europe's last primeval forest (2016, March 26). The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/poland-approves-large-scale-logging-in-europes-last-primevalforest. ; Poland v. European Commission, T883/16 R (21 July 2017). ECLI:EU:T:174. ; Rosas, A. & Arnati L. (eds.). (2012). EU Constitutional Law. An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Satya Prakash v. Commission of the EAEC, C-65-63 R (25 June 1965). ; Shapiro, M. (1980). Comparative Law and Comparative Politics. Southern California Law Review, 53(2), 537-542. ; Shaw, J., More, G. (1995). New Legal Dynamics of European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Sofrimport SARL v. European Communities, C-152/88 (10 June 1988). ; Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, provided for in article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (Journal of Laws of 1923, no 106, item 839). ; Statute of the International Court of Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute. ; The Act of 17 November 1964 – Code of Civil Procedure (Journal of Laws of 2018, item. 155, as amended). ; UNESCO Word Heritage Centre, Outstanding Universal Value, 02.04.2018 Retrieved from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/33 ; Weatherill, S. (1995). Law and Integration in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Weiler, J.H.H. (1991). The Transformation of Europe. The Yale Law Journal, 100(8), 2403-2483. ; WHC.17/41.COM/18 Decisions adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 41st session (Cracow, Poland). ; Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego [Judgment of the Supreme Court], No. V CZ 105/12. (2013, April 17). ; Żurek, K. (2000). Środki tymczasowe jako przejaw funkcjonowania efektywnej ochrony prawnej w systemie prawnym Unii Europejskiej. In. Biernat, S. (Ed.), Studia z prawa Unii Europejskiej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. ; 2 ; 1 ; 21 ; 35

El presente es un arti?culo de revisio?n, en el que se pretende caracterizar socio demogra?ficamente, las principales afecciones fi?sicas y psicolo?gicas que sufre el cuidador informal; debido a diversas problema?ticas que se presentan, esta poblacio?n esta? en aumento, sin una adecuada preparacio?n, y apoyo, lo cual conlleva a nuevas patologi?as. La metodologi?a empleada fue una revisio?n documental, donde se evaluaron 64 arti?culos, los cuales tuvieron varios filtros segu?n los criterios de elegibilidad. Posterior a esto, se realizo? la validacio?n de dichos arti?culos utilizando la escala de Jadad y las listas de chequeo STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; se evaluaron correctamente 31 arti?culosendosidiomas;6eningle?sy25enespan?ol. Sepudoconcluirque los CI, en su mayori?a mujeres; requieren una red de apoyo extensa, bien sea familiar, que permita salirse de su rol de cuidadora y retomar el rol que teni?an en la sociedad; adema?s del apoyo dirigido por entidades gubernamentales. Como resultados se hallo? que los C.I. son de mediana edad, casadas, con escolaridad ba?sica. Su parentesco con el sujeto de cuidado es en primer grado. Se evidencio? de igual manera, que los hombres a pesar de no ejercer habitualmente este rol son quienes presentan ma?s ra?pido agotamiento emocional. Palabras Clave: Cuidador informal, agotamiento. Abstract The present is a review article, which aims to characterize demographically, the main physical and psychological conditions suffered by informal caregiver; Due to various problems that arise, this population is increasing, without adequate preparation and support, which leads to new pathologies. The methodology used was a documentary review, where they evaluated 64 articles, which had several filters according to the eligibility criteria. After this, the validation of said articles was carried out using the Jadad scale and the checklists STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; correctly evaluated 31 articles in two languages; 6 in English and 25 in Spanish. It was possible to conclude that the IC, mostly women; they require an extensive network of support, either family-based, that allows them to get out of their role as caregivers and resume their role in society; besides the support directed by governmental entities. As results, it was found that C.I. They are middle-aged, married, with basic education. His kinship with the subject of care is in the first degree. It was evidenced in the same way that men, despite not usually exercising this role, are the ones with the fastest emotional exhaustion. Keywords: Informal caregiver, exhaustion. Resumo: O presente artigo de revisa?o pretende caracterizar so?cio- demograficamente as principais condic?o?es fi?sicas e psicolo?gicas que sofrem o cuidador informal. Devido a diversas problema?ticas que se apresentam, esta populac?a?o esta? em aumento sem uma adequada preparac?a?o e apoio, o que leva a novas patologias. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisa?o documental onde foram avaliados 64 artigos, os quais tiveram va?rios filtros segundo os crite?rios de elegibilidade. Posterior a isso, foi realizada uma validac?a?o dos artigos utilizando a escala de Jadad e as listas de verificac?a?o STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ. Foram avaliados corretamente 31 artigos em dois idiomas; 6 em ingle?s e 25 em espanhol. A conclusa?o foi a de que os Cuidadores Informais (CI), em sua maioria mulheres, requerem uma rede de apoio muito extensa, bem seja familiar, que permita a sai?da do papel de cuidador e o retorno ao papel anteriormente dado pela sociedade, aparte do apoio dado por entidades governamentais. Como resultado, enta?o, temos que os CI sa?o indivi?duos de meia idade, casados, com escolaridade ba?sica. Seu parentesco com o sujeito e? de primeiro grau. Se evidenciou, de igual forma, que os homens – a pesar de no exercer habitualmente este papel – sa?o quem apresentam mais ra?pidos sinais de esgotamento emocional. Palavras-chave: cuidador informal, esgotamento ; El presente es un arti?culo de revisio?n, en el que se pretende caracterizar socio demogra?ficamente, las principales afecciones fi?sicas y psicolo?gicas que sufre el cuidador informal; debido a diversas problema?ticas que se presentan, esta poblacio?n esta? en aumento, sin una adecuada preparacio?n, y apoyo, lo cual conlleva a nuevas patologi?as. La metodologi?a empleada fue una revisio?n documental, donde se evaluaron 64 arti?culos, los cuales tuvieron varios filtros segu?n los criterios de elegibilidad. Posterior a esto, se realizo? la validacio?n de dichos arti?culos utilizando la escala de Jadad y las listas de chequeo STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; se evaluaron correctamente 31 arti?culosendosidiomas;6eningle?sy25enespan?ol. Sepudoconcluirque los CI, en su mayori?a mujeres; requieren una red de apoyo extensa, bien sea familiar, que permita salirse de su rol de cuidadora y retomar el rol que teni?an en la sociedad; adema?s del apoyo dirigido por entidades gubernamentales. Como resultados se hallo? que los C.I. son de mediana edad, casadas, con escolaridad ba?sica. Su parentesco con el sujeto de cuidado es en primer grado. Se evidencio? de igual manera, que los hombres a pesar de no ejercer habitualmente este rol son quienes presentan ma?s ra?pido agotamiento emocional. Palabras Clave: Cuidador informal, agotamiento. Abstract The present is a review article, which aims to characterize demographically, the main physical and psychological conditions suffered by informal caregiver; Due to various problems that arise, this population is increasing, without adequate preparation and support, which leads to new pathologies. The methodology used was a documentary review, where they evaluated 64 articles, which had several filters according to the eligibility criteria. After this, the validation of said articles was carried out using the Jadad scale and the checklists STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; correctly evaluated 31 articles in two languages; 6 in English and 25 in Spanish. It was possible to conclude that the IC, mostly women; they require an extensive network of support, either family-based, that allows them to get out of their role as caregivers and resume their role in society; besides the support directed by governmental entities. As results, it was found that C.I. They are middle-aged, married, with basic education. His kinship with the subject of care is in the first degree. It was evidenced in the same way that men, despite not usually exercising this role, are the ones with the fastest emotional exhaustion. Keywords: Informal caregiver, exhaustion. Resumo: O presente artigo de revisa?o pretende caracterizar so?cio- demograficamente as principais condic?o?es fi?sicas e psicolo?gicas que sofrem o cuidador informal. Devido a diversas problema?ticas que se apresentam, esta populac?a?o esta? em aumento sem uma adequada preparac?a?o e apoio, o que leva a novas patologias. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisa?o documental onde foram avaliados 64 artigos, os quais tiveram va?rios filtros segundo os crite?rios de elegibilidade. Posterior a isso, foi realizada uma validac?a?o dos artigos utilizando a escala de Jadad e as listas de verificac?a?o STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ. Foram avaliados corretamente 31 artigos em dois idiomas; 6 em ingle?s e 25 em espanhol. A conclusa?o foi a de que os Cuidadores Informais (CI), em sua maioria mulheres, requerem uma rede de apoio muito extensa, bem seja familiar, que permita a sai?da do papel de cuidador e o retorno ao papel anteriormente dado pela sociedade, aparte do apoio dado por entidades governamentais. Como resultado, enta?o, temos que os CI sa?o indivi?duos de meia idade, casados, com escolaridade ba?sica. Seu parentesco com o sujeito e? de primeiro grau. Se evidenciou, de igual forma, que os homens – a pesar de no exercer habitualmente este papel – sa?o quem apresentam mais ra?pidos sinais de esgotamento emocional. Palavras-chave: cuidador informal, esgotamento

Abstract:The aim of this paper is to compare the constitutional and jurisprudential characterization of the freedom of information with the reality of its exercise in the Internet, where the classic legal solutions cannot be implemented directly because they are designed for an analogical communication developed by media, which used to work as the only channels of information and modulators of public opinion, putting citizens in a passive position with a minimum capacity to act. The new information technologies have broken the media monopoly, allowing anyone to become an active and participatory subject of a process that is no longer unidirectional, but articulated through a network where all the participants are receivers and creators of content, which poses new legal challenges that are particularly difficult to address. The communication regulations, designed for a specific context, is now facing a reality where its mechanisms of control, intended to protect fundamental rights against excessive interferences and the democratic system itself, are no longer effective considering that now communication is an individual process more than a social one. The premise of the journalistic information presented through a media that substantiated the privileged position of communicative freedoms as institutional guarantees with a reinforced protection is no longer fulfilled, so key questions now are whether the scope of individual freedom of information should be comparable to the professionals' oneor what role should play journalists in the digital society. Subjects no longer need mass media for effective reporting. They simply have to get access to a specific technology to do so, which opens a new debate: if the public powers should guarantee the access to it and how. With regard to the protection of freedom of information in the Internet, it may be useful to focus attention on the training of the subject as a journalist to identify who possess certain knowledge of the technique and deontology and, therefore, is able to act in a responsible manner contributing to public debate in constructive terms. Likewise, concepts such as the veracity of information, which may also have a new application in relation to advertising, or the prohibition of prior censorship must be reconsidered to their implementation in the digital environment, since it does not seem appropriate to renounce them in digital communications. ; Resumen:El objetivo de este trabajo es confrontar la caracterización constitucional y jurisprudencial de la libertad de información con la realidad de su ejercicio a través de Internet, donde no es posible aplicar directamente las soluciones que el Ordenamiento ha ido construyendo para la comunicación por medios analógicos, ya que ésta se basa en la intervención preponderante de los medios de comunicación como canalizadores de la información y moduladores de la opinión pública, otorgando una mínima capacidad de intervención al ciudadano,que esencialmente venía ocupando una posición pasiva. Las nuevas tecnologías de la información han acabado con el monopolio de estos medios, permitiendo a cualquier no profesional convertirse en sujeto activo y participativo de un proceso que ya no es unidireccional, sino que se articula a través de una Red donde todos los intervinientes son receptores y creadores de contenidos, lo cual plantea nuevos retos desde el punto de vista jurídico que son particularmente difíciles de abordar. La regulación de la comunicación, diseñada para un contextoconcreto, se enfrente ahora a una situación donde los mecanismos de control que permiten proteger los derechos de terceros frente a injerencias excesivas o el propio sistema democrático ya no resultan efectivos teniendo en cuenta que más que un proceso social, la comunicación en el entorno digital se plantea en clave individual. La premisa de la información de origen periodístico que se presentaba a través de un medio, que permitía considerar a las libertades comunicativas como una garantía institucional del sistema y les otorgaba una protección reforzada, ya no se cumple, de manera que es necesario cuestionarse si el alcance de la libertad de información de los individuos debe ser equiparable al de los profesionales o hasta qué punto estos pueden seguir gozando de un papel especial en la sociedad digital. En la Red, la vinculación con un medio ha dejado de ser un requisito previo para poder informar de manera efectiva. Basta con gozar de acceso a determinada tecnología para poder hacerlo, lo que lleva a tener que preguntarse en primer lugar hasta qué punto el poder público debe garantizar a los particulares tal posibilidad. En cuanto a la protección de la libertad de información en Internet, quizá convendría focalizar la atención en la formación del sujeto como periodista para identificar a quienes poseen un determinado conocimiento de la técnica y la deontología y, por tanto, están en condiciones de actuar de manera que su aportación no incurra en excesos y contribuya verdaderamente al debate público en términos constructivos. Del mismo modo, conceptos como la veracidad de la información, que además puede tener una nueva aplicación en relación a la publicidad, o la prohibición de censura deben repensarse para poder ser aplicados al entorno digital, pues en ningún caso parece conveniente prescindir de su vigencia. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The decontextualization of the freedom of expression and information constitutional regulation in the digital environment. 3. Differences between the citizens' freedom of information and the journalistic activity. 4. The particularities of exercising the freedom of information in the internet. 4.1 The previous constraints for the full exercise of the right. 4.2 The adaptation of the veracity criterion to the Internet reality. 4.3 The possible control of information contents. 5. The commercial communications as a manifestation of the freedom of information in the internet. 6. Conclusions. 7. Bibliography.Abstract:The aim of this paper is to compare the constitutional and jurisprudential characterization of the freedom of information with the reality of its exercise in the Internet, where the classic legal solutions cannot be implemented directly because they are designed for an analogical communication developed by media, which used to work as the only channels of information and modulators of public opinion, putting citizens in a passive position with a minimum capacity to act. The new information technologies have broken the media monopoly, allowing anyone to become an active and participatory subject of a process that is no longer unidirectional, but articulated through a network where all the participants are receivers and creators of content, which poses new legal challenges that are particularly difficult to address. The communication regulations, designed for a specific context, is now facing a reality where its mechanisms of control, intended to protect fundamental rights against excessive interferences and the democratic system itself, are no longer effective considering that now communication is an individual process more than a social one. The premise of the journalistic information presented through a media that substantiated the privileged position of communicative freedoms as institutional guarantees with a reinforced protection is no longer fulfilled, so key questions now are whether the scope of individual freedom of information should be comparable to the professionals' oneor what role should play journalists in the digital society. Subjects no longer need mass media for effective reporting. They simply have to get access to a specific technology to do so, which opens a new debate: if the public powers should guarantee the access to it and how. With regard to the protection of freedom of information in the Internet, it may be useful to focus attention on the training of the subject as a journalist to identify who possess certain knowledge of the technique and deontology and, therefore, is able to act in a responsible manner contributing to public debate in constructive terms. Likewise, concepts such as the veracity of information, which may also have a new application in relation to advertising, or the prohibition of prior censorship must be reconsidered to their implementation in the digital environment, since it does not seem appropriate to renounce them in digital communications.

[eng] The objective of this thesis is to make a theoretical and empirical contribution, decoding the nature of productivity disparities across different economic actors, and providing reflections for policy advice. One of the main hypothesis is that efficiency-originated productivity gains vary largely among different economic units, as the degree of the economic impact will surely depend significantly on some characteristics of the agents under analysis (firms or regional economies). With a manifest purpose of making contributions which can enrich advice in public-policies, this thesis will focus particularly in most-disadvantaged economic units, intending to find out which circumstances can help them to converge to the most productive ones. In the first place, we present a model which incorporates capital accumulation and spatial spillovers across economies, while allowing for regional differences in absorptive capacity. This model is estimated using a sample of EU regions, over a period including the enlargement of the single-market area in the mid-2000´s. Results confirm the relevance of local absorptive capacity, that is directly linked with the process of making the most of externalities. Capital deepening reduced the role of capital in explaining the regional productivity gap, but was not enough to help lagging regions to equal the return to human capital investments reached by most advanced regions. In the second place, we analyze the incidence of broadband on regional productivity in Brazil, intending to find out if the economic impact is uniform across all territories of the country. The possibility of performing a regional approach, instead of the usual country-level analysis, means an opportunity to disentangle the economic impact of broadband at territories which share a common institutional and regulatory framework as are the regions inside a country. Results suggest that the impact of broadband on productivity is positive although not uniform across regions. On the one hand, it seems to depend on connection quality and network effects. Faster download speed and critical-mass accounting for network externalities in the region enhance the economic impact of broadband. On the other hand, higher productivity gains are estimated for the less developed regions. The fact that the less productive regions in Brazil seem to be benefiting more from broadband may suggest that it can constitute a factor favoring regional convergence in the country. Finally, we test three hypotheses regarding the link between internet and firm productivity: i) internet adoption and use constitute a source of productivity growth for firms in Latin America, ii) the intensity of its use also matters, and iii) the link between the new technologies and productivity levels is not uniform over the whole productivity distribution. The evidence found fills the gap of scarce and fragmented literature focused on Latin America, and is aligned with previous research for more developed regions which has generally recognized that Information and Communication Technologies have radically changed how modern business are conducted, benefitting firm performances through several channels, such as increasing the efficiency of internal processes, expanding market reach or increasing innovation. The findings suggest that low and medium productive firms benefit more from an expansion in internet adoption and use, in comparison with the most productive ones. If this evidence is supposed to reflect long-term effects, then public policies oriented to massify internet adoption and promote internet use intensively will surely contribute to reduce inequalities of enterprise's productivity levels, promoting a level playing field among Latin American firms, something especially relevant for the most unequal region of the world. ; [spa] El objetivo de esta tesis es hacer una contribución teórica y empírica, descifrando la naturaleza de las disparidades en productividad entre diferentes actores económicos y proporcionando reflexiones de política pública. Una de las principales hipótesis que se plantean en la tesis es que los aumentos de la productividad originados por mejoras en eficiencia varían considerablemente entre las diferentes unidades económicas (empresas o regiones), ya que el grado de impacto económico dependerá las características de los agentes analizados. Esta tesis se centrará especialmente en las unidades económicas más desfavorecidas, con la intención de estudiar qué circunstancias pueden ayudarlas a converger hacia las más productivas. En primer lugar, presentamos un modelo que incorpora la acumulación de capital y los efectos espaciales en la transmisión de tecnología, a la vez que permite las diferencias regionales en capacidades de absorción. Este modelo se estima utilizando una muestra de regiones de la Unión Europea, durante un período que incluye la ampliación de la zona del mercado único a mediados de los años 2000. Los resultados confirman la relevancia de la capacidad de absorción local, que está directamente vinculada al proceso de aprovechar al máximo las externalidades. La profundización del capital redujo el papel del capital para explicar la brecha de productividad regional, pero no fue suficiente para ayudar a las regiones rezagadas a igualar el retorno a las inversiones de capital humano alcanzadas por las regiones más avanzadas. En segundo lugar, analizamos la incidencia de la banda ancha sobre la productividad regional en Brasil, con la intención de estudiar si el impacto económico es uniforme en todos los territorios del país. La posibilidad de realizar un enfoque regional, en lugar del análisis habitual a nivel nacional, significa una oportunidad para descifrar el impacto económico de la banda ancha en los territorios que comparten un marco institucional y regulatorio común, como son las regiones dentro de un país. Los resultados sugieren que el impacto de la banda ancha en la productividad es positivo aunque no uniforme en todas las regiones. Por un lado, parece depender de la calidad de la conexión y de los efectos de red. Una velocidad de descarga más rápida y la existencia de una masa crítica de usuarios para generar externalidades de red aumentan el impacto económico de la banda ancha. Por otro lado, se pudo verificar que se producirán mayores aumentos de la productividad en las regiones menos desarrolladas. El hecho de que las regiones menos productivas de Brasil parezcan beneficiarse más de la banda ancha parece sugerir que dicha tecnología constituye un factor que favorece la convergencia regional en el país. Por último, probamos tres hipótesis sobre el vínculo entre Internet y la productividad a nivel empresarial: i) la adopción y el uso de Internet constituyen una fuente de crecimiento de la productividad para las empresas en América Latina, ii) la intensidad de su uso también es relevante y iii) el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en los niveles de productividad no es uniforme para todas las empresas. La evidencia encontrada completa la brecha de una escasa y fragmentada literatura para América Latina, y está alineada con lo esperado en torno a la relevancia de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación para transformar radicalmente cómo se conducen las empresas modernas, por ejemplo, aumentando la eficiencia de los procesos internos, ampliando el alcance del mercado o aumentando la actividad innovadora. Los hallazgos sugieren que las empresas menos productivas se benefician más de una expansión en la adopción y el uso de Internet, en comparación con las más productivas. Si se supone que esta evidencia refleja efectos a largo plazo, las políticas públicas orientadas a masificar la adopción y uso de Internet seguramente contribuirán a reducir las desigualdades en los niveles de productividad entre empresas, contribuyendo a reducir disparidades internas en América Latina, una de las regiones más desiguales del mundo.

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broadspectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Funding Agencies|Terry Fox Foundation Grant [TF-13-20]; UAEU Program for Advanced Research (UPAR) [31S118]; NIH [AR47901, R21CA188818, R15 CA137499-01, F32CA177139, P20RR016477, P20GM103434, R01CA170378, U54CA149145, U54CA143907, R01-HL107652, R01CA166348, R01GM071725, R01 CA109335-04A1, 109511R01CA151304CA168997 A11106131R03CA1711326 1P01AT003961RO1 CA100816P01AG034906 R01AG020642P01AG034906-01A1R01HL108006]; NIH NRSA Grant [F31CA154080]; NIH (NIAID) R01: Combination therapies for chronic HBV, liver disease, and cancer [AI076535]; Sky Foundation Inc. Michigan; University of Glasgow; Beatson Oncology Centre Fund; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII [PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028]; FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion [CTS-6844, CTS-1848]; Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia [PI-0135-2010, PI-0306-2012]; ISCIII [PIE13/0004]; FEDER funds; United Soybean Board; NIH NCCAM Grant [K01AT007324]; NIH NCI Grant [R33 CA161873-02]; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Graduate Studentship; Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, UK; West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission/Division of Science Research; National Institutes of Health; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) [IG10636, 15403]; GRACE Charity, UK; Breast Cancer Campaign, UK; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship; Connecticut State University; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Research Society; University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; CPRIT; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); Gilead and Shire Pharmaceuticals; NIH/NCI [1R01CA20009, 5R01CAl27258-05, R21CA184788, NIH P30 CA22453, NCI RO1 28704]; Scottish Governments Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division; National Research Foundation; United Arab Emirates University; Terry Fox Foundation; Novartis Pharmaceutical; Aveo Pharmaceutical; Roche; Bristol Myers Squibb; Bayer Pharmaceutical; Pfizer; Kyowa Kirin; NIH/NIAID Grant [A1076535]; Auckland Cancer Society; Cancer Society of New Zealand; NIH Public Service Grant from the National Cancer Institute [CA164095]; Medical Research Council CCU-Program Grant on cancer metabolism; EU Marie Curie Reintegration Grant [MC-CIG-303514]; Greek National funds through the Operational Program Educational and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program THALES [MIS 379346]; COST Action CM1201 `Biomimetic Radical Chemistry; Duke University Molecular Cancer Biology T32 Training Grant; National Sciences Engineering and Research Council Undergraduate Student Research Award in Canada; Charles University in Prague projects [UNCE 204015, PRVOUK P31/2012]; Czech Science Foundation projects [15-03834Y, P301/12/1686]; Czech Health Research Council AZV project [15-32432A]; Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic project [NT13663-3/2012]; National Institute of Aging [P30AG028716-01]; NIH/NCI training grants to Duke University [T32-CA059365-19, 5T32-CA059365]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [24590493]; Ministry of Health and Welfare [CCMP101-RD-031, CCMP102-RD-112]; Tzu-Chi University of Taiwan [61040055-10]; Svenska Sallskapet for Medicinsk Forskning; Cancer Research Wales; Albert Hung Foundation; Fong Family Foundation; Welsh Government A4B scheme; NIH NCI; University of Glasgow, Beatson Oncology Centre Fund, CRUK [C301/A14762]; NIH Intramural Research Program; National Science Foundation; American Cancer Society; National Cancer Center [NCC-1310430-2]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2005-0093837]; Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund Grant [80028595]; Lustgarten Fund Grant [90049125, NIHR21CA169757]; Alma Toorock Memorial for Cancer Research; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP), Republic of Korea [2011-0017639, 2011-0030001]; Ministry of Education of Taiwan [TMUTOP103005-4]; International Life Sciences Institute; United States Public Health Services Grants [NIH R01CA156776]; VA-BLR&D Merit Review Grant [5101-BX001517-02]; V Foundation; Pancreatic Cancer Action Network; Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Childrens Cancer Institute Australia; University Roma Tre; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC-Grant) [IG15221]; Carlos III Health Institute; Feder funds [AM: CP10/00539, PI13/02277]; Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE); Marie Curie CIG Grant [2012/712404]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Avon Foundation for Women [OBC-134038]; Canadian Institutes of Health [MSH-136647, MOP 64308]; Bayer Healthcare System G4T (Grants4Targets); NIH NIDDK; NIH NIAAA; Shire Pharmaceuticals; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Research Assistantship Award; Italian Ministry of University; University of Italy; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) [16SV5536K]; European Commission [FP7 259679 "IDEAL"]; Cinque per Mille dellIRPEF-Finanziamento della Ricerca Sanitaria; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) [278570]; AIRC [10216, 13837]; European Communitys Seventh Framework Program FP7 [311876]; Canadian Institute for Health Research [MOP114962, MOP125857]; Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante [22624]; Terry Fox Research Institute [1030]; FEDER; MICINN [SAF2012-32810]; Junta de Castilla y Leon [BIO/SA06/13]; ARIMMORA project [FP7-ENV-2011]; European Union; NIH NIDDK [K01DK077137, R03DK089130]; NIH NCI grants [R01CA131294, R21 CA155686]; Avon Foundation; Breast Cancer Research Foundation Grant [90047965]; National Institute of Health, NINDS Grant [K08NS083732]; AACR-National Brain Tumor Society Career Development Award for Translational Brain Tumor Research [13-20-23-SIEG]; Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India [SR/FT/LS-063/2008]; Yorkshire Cancer Research; Wellcome Trust, UK; Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance Project CAMPUS-QUARC, within program FESR Campania Region; National Cancer Institute [5P01CA073992]; IDEA Award from the Department of Defense [W81XWH-12-1-0515]; Huntsman Cancer Foundation; University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Pilot Research Grant [CTSI-2013-P03]; SEEDS You Choose Awards; DoD [W81XVVH-11-1-0272, W81XWH-13-1-0182]; Kimmel Translational Science Award [SKF-13-021]; ACS Scholar award [122688-RSG-12-196-01-TBG]; National Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Pew Charitable Trusts; American Diabetes Association; Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Oversea Scholars, State Education Ministry and Scientific and Technological Innovation Project, Harbin [2012RFLX5011]; United States National Institutes of Health [ES019458]; California Breast Cancer Research Program [17UB-8708]; National Institutes of Health through the RCMI-Center for Environmental Health [G1200MD007581]; NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Training Grant [T32HL098062]; European FP7-TuMIC [HEALTH-F2-2008-201662]; Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC) Grant IG [11963]; Regione Campania L.R:N.5; European National Funds [PON01-02388/1 2007-2013]