Suchergebnisse

Durch die Mitgliedschaft in UN, NATO und EU ergeben sich konzeptionelle Vorgaben für die Aufgabenfelder der Bundeswehr und Anforderungen hinsichtlich Struktur und Ausrüstung. Somit stellt sich hier die Frage, wie sich die deutschen Streitkräfte angesichts dieser konzeptionellen Vorgaben durch internationale Einbindung entwickeln sollen. Dabei ist grundsätzlich zu beachten, dass sich die Bundeswehr bei ihrer Reform an drei verschiedene Vorgaben dreier Organisationen orientieren muss. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird untersucht, ob diese konzeptionellen Vorgaben kongruent oder unterschiedlich sind - eine Frage, die im Wesentlichen von zwei Aspekten abhängt: (1) Werden den Streitkräften identische oder unterschiedliche Aufgaben in den einzelnen strategischen Konzepten zugewiesen? (2) Werden identische oder unterschiedliche Schlussfolgerungen für die Anforderungen an die Streitkräfte gezogen? Um dieses Geflecht an Vorgaben für die Streitkräfte der Mitgliedstaaten - und damit der Bundeswehr - zu entwirren, werden die einzelnen strategischen Überlegungen und Maßnahmenpakete analysiert. Grundthese ist dabei, dass die konzeptionellen Vorgaben überwiegend identische Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Aufgabe, Struktur und Ausrüstungspläne der Streitkräfte in den Mittelpunkt stellen. Folglich sind alle Konzepte eng miteinander verflochten. Vor dem Hintergrund finanzieller Beschränkungen und eines einheitlichen Streitkräftebestandes kann und will die Bundeswehr jedoch genauso wenig wie die anderen europäischen Bündnispartner das gesamte Spektrum an vorgegebenen Fähigkeitsanforderungen erfüllen, so dass auch zu fragen ist, welche Beiträge die Bundeswehr in diesem konzeptionellen Beziehungsgeflecht leisten kann bzw. leisten will. Dabei wird insbesondere von einer wesentlichen Rückwirkung der konzeptionellen Vorgaben für die Bundeswehr ausgegangen: der Abhängigkeit von einer notwendigen Abstimmung innerhalb und zwischen NATO und EU. (ICG2)

The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization held its 19th meeting in Montreal, Canada, from April 29 to May 22 and June 10 to 12, 1953. Nineteen of the twenty-one members of the Council attended the session. The Council made several decisions concerning ICAO's relations with other international organizations. After considering the president's report on discussions with the International Telecommunication Union on the subject of Class B messages, the Council approved a proposal sponsored by the United States that the president of the Council should be authorized to continue such consultations at his own discretion. A United Kingdom proposal that an interagency study committee be appointed was rejected. Concerning the invitation of the Council of Europe to ICAO to convene a conference on the coordination of European air transport, the Council of ICAO felt that the successful outcome of such a conference would be expedited if careful preparation were made before the conference was actually convened. It therefore proposed that the following steps be taken: 1) that Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom be invited to nominate representatives to a preparatory committee which would study the agenda and questions which might arise on the agenda of the proposed conference and report to the Council; 2) that the president of the Council ascertain whether the proposed action was acceptable to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, with the understanding that if ICAO accepted responsibility for convening the conference, the results of the conference would be made available to all ICAO members; and 3) that the Secretary-General of ICAO undertake the necessary preparatorywork for the conference should the other arrangements be concluded satisfactorily. The Council also approved a new text of arrangements for liaison between ICAO and the World Meteorological Organization. The recommendations of the Air Navigation Commission concerning the dates and locations of the second Air Navigation Conference, the fifth session of the COM Division and the fourth session of the MET Division were approved. The invitation of Spain that the second African Indian Ocean Regional Air Navigation Meeting be held at Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, was accepted by the Council, which set November 17, 1953, as the date on which the meeting would convene.

The importance of international politics in Niccolo Machiavelli's thought cannot be denied. Although the familiar ideas expressed in the 'Prince' and the 'Discourses' are obviously relevant, the 'Art of War', the 'History of Florence', the dispatches that he wrote during his diplomatic missions, several minor political writings, and the private letters contain a number of additional insights and observations that refine and enrich his views. This anthology gathers together for the first time all of Machiavelli's writing on international affairs

Case concerning the Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on December 23rd, 1906(Honduras v. Nicaragua): On July 1, 1958, Honduras filed an application instituting proceedings against Nicaragua concerning an arbitral award made by the King of Spain with regard to the demarcation of the limits between the two countries. According to Article 5 of the Bonilla-Gamez Treaty which determined the limits, certain points in dispute might, in certain circumstances, be referred to the decision of the government of Spain. Thus an arbitration was requested from the King of Spain in October 1904, and the award was made on December 23, 1906. The application stated that, when the time came to proceed to the delimitation, Nicaragua contended that the arbitral award was a nullity and that it was not possible to resolve the dispute by diplomatic means or through the mediation of friendly nations and governments. Under the resolution adopted by the Organization of American States on July 5, 1957, the governments of Honduras and Nicaragua concluded an agreement at Washington on July 21, 1957, by virtue of which their dispute should be referred to the International Court of Justice. In its application Honduras requested the Court to declare that Nicaragua's failure to give effect to the arbitral award of 1906 constituted a breach of an international obligation and that Nicaragua was under an obligation to carry out the award.

The tenth plenary meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee met at Lahore, Pakistan, from February 1 to 9, 1951. The meeting was attended by representatives of nineteen member governments and by observers from seven other governments and the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. An increased budget and work program for the 1951–1952 fiscal year was approved and the secretariat was instructed to continue publication of the "Monthly Review of the World Cotton Situation" and the "Quarterly Statistical Bulletin" as well as undertaking certain other projects. Members were requested to provide the secretariat with cotton statistics and to consider the possibility of "further practical measures for the improvement of their raw cotton price information." The secretariat was further requested, under the supervision of the Standing Committee, to continue its statistics and research on an international cotton agreement by preparing information on prices, production, exports, imports, consumption and stocks, and by consideration of the problem of the constitution of buffer stocks of cotton. The Standing Committee was requested to keep the balance of payments situation under review and to report to the eleventh plenary meeting in case of a serious deterioration. In connection with the cotton shortage, the meeting resolved to call the attention of the agencies concerned with technical and financial assistance, to the fact that the promotion of increased yields in cotton production in underdeveloped countries "would be very beneficial."

The second part of the eleventh session of the Council of ICAO was convened in Montreal on September 27, 1950. The government of Spain dispatched a delegation to Montreal to take part in the meetings and arrange for that government's entry into the International Civil Aviation Organization. The agenda included: 1) appointment of members to serve on the Air Navigation Commission, Air Transport Committee, the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services, and the Finance Committee; 2) the proposals of the Secretary-General, Dr. Albert Roper, for reorganization of the secretariat and the question of his successor for 1951; 3) the site for a permanent office for the far east and the Pacific; 4) schedules for meetings of the subordinate bodies of the organization for 1952; and 5) a preliminary scale of contributions for 1952. The work of the Air Navigation Commission was surveyed in the report of the commission on 1) "differences" from ICAO standards, 2) sites for AIR, OPS and COM division meetings, and 3) necessary changes in abbreviations and symbols. Special attention was given to the formulation of ICAO's position on charges for airline operated agency messages carried over the aeronautical network and a study of this problem was to be undertaken in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union. The Council also was to discuss the communication to the Universal Postal Union on air mail charges upon which the member governments had made comments.