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This book offers a decision making procedure to help managers in companies, non-profit organisations and public administration solve problems. It focuses on problem analysis, on developing solution options and on establishing the decision making matrix.

By definition, biosphere is the Earth's geological shell populated by living organisms. Therefore, the biosphere's origin and evolution is primarily a geological problem. At present geological problems are solved using methods of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. The multidisciplinary approach is a basis of this book. Life origin problems occupy the main part of the book. What is life, and can we understand its origin and evolution on the basis of laws of physics and chemistry? A number of works are dedicated to experimental study of the synthesis of organic compounds of the prebio

In present age of knowledge economy, professional education has gained unique importance. The post World War II developments in shape of unprecedented growth of trade and industry have caused proliferation of business education throughout world beside progress in other areas like engineering and medicine. Resultantly, business education achieved great value. The importance of business education has been further increased in developing economy like Pakistan, which has still long way to reach the status of developed economy. An overview of the growth of the business education in Pakistan has been presented in this study through highlighting its problems and future prospect. For this purpose, a non-systematic narrative review was carried out in such way that a thorough review of the existing literature on business education in Pakistan was done. It has been found that the roots of existing business education system in Pakistan lies in the educational system introduced by British in past. The present system of business education in Pakistan has gradually grown in past sixty four years, in such way that it has experienced a paradigm shift in 21st century, when the Government of Pakistan invested huge amount in education sector for development of country through knowledge and technology. It is still facing different inherited problems which are either from the institution or government side. There is a need of a more dynamic approach for full development the business education system in country through joint collaboration between society, business education institutions and government. Once such system will be developed then the requirements of business sector will be successfully fulfilled and country will get a strong base in commerce, trade and industry, which will ultimately develop the country as whole.

The development of information technologies in the modern world affects all spheres of human activity, including the sphere of military activities of states. The current level of development of military information technologies allows us to talk about a new fifth possible theatre of military operations, namely, cyberspace. The Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, developed in 2013 and updated in 2017 by experts from the NATO States, also confirms the likelihood of armed conflict in cyberspace. It is indisputable fact that cyber operations committed in the context of an armed conflict will be subject to the same rules of International Humanitarian Law that apply to such armed conflict. However, many cyber operations that can be classified as military operations may be committed in peacetime and are common cybercrimes. In such circumstances, it is imperative to distinguish between such cybercrimes and situations of armed conflict in cyberspace. Due to the fact, that there are only two types of armed conflict — international and non-international, this problem of differentiation raises the question of the typology of armed conflicts in relation to cyberspace. The main questions within the typology of cyber armed conflicts are: whether an international armed conflict can start solely as a result of a cyber-attack in the absence of the use of traditional armed force; and how to distinguish between ordinary criminal behaviour of individuals in cyberspace and non-international armed conflict in cyberspace? The purpose of this article is to provide answers to these urgent questions. The author analyses the following criteria that play a role in solving the above problems: criteria for assigning a cyber attack to a state and equating such a cyber-attack with an act of using armed force in a cyber armed conflict of an international character; and criteria for the organization of parties and the intensity of military actions in a non-international cyber armed conflict. Based on the results of this analysis, the author gives relevant suggestions for solving the above issues.

Not long ago the social-economic system, we have lived in, did not allow the possibility of enterpreneurship. Now all restrictions have been lifted. How did Ukrainian economy and Ukrainian system of higher education respond to this situation? Majority of large state industrial enterprises are in disastrous conditions. Main reasons are: a crisis of non-payment, an absence of circulating assets, non compatibility of production, lack of sale markets, managers' low qualification and others. The process of privatisation is running slowly, painfully and it often does not give the expected results. Enterprises of small and middle business, especially of industrial profile, do not yet up on feet and they do not play appreciable part in total volume of production. The economical situation in Zhytomyr region, one of the regions of Ukraine, is presented as an example. At the same time the best traditions of national higher education have been saved. On the beginning of the 1997/98 academic year the 1,5 millions of students was studying in different higher educational institutions, the 400 thousands of them - on the first course. In 1991 radical democratic steps were been taken in Ukrainian education. In the State Law "About Education" was legally secured (1) the possibility of existence the private educational establishments based on a non-state form of property and (2) the education being obtained not only by the state-budget expenses, but out of local budget expenses, budgets of ministries, certain enterprises or individuals. Now about 5 % of students are studying in non-state institutes and about 20 % of students of state institutes are studying on the basis of contracts between educational institutions and certain enterprises or individuals with full compensation of educational expenses. Some peculiarities of the Ukrainian system of higher education functioning under conditions of transition to market economy are to be considered on the example of Zhytomyr Institute of Engineering and Technology (ZIET), - state, - and Institute of Enterpreneurship and Modern Technologies, - private. Thanks to ZIET activities that in 1997 it had own financing over 70 % of its budget (in 1992 - only 3,6 %). Institution funding helped to stabilise it's financial state, lessened the dependence of the reduced amounts of state funding and the chronic delays that occur in receiving those funds. The basic problems of the higher education institutions at the present time are: ? Collapse of many enterprises creates difficulties for training and using the future engineers. ? Insolvency of many enterprises, delays in payment of wages and the growing poverty of the population having resulted in the financial bankruptcy and the appearance of huge debts before educational institutions. ? Absence of clients for scientific researches and elaboration. ? Limited international contacts. ? Resrticted financial possibilities and backwards of the telecommunication technical appliances that all make difficult for our absolute enter into the global informational space (Internet, Web Side and so on).

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Photos -- List of Tables -- About the Authors -- Part I: Introduction, Political Geography, Ethnic Groups and Religions -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Albania's Current "Catastrophes" and Their Geographical Relevance -- 1.1.1 What Do These Events Have to Do with Our Geographical Treatment? -- 1.2 General Geographical Features of Albania -- 1.2.1 Geographical Position, Neighboring Countries, Borders, and Size -- 1.2.1.1 Has Albania Made Good Use of Its Geographical Position for the Development of the Country? -- 1.2.2 Rich and Diverse Nature -- 1.2.3 Ancient History -- 1.2.4 The Political System -- 1.2.5 The Population -- 1.2.6 The Economy -- References -- 2: Historical and Political Geography -- 2.1 Early History of the Territories -- 2.1.1 The Albanian Territories from the Beginning of the Twelfth Century Until the Declaration of Independence -- 2.1.2 The Albanian Territories from the Declaration of Independence Until the Liberation of the Country -- 2.1.3 Administration of the Territory During the Communist Period and Until Today -- 2.2 Geopolitical Problems -- 2.2.1 The Geopolitical Role of Geographical Position -- 2.2.2 The Role of Natural Factors -- 2.2.3 The Role of Cultural Factors -- References -- 3: Ethnic Groups and Religions -- 3.1 Ethnic Composition of Albanian Population -- 3.2 Religions -- References -- Part II: Landscape of Albania -- 4: Geology -- 4.1 Geological Position of the Albanian Territory -- 4.2 Lithological and Structural Features of the Tectono-stratigrafic Units of Albanides -- 4.3 Magmatism in Albania -- 4.4 The Neotectonics Structure of Albania -- 4.5 Paleogeography -- 4.6 Seismicity of Albania -- 4.7 The Emergence of Man and His Role in the Environment -- 4.8 Mineral Resources -- References -- 5: The Relief.

This is a study of the public facilities to which mentally disordered offenders are committed or transferred so that they may be securely confined while simultaneously participating in programs designed for treatment of their mental disorders. The study focuses principally on the nature and characteristics of these facilities: their patient populations, staff, security conditions, treatment programs, and operational programs. We identified and surveyed 231 facilities. The information from the survey, legal research, and site visits to 11 programs has been integrated and used to address four major issues: the types of facilities mentally disordered offenders are institutionalized in for treatment of their mental disorders; the legal, diagnostic, and demographic characteristics of the residents of these facilities; the forms of treatment and levels of staffing available in these facilities; and the common problems faced by facility administrators with respect to facility management, treatment, and release decisions.

AbstractWith the worldwide popularity of online games, game addiction is a serious social issue. To address online game addiction problems and pursue the steady growth of the online gaming industry, we propose and evaluate two policies using a system dynamics approach: a self‐regulation policy and a tax and rebate policy. Through our analysis, we demonstrate that the tax and rebate policy can be a very effective policy measure. Contrary to the concern of most game companies, by implementing the tax and rebate policy while the total revenue of the online gaming industry increases slightly, the social image of gaming improves and the number of addicted game users decreases. This clearly demonstrates that restricting excessive use of games actually benefits online game companies as well as society in general, and that the system can be more efficiently implemented by the tax and rebate policy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

pt. I. Obstacles, difficulties and dust.--pt. II. A search for causes of poverty and the unequal distribution of wealth.--pt. III. Remedies for defective government, for faulty education, for social evils, for burdens of oppressive monopolies and inequitable taxes, and for unequal distribution and waste of wealth.--pt. IV. Aftermath: results and lessons of the campaign of 1892; the political outlook. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The one factor that is characteristic of these case illustrations is our acceptance of greater responsibility. It is quite clear that in our practice we have to begin to move out more firmly to certain clients. We accept the parent's right to make his own decision, but we question the wisdom of having him base it solely on his impulse to resist help and not include his wish to help his child. The community gives authority to the family agency. This is not the authority of the court or the protective agency, but the more subtle one that goes with professional skill and knowledge of the dynamics of human behavior. We are still, often, too hesitant about accepting a role that is essentially a preventive one. The limits imposed on us by the client's right to make his own decision about using help is a valid and essential part of the process. One could, however, pursue this idea to its ultimate end and maintain that a family has a right to pursue its own path to self-destruction. But when the lives of young children are affected, we cannot limit ourselves to such a passive role. To do so would mean that the problems of children are not our concern until the point of crisis and emergency has been reached, a development that we have encouraged by our passivity. There is a need for more concerted and aggressive efforts on our part so that we are more truly offering a preventive service to the community. A client's decision to use help will be influenced, we believe, by the degree of firmness and persistence with which we approach him. Furthermore, we need not fear that we shall force our help on the client too much, since this is a manifest impossibility anyway. A lack of conviction in offering service, as evidenced by our willingness to withdraw at the first rebuff, can only leave the parent more comfortable in continuing in an unhealthy situation. We need to be more aggressive in our approach, so that if we finally have to accept a client's refusal of our help, we are sure we have used, to the fullest extent, every available means to demonstrate our ability and desire to be of help to him.

The article identifies the main groups of factors that influence the development of tourism business. The analysis of the composition of factors and their influence on the development of tourism in Ukraine is done. It is proved that economic security of the real economy of Ukraine is significantly influenced by inbound and domestic tourism. The basic principles of sustainable tourism are found: sustainable use of natural resources that do not allow them to exhaust; reducing excessive consumption and waste; preservation of the natural, social and cultural diversity; careful planning, integrated approach, the integration of ecological tourism in plans of regional development; support of local economies; stakeholder and public consultations; training; responsible tourism marketing. It is proved that tourism in Ukraine is developing now and has great potential. It significantly affects these sectors: transport, trade, communications, construction, agriculture, consumer goods, and is one of the most promising areas of economic restructuring. Use the full tourism potential will allow our country to become one of the leading countries of the world. However, the development of the tourism industry is restrained with the problem. Its solution is the necessary legislative and executive branches to assist the creation of organizational, legal and economic basis of the formation of tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. It is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian tourist product, improve information and advertising software and remove administrative barriers. The development of tourism enterprises and organizations of Ukraine shall occur not only by creating viable legislation, but by careful relation towards the environment, namely nature, which is an important tourist resource and requires significant attention today. Strategic goal of tourist industry in Ukraine is determined. It is creating globally competitive tourism product, which can satisfy the needs of the tourist population, provide comprehensive development of territories and their social and economic interests on this basis while maintaining ecological balance, historical and cultural environment. Action program, which is focused on achieving this goal, has to be synchronized with the overall pace of establishing market mechanisms and correlate with the policy of structural reforms in the economy. It should also take into account the experience gained in the world of tourism, which creates favorable conditions for modifying and developing an appropriate regulatory basis of tourism. One of the key factors for successful development of tourism enterprises is implementing innovative technologies. The main reasons for the introduction of innovations in the service sector institutions are increasing competition and efforts to obtain competitive advantages in the market and maximize profits; increased consumer demand; providing enterprise prestige; quick solutions to problems that may arise in the enterprise; explore new researches and implementing in the production process to improve the performance of the company. It is noted that important and effective ways of targeted increase of products' quality and enterprises' service in tourism, their competitiveness in global and national markets include improving standardization and certification as a key instrument recording and providing a fixed level of quality. Thus, Ukraine has a great tourist potential and all conditions for the development of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism. Nevertheless, it is not used enough. However, analysis of the dynamics of the tourist market of Ukraine shows growth trends in the number of tourists.

Die heutigen Märkte unterliegen einer bisher noch nicht gekannten Dynamik, durch die sie immer komplexer und internationaler werden. Für die beteiligten Unternehmen folgt daraus, daß sie zunehmend reaktionsfähiger werden müssen, was u.a. Konsequenzen für ihre Organisationsformen bedeutet. Der Blick in die Zeitungen läßt zunehmend eine Tendenz dahingehend erkennen, daß die zentralistisch orientierten Strukturen zugunsten kleinerer Einheiten aufgeteilt werden, um sich so schneller dem Wandel der Märkte anpassen zu können. Für die Region Hannover können hierfür zwei Beispiele genannt werden: - die Preussen Elektra beabsichtigt unter dem Dach einer Holding fünf selbständige Gesellschaften zu gründen, die die bisherigen Aufgaben der Veba-Tochter übernehmen sollen. - bei Bahlsen sollen Teile der Verwaltung auf kompetente Dienstleister verlagert werden. Im Zusammenhang mit solchen Umstrukturierungen von Unternehmen wird immer wieder von 'Just-in-Time', 'Lean Production' oder 'Outsourcing' gesprochen. Es ist zu beobachten, daß bei der Ermittlung derjenigen Bereiche eines Unternehmens, deren Aufgaben von Dritten ausgeführt werden sollen, betriebswirtschaftliche Zielsetzungen im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen stehen. Dabei erfolgt eine grundsätzliche Unterscheidung in auslagerungsfähige und nicht-auslagerungsfähige Aufgabenbereiche. Anhand dieser Unterscheidung soll gezeigt werden, wann es sich für ein Unternehmen lohnt, Aktivitäten abzugeben und bei Bedarf von externen Anbietern zu beziehen. Die Bestimmung dieser Bereiche kann beispielsweise anhand von Transaktionskosten oder anderen Kennzahlen erfolgen. Diese Überlegungen werden inzwischen nicht nur auf die Bereiche der Produktion im Sinne einer Verringerung der Fertigungstiefe bezogen, sondern auch in der Dienstleistungsbranche ist Outsourcing schon seit langer Zeit ein Thema. In diesem Zusammenhang muß jedoch darauf hingewiesen werden, daß neben den betriebswirtschaftlichen Zielgrößen, die durch eine Outsourcing-Maßnahme erreicht werden sollen, auch zu beachten ist, daß Unternehmensveränderungen eng mit Fragen des Arbeitnehmerschutzes verbunden sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt daher auf, welche Fragen im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts bei der Durchführung von Outsourcing-Maßnahmen von Bedeutung sein können, wobei hier eine besondere Berücksichtigung des am 1.1.1995 in Kraft getretenen Umwandlungsgesetzes erfolgt. Im Rahmen des zweiten Kapitels werden dafür wesentliche Begriffe der vorliegenden Problemstellung näher betrachtet. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine kurze Darstellung des klassischen Betriebsübergangs nach § 613 a BGB. Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bildet das dritte Kapitel, da dort die unterschiedlichen arbeitsrechtlichen Fragestellungen beim Outsourcing behandelt werden. Hierbei wird das Kapitel dreigeteilt, in dem zunächst auf individualarbeitsrechtliche Fragen eingegangen wird, bevor im zweiten Bereich eine Untersuchung auf der betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Ebene erfolgt. Im letzten Abschnitt des dritten Kapitels werden schließlich die Folgen von Outsourcing-Maßnahmen für den Bereich der Unternehmensmitbestimmung aufgezeigt. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.Einleitung7 2.Grundlagen8 2.1.Allgemeine Aussagen zum Outsourcing8 2.1.1.Definition und Gründe des Outsourcing8 2.1.2.Mögliche Erscheinungsformen des Outsourcing10 2.2.Grundlagen zum Umwandlungsgesetz11 2.2.1.Entstehungsgeschichte und Ziele des Umwandlungsgesetzes11 2.2.2.Aufbau des Umwandlungsgesetzes13 2.2.3.Umwandlungsarten im Sinne des Gesetzes13 2.3.Rechtsfolgen des 'klassischen' Betriebsübergangs durch Einzelrechtsnachfolge gem. § 613 a BGB15 2.3.1.Ziel und Voraussetzungen der Rechtsnorm16 2.3.2.Die Rechtsprechungen des EuGH und BAG zum Betriebsübergang im Vergleich17 2.3.3.Rechtsfolgen eines Betriebsübergangs nach § 613 a BGB19 3.Arbeitsrechtliche Probleme bei Unternehmensveränderungen nach dem Umwandlungsgesetz20 3.1.Fragen auf der Ebene des Individualarbeitsrechts20 3.1.1.Übergang der Arbeitsverhältnisse20 3.1.1.1Anwendbarkeit von § 613 a Abs. 1 und 4 BGB21 3.1.1.2Abhängigkeit des Übergangs vom Willen der Arbeitnehmer23 3.1.1.3Zuordnung von Arbeitnehmern im Interessenausgleich nach § 323 Abs. 2 UmwG26 3.1.2.Inhaltsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse27 3.1.2.1Weitergeltung einzelvertraglich geregelter Rechte undPflichten28 3.1.2.2Weitergeltung der Rechte und Pflichten aus bestehenden Betriebsvereinbarungen29 3.1.2.3Weitergeltung der Rechte und Pflichten aus bestehenden Tarifverträgen32 3.1.3.Haftungsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse35 3.1.3.1Haftungsschutz bei Verschmelzungen nach §§ 22, 45 UmwG35 3.1.3.2Haftungsschutz bei Spaltungen nach §§ 133, 134 UmwG37 3.1.3.3Haftungsschutz bei Formwechsel41 3.1.4.Bestandsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse41 3.1.4.1Kündigungsverbot aufgrund einer Umwandlung nach § 613 a Abs. 4 BGB41 3.1.4.2Erhalt der kündigungsrechtlichen Stellung nach § 323 Abs. 1 UmwG43 3.1.4.3Gemeinsame Führung eines Betriebs nach § 322 Abs. 2 UmwG45 3.2.Fragen auf der Ebene der Betriebsverfassung48 3.2.1.Unterrichtung und Beteiligung des Betriebsrats48 3.2.1.1Unterrichtungspflichten nach dem Umwandlungsgesetz48 3.2.1.2Weitere Unterrichtungs- und Beteiligungspflichten nach dem Betriebsverfassungsgesetz53 3.2.1.3Unterrichtung des Betriebsrats bei Vorliegen einer Betriebsänderung nach § 111 BetrVG57 3.2.1.4Durchführung eines Interessenausgleichsverfahrens60 3.2.1.5Vereinbarung eines Sozialplans63 3.2.2.Übergangsmandat des Betriebsrats nach § 321 UmwG65 3.2.2.1Allgemeines zum Übergangsmandat66 3.2.2.2Sachlicher Anwendungsbereich der Regelung zum Übergangsmandat66 3.2.2.3Träger, Kompetenzen und Befristung des Übergangsmandates70 3.2.2.4Abgrenzung zum Restmandat71 3.2.3.Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs nach § 322 Abs. 1 UmwG72 3.2.3.1Bedeutung der Rechtsnorm und deren Zusammenhang mit der Rechtsprechung des BAG zum gemeinsamen Betrieb72 3.2.3.2Voraussetzungen der Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs73 3.2.3.3Folgen der Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs74 3.2.4.Vereinbarung der Fortgeltung von Rechten und Beteiligungsrechten des Betriebsrats nach § 325 Abs. 2 UmwG76 3.2.4.1Allgemeines zur Rechtsnorm76 3.2.4.2Voraussetzungen für die Fortgeltung von Rechten und Beteiligungsrechten des Betriebsrats für die Vereinbarung77 3.2.4.3Möglicher Inhalt einer Vereinbarung zur Fortgeltung78 3.2.4.4Formen der Vereinbarung zur Fortgeltung der Rechte und Beteiligungsrechte des Betriebsrats79 3.3.Fragen auf der Ebene der Unternehmensmitbestimmung81 3.3.1.Grundlagen zur Unternehmensmitbestimmung81 3.3.2.Beibehaltung der Unternehmensmitbestimmung nach § 325 Abs. 1 UmwG82 3.3.2.1Vorgeschichte und Inhalt der Rechtsnorm83 3.3.2.2Anwendungsbereich nach § 325 Abs. 1 S. 1 UmwG 84 3.3.2.3Ausschluß der Beibehaltung nach § 325 Abs. 1 S. 2 UmwG87 3.3.3.Fortgeltung der Amtsdauer bei Formwechsel nach § 203 UmwG87 4.Fazit und Ausblick89

Distinctive due to explicit and systematically developed links between international relations (IR) and related disciplines, this book addresses global and regional interactions and the complex policy problems that often characterise this agenda. Such enhanced communication is crucial for improving the capacity of IR to engage with concrete issues that today are of high policy relevance for international organisations, states, diplomats, mediators and humankind in general. Whilst the authors do not reject the present IR, they offer a wider research agenda with new directions intended not only for those IR scholars who are unsatisfied with the analytical power of the current discipline, but also for those working on 'international', 'foreign', 'global' or 'interregional' issues in other disciplines and fields of research. In this instance they pay particular attention to linking up with peace research, international political economy (IPE) and cultural political economy (CPE), sociology, political geography, development studies, linguistics, cultural studies, environmental studies and energy research, gender studies, and traditions of area studies

'General-equilibrium' refers to an analytical approach which looks at the economy as a complete system of inter-dependent components (industries, households, investors, governments, importers and exporters). 'Applied' means that the primary interest is in systems that can be used to provide quantitative analysis of economic policy problems in particular countries. Reflecting the authors' belief in the models as vehicles for practical policy analysis, a considerable amount of material on data and solution techniques as well as on theoretical structures has been included. The sequence of chapters follows what is seen as the historical development of the subject.The book is directed at graduate students and professional economists who may have an interest in constructing or applying general equilibrium models. The exercises and readings in the book provide a comprehensive introduction to applied general equilibrium modeling. To enable the reader to acquire hands-on experience with computer implementations of the models which are described in the book, a companion set of diskettes is available.