Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this volume is to present a snapshot of the state of the art of research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include spoken Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny, but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English enjoying the status of official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, but due to the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard language. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese variety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language, which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. This was recently recognised as Malta's third official language by an act of Parliament in 2016. While a volume such as the present one can hardly do justice to all aspects of a diverse and complex linguistic situation, even in a small community like that of Malta, our aim in editing this book was to shed light on the main strands of research being undertaken in the Maltese linguistic context. Six of the contributions in this book focus on Maltese and explore a broad range of topics including: historical changes in the Maltese sound system; syllabification strategies; the interaction of prosody and gesture; the constraints regulating /t/-insertion; the productivity of derivational suffixes; and raising phenomena. The study of Maltese English, especially with the purpose of establishing the defining characteristics of this variety of English, is a relatively new area of research. Three of the papers in this volume deal with Maltese English, which is explored from the different perspectives of rhythm, the syntax of nominal phrases, and lexical choice. The last contribution discusses the way in which ...

The purpose of this volume is to present a snapshot of the state of the art of research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include spoken Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny, but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English enjoying the status of official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, but due to the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard language. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese variety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language, which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. This was recently recognised as Malta's third official language by an act of Parliament in 2016. While a volume such as the present one can hardly do justice to all aspects of a diverse and complex linguistic situation, even in a small community like that of Malta, our aim in editing this book was to shed light on the main strands of research being undertaken in the Maltese linguistic context. Six of the contributions in this book focus on Maltese and explore a broad range of topics including: historical changes in the Maltese sound system; syllabification strategies; the interaction of prosody and gesture; the constraints regulating /t/-insertion; the productivity of derivational suffixes; and raising phenomena. The study of Maltese English, especially with the purpose of establishing the defining characteristics of this variety of English, is a relatively new area of research. Three of the papers in this volume deal with Maltese English, which is explored from the different perspectives of rhythm, the syntax of nominal phrases, and lexical choice. The last contribution discusses the way in which ...

The purpose of this volume is to present a snapshot of the state of the art of research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include spoken Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny, but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English enjoying the status of official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, but due to the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard language. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese variety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language, which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. This was recently recognised as Malta's third official language by an act of Parliament in 2016. While a volume such as the present one can hardly do justice to all aspects of a diverse and complex linguistic situation, even in a small community like that of Malta, our aim in editing this book was to shed light on the main strands of research being undertaken in the Maltese linguistic context. Six of the contributions in this book focus on Maltese and explore a broad range of topics including: historical changes in the Maltese sound system; syllabification strategies; the interaction of prosody and gesture; the constraints regulating /t/-insertion; the productivity of derivational suffixes; and raising phenomena. The study of Maltese English, especially with the purpose of establishing the defining characteristics of this variety of English, is a relatively new area of research. Three of the papers in this volume deal with Maltese English, which is explored from the different perspectives of rhythm, the syntax of nominal phrases, and lexical choice. The last contribution discusses the way in which ...

The purpose of this volume is to present a snapshot of the state of the art of research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include spoken Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny, but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English enjoying the status of official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, but due to the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard language. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese variety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language, which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. This was recently recognised as Malta's third official language by an act of Parliament in 2016. While a volume such as the present one can hardly do justice to all aspects of a diverse and complex linguistic situation, even in a small community like that of Malta, our aim in editing this book was to shed light on the main strands of research being undertaken in the Maltese linguistic context. Six of the contributions in this book focus on Maltese and explore a broad range of topics including: historical changes in the Maltese sound system; syllabification strategies; the interaction of prosody and gesture; the constraints regulating /t/-insertion; the productivity of derivational suffixes; and raising phenomena. The study of Maltese English, especially with the purpose of establishing the defining characteristics of this variety of English, is a relatively new area of research. Three of the papers in this volume deal with Maltese English, which is explored from the different perspectives of rhythm, the syntax of nominal phrases, and lexical choice. The last contribution discusses the way in which ...

Shakespeare's 154 sonnets have become the interest of several generations of Russian translators. Overall, after their first appearance in the middle of the nineteenth century, at least thirty-five Russian translations of the complete sonnet collection have been produced so far, though mostly during the last three decades. The overall objective of the present thesis is to examine the evolution of Russian translations of Shakespeare's sonnets over the years. The thesis is novel in that it offers an analysis of specific linguistic, literary and cultural challenges the numerous Russian translators have dealt with while translating the sonnets, as well as the strategies adopted in an effort to resolve them. In order to achieve the study objectives, several individual sonnets and a number of their Russian translations have been selected as a sample representing challenging areas that have been more closely investigated in four articles. The method of cross comparison has been applied throughout the study. Both the introductory part and the articles address certain problematic translation issues, such as the sonnets' formal structure, the pronouns of address, grammatical gender, bawdy language, sexual puns, culture-specific items, and metaphors. The results provide evidence for seeing translation as a multi-layered and ever-changing process, which, apart from the pure linguistic tasks, combines historical, political and ideological aspects. The findings of the study suggest that translation competence, namely deep understanding of the context and its fundamental cultural and social features, motivates the translator's interpretation of the contradictions and uncertainties of Shakespeare's poems. Those include the sonnets genre, relation to Shakespeare's biography, the order of the poems in the first 1609 Quarto. The analysis also identifies the ways in which the target language's social and historical context have had an impact on the choices made by the translators. On the whole, the study's results do not contradict Mikhail Gasparov's model describing the pendulum-like movement from "free" to "literal" approaches through the history of Russian literary translation.

Resumen: En los últimos tiempos, el panorama legal de España ha cambiado a base de enmiendas, nuevos proyectos de leyes, reglamentos, etc., lo que, sumado a un período de grandes modificaciones sociales en materia de trabajo, política, economía y migraciones, ha dado lugar a una nueva realidad que afecta a todo el conjunto de ciudadanos, y en especial, a la población extranjera no hispanohablante que reside en nuestro país. Hoy en día, vivimos en una sociedad multilingüe y multicultural en la que las comunidades de inmigrantes tienen que hacer frente a grandes diferencias durante su vida cotidiana, principalmente relacionadas con las barreras lingüísticas y culturales. El proceso de integración y de aprendizaje del idioma es lento y se puede prolongar durante bastante tiempo, período durante el cual estas personas tienen que realizar trámites burocráticos sin poseer los conocimientos lingüísticos y del sistema administrativo adecuados. Cuando estos obstáculos impiden la comunicación es necesario desarrollar soluciones que permitan el entendimiento entre las partes. En este punto aparece la figura del intérprete o mediador intercultural, que interviene para garantizar una comunicación efectiva.Abstract: In recent times, Spain's legal scenario has changed with amendments, new bills, regulations, etc. This new picture, along with a period of major social changes in labor, politics, economy and migrations has given rise to a new reality that affects the whole group of citizens, and especially the non-Spanish-speaking foreign population living in our country. Nowadays, we live in a multilingual and multicultural society in which immigrant communities have to cope with major differences during their daily lives, mainly related to linguistic and cultural barriers. The process of integration and language learning is slow and can be prolonged for a long time, during which these people have to perform bureaucratic procedures without adequate linguistic and administrative knowledge. When these obstacles hinder communication it is necessary to develop solutions allowing the understanding between the parties. The role of the intercultural interpreter or mediator then appears, who intervenes to guarantee an effective communication.

Report on the international conference The World through the Eyes of the Soul – The Soul in the Eyes of the World. Anthropological and linguistic images of the soul in an intercultural perspective, Warsaw, 15-17 October 2015The international interdisciplinary conference The World through the Eyes of the Soul – The Soul in the Eyes of the World. Anthropological and linguistic images of the soul in an intercultural perspective took place in Warsaw on 15–17 October 2015. The event was initiated by the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and organised in collaboration with the Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw, and the Slavic Foundation. The main idea of the event was to create a forum for discussion among specialists in various disciplines: anthropology, ethnography, philosophy, history of art, linguistics, cultural studies, literary studies, psychology, religious studies, theology, and sociology. Owing to its broad multi-cultural scope, the debate on the conceptualization of the soul across languages and cultures allowed for a variety of perspectives on the different experiences and conceptualizations of the non-material. Presented during the meeting were presented 81 papers (15 of them by young researches), by representatives of 16 foreign and 17 Polish research centres. Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej interdyscyplinarnej konferencji naukowej pt. Świat oczyma duszy – dusza w oczach świata. Antropologiczno-językowe wizerunki duszy w perspektywie międzykulturowej, która odbyła się w Warszawie 15–17 października 2015 roku Międzynarodowa interdyscyplinarna konferencja naukowa Świat oczyma duszy – dusza w oczach świata. Antropologiczno-językowe wizerunki duszy w perspektywie międzykulturowej, która odbyła się w Warszawie 15–17 października 2015 roku, została zorganizowana z inicjatywy Instytutu Slawistyki PAN przy współudziale Instytutu Orientalistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego przez Fundację Slawistyczną. Celem konferencji było ukazanie sposobu konceptualizacji i statusu duszy w różnych językach i kulturach oraz różnych perspektywach badawczych. Dyskutowali specjaliści z różnych dyscyplin naukowych: antropolodzy, etnografowie, religioznawcy, filozofowie, historycy, teologowie, socjologowie. Podczas spotkania przedstawiono 81 referatów (w tym 15 autorstwa młodych badaczy) z 16 zagranicznych i 17 polskich ośrodków naukowych.

В статье представлены результаты исследования паравербальной организации женского политического дискурса Испании, Латинской Америки и Украины, выполненного в программных пакетах PRAAT 5.0.43 и Sound Forge 9. 0 на материале публичных выступлений испаноязычных (Ева Перон, Кристина де Киршнер, Мануэла Кармена) и украиноязычных (Юлия Тимошенко, Ирина Фарион, Леся Оробец) женщин-политиков. В результате контрастивного аудиовизуального анализа определены аналогии и контрасты просодической и кинетической женской экспрессивности в политическом дискурсе испанской, латиноамериканской и украинской лингвокультур. ; У статті представлено результати дослідження паравербальної організації жіночого політичного дискурсу Іспанії, Латинської Америки та України, що виконано за допомогою програмних пакетів PRAAT 5.0.43 та Sound Forge 9.0 на матеріалі публічних промов іспаномовних (Єва Перон, Крістіна де Кіршнер, Мануела Кармена) та україномовних (Юлія Тимошенко, Леся Оробець, Ірина Фаріон) жінок-політиків. У перебігу контрастивного аудіовізуального аналізу визначено аналогії та контрасти просодичної та кінетичної жіночої експресивності у політичному дискурсі іспанської, латиноамериканської та української лінгвокультур. ; This paper aims at studying the paraverbal organization of female political discourse in Spain, Latin America and Ukraine based on public speeches delivered by female Spanish-speaking (Eva Peron, Cristina de Kirchner, Manuela Carmena) and Ukrainian-speaking (Yulia Timoshenko, Lesya Orobets, Irina Farion) public figures. The article summarizes theoretical approaches to the study of gender-specific female speech, lingual and prosodic features of Hispanic and Ukrainian female political discourse, and means of female expressiveness explicated in vocabulary, prosody, and co-speech gestures. Contrastive audio-visual processing using PRAAT 5.0.43 and Sound Forge 9.0 software revealed similarities and contrasts in prosodic and kinetic female expressiveness in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian political discourses. The study allowed validating the hypothesis that contrastive verbal and paraverbal (prosodic and kinetic) features of female political speech are typologically specific for Spanish and Ukrainian languages. On the other hand, the integral features of female speech in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian linguistic cultures are determined by the persuasive specifics of political discourse and are explicated in common rhetorical tools, discursive strategies and tactics used by women to achieve maximum impact on the audience in any linguistic culture of any genetic affinity.

In contemporary Europe, the problematic concept of the nation has been recuperated to fasten subjects to political space. Under the impact of globalization, marked by increasing rates of human mobility and concurrent security concerns, European Union states have begun to push for cohesive measures to reclaim their national sovereignty. Revised immigration laws and refugee policies are publicly supported, presumably to keep the nation safe. At the same time, European countries advocate for openness and permeable borders to attract foreign capital investment. In the national interior, Islamophobia and anti-immigrant sentiments have come to coexist with the outward dissemination of promotional images of a white Europe. With a focus on such explosive forms of racialization, I investigate how assertions of nationhood have been pushed into the center of public attention. My research suggests that European national borders are increasingly mapped out through the medium of language, thereby producing new mechanisms both for membership and exclusion. With a turn to German cultural politics, I examine how regimes of nationality and imaginaries of citizenship are forged by a racialization of the national language. Under the impact of global capitalism, the European Union, and German unification, ethnolinguistic signposts have emerged as a medium for reconstituting subjectivities and sovereignties. In a united Germany, I argue, national identity politics have become language politics, a terrain marked by a fear of linguistic estrangement and a popular preoccupation with preserving an authentic cultural interior. The nation is configured as a speech community of ethnic Germans. Based on long-term research in Germany, my ethnographic evidence derives from a diversity of political fields: the citizenship debates, immigration policies, German language reform, and the formation of German literary societies, which render visible the phantasm of language purity and the fear of linguistic difference. Through this article, my analysis reveals that national language politics in Europe are located on an imaginary landscape of intensely charged concepts: nation, nature, and race.

RÉSUMÉ. Motivé par la forte différenciation ethnico-linguistique d'un pays caractérisé par un profil sociolinguistique pléthorique et complexe du fait de ses 283 unités linguistiques, l'Etat camerounais opte au lendemain des indépendances pour une politique linguistique érigeant l'anglais et le français comme langues officielles. A ce titre, ces deux langues des anciennes puissances coloniales bénéficient de privilèges de premiers rangs, au détriment des langues nationales qui se contentent de statuts et fonctions secondaires. Le français en ce qui le concerne se retrouve ainsi sur un territoire où les diversités ethnique, géographique et culturelle détermineront ses modalités d'appropriation et d'expansion, et surtout les variations sociolinguistiques auxquelles il est soumis. Se pose alors la question du développement et du devenir de cette langue importée et le présent article vient apporter des éléments de réponse à ce sujet. Ainsi, le travail analysera à partir de l'approche variationniste, les usages du français camerounais qui évolue et s'enrichit chaque jour un peu plus de tournures morpho-syntaxiques, d'emprunts, de nouvelles graphies, de calques, de nouveaux sens, etc. Mots-clés: appropriation, diversité, français camerounais, statuts, variations.ABSTRACT. Motivated by the strong ethno-linguistic differentiation of a country with a bloated and complex sociolinguistic profile due to its 283 linguistic units, the Cameroon government after independence opted for a language policy erecting English and French as official languages. As such, the two languages of former colonial powers receive forefront of privileges at the expense of national languages which merely secondary status and functions. As well as it is concerned, the French language finds it self in a territory where ethnic, geographic and cultural diversities determine its terms of appropriation and expansion, especially sociolinguistic variations to which it is subjected. This raises the question of the development and the future of this imported language, and this article just provides answers to this. The variationist approach is the framework through which the Cameroonian French, that evolves and grows each day a little more through morphosyntactic turns, loans, new spellings, layers, new meanings, etc. is analyzed. Keywords: appropriation, Cameroon French, diversity, statutes changes.

The evolution of the theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding of essence of the ethnicity, character of the ethnos structure are critically analyzed in article. the changes in the number of ethnic and linguistic structure of the population as a whole in Ukraine and as in some regions are analyzed in the article. The centuries-old depedence on Moscow oppressor has led Ukrainian ethnos to particular qualitative state that was already noticed by the sociological discourse. One of the forms of this state is ethnomarginal subculture fixed in the structure of Ukrainian etnic superculture that are the consequences of postmoscowian syndrome. Other effects appears at a high level of linguistic assimilation (russification) of Ukrainians and ethnic groups, except the Russians, particularly in the cities of eastern and southern regions. It is found that the Ukraine gained independence, has led to new trends in changes of ethno languages population structure, compared with the previous Soviet era. Current trends in the integration process of global and national development increasingly actualize problems of interethnic relations in Ukraine, the consolidation of the nation, ethno-political consensus dictate the need for a balanced and democratic state ethnic policy. Sociological analysis of this etnosociocultural formation needs prior identification. Contemporary political conflict in Ukraine demands for the scientific approach to the definition, regulation and prediction of interethnic relations especially in its disfunctional dimension. The substance of spiritual values of the etnomarginal subculture is determined by its place in the structure of Ukrainian ethnic superculture. The contemporary conditions of interethnic relations are analyzed and the prospects of future researches are pointed out. The author focuses on methodological problems of subject's field. Keywords: ethnosociology, ethnomarginality, subculture. ; Багатовікова залежність від москвинських поневолювачів ввела український етнос в особливий якісний стан. Однією із форм виявлення цього стану є зафіксована у структурі української етнічної суперкультури етномаргінальна субкультура. Соціологічний аналіз функцій цього етносоціокультурного утворення потребує по¬переднього виявлення змісту ціннісних орієнтацій названої субкультури. Зміст ду¬ховних цінностей етномаргінальної субкультури визначається її місцем у структурі української етнічної суперкультури. Ключові слова: етносоціологія, етномаргінальність, субкультура.

В статье представлены результаты исследования паравербальной организации женского политического дискурса Испании, Латинской Америки и Украины, выполненного в программных пакетах PRAAT 5.0.43 и Sound Forge 9. 0 на материале публичных выступлений испаноязычных (Ева Перон, Кристина де Киршнер, Мануэла Кармена) и украиноязычных (Юлия Тимошенко, Ирина Фарион, Леся Оробец) женщин-политиков. В результате контрастивного аудиовизуального анализа определены аналогии и контрасты просодической и кинетической женской экспрессивности в политическом дискурсе испанской, латиноамериканской и украинской лингвокультур. ; У статті представлено результати дослідження паравербальної організації жіночого політичного дискурсу Іспанії, Латинської Америки та України, що виконано за допомогою програмних пакетів PRAAT 5.0.43 та Sound Forge 9.0 на матеріалі публічних промов іспаномовних (Єва Перон, Крістіна де Кіршнер, Мануела Кармена) та україномовних (Юлія Тимошенко, Леся Оробець, Ірина Фаріон) жінок-політиків. У перебігу контрастивного аудіовізуального аналізу визначено аналогії та контрасти просодичної та кінетичної жіночої експресивності у політичному дискурсі іспанської, латиноамериканської та української лінгвокультур. ; This paper aims at studying the paraverbal organization of female political discourse in Spain, Latin America and Ukraine based on public speeches delivered by female Spanish-speaking (Eva Peron, Cristina de Kirchner, Manuela Carmena) and Ukrainian-speaking (Yulia Timoshenko, Lesya Orobets, Irina Farion) public figures. The article summarizes theoretical approaches to the study of gender-specific female speech, lingual and prosodic features of Hispanic and Ukrainian female political discourse, and means of female expressiveness explicated in vocabulary, prosody, and co-speech gestures. Contrastive audio-visual processing using PRAAT 5.0.43 and Sound Forge 9.0 software revealed similarities and contrasts in prosodic and kinetic female expressiveness in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian political discourses. The study allowed validating the hypothesis that contrastive verbal and paraverbal (prosodic and kinetic) features of female political speech are typologically specific for Spanish and Ukrainian languages. On the other hand, the integral features of female speech in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian linguistic cultures are determined by the persuasive specifics of political discourse and are explicated in common rhetorical tools, discursive strategies and tactics used by women to achieve maximum impact on the audience in any linguistic culture of any genetic affinity.

Renewal of Islamic law in the form of family law legislation began in 1917 with the passing of the Ottoman Law of Family Rights by the Government of Turkey. Family law reform in Turkey was a milestone in the history of family law reform in the Islamic world and has a great influence on the development of family law in other countries. Muhammad Shahrur is one of the contemporary Islamic legal thinkers who did the understanding of Islamic law by way of hermeneutics. One popular method is the analysis of linguistic semantics, and application of modern exact sciences. according Shahrur, marriage principles in the Qur'an are monogamous. While the letter an-Nisa 'verse 3 is often used as the basis of legislation of polygamy actually talking about guardianship of orphans. Therefore, according to the terms Shahrur allowed polygamy (1) wife of second, third, and fourth are widows who have children orphaned, and (2) there must be a sense of worry can not do justice to the orphans. As well as engagement in the Turkish Civil Code of 1926 and arranged in chapters 82-87 in The Cyprus Turkish Family Law of 1951 stipulated in Article 4-5. Turkish family law encourages courts to not hold a special agreement before the marriage, that is to say, if there is a cancellation of the wedding, then judged based on state laws (depending on the law, not a specific agreement between the person who is engaged). If the engagement party is already done, and it turns out the marriage covenant void, then the parties considered responsible for the cancellation of any obligation to pay compensation in the form of changing the party who has incurred costs.This study will discuss the history of the Turkish family law reforms and the factors that influence since Ottoman times to become the Republic of Turkey was formed, explains the elements of a Turkish family law reform, and then associate one element of a Turkish family law reforms (polygamy) with analytical thinking Shahrur linguistic semantics.

En este artículo analizo el papel que desempeña el español en Belice, una nación situada en Centroamérica. Demuestro que a pesar del predominio demográfico que tiene en dicho país, el español cumple parajódicamente algunas funciones indexicales cuyo origen radica en ideologías y condiciones sociales, lingüísticas y políticas que influyen en las actitudes hacia la lengua y la elección lingüística, además de construir el español como lengua "extranjera". El español está vinculado indexicalmente a varios grupos sociales con distinto estatus social dentro de Belice, por lo que ejerce al mismo tiempo diferentes funciones simbólicas. Pese a la extensión de la que goza el uso del español, el hecho de que existan actitudes negativas hacia la lengua conduce a que el español se encuentre parcialmente ausente del ámbito público y sea invisible a la percepción individual. Los datos que empleo para sustentar mis afirmaciones han sido recogidos enun trabajo de campo de tipo etnográfico-lingüístico realizado en un pequeño pueblo beliceño. El material observacional del estudio se complementa con anotaciones resultantes de la observación de los informantes, así como con un análisis cuantitativo de las actitudes hacia las distintas lenguas y un análisis cualitativo de las entrevistas llevadas a cabo in situ. ; In this article, I discuss the role of Spanish in the Central American nation of Belize. I show partly paradoxical indexical functions of Spanish in Belize that have their roots in social, linguistic and political conditions and ideologies, which impact on language attitudes and language choice, and on the construction of Spanish as a 'foreign' language, despite its demographic dominance. Spanish is indexically linked to various social groups of different social standing within Belize and therefore has different symbolic functions at the same time. Despite the widespread use of Spanish, negative attitudes towards the language lead to Spanish being partly invisible in public discourses and individual perceptions. The data I use to support my claims has been collected in a linguistic ethnographic field study in a small Belizean village, in which observational material, field notes from participant observation, quantitative study of language attitudes and qualitative interviews supplement each other.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению особенностей переключения языковых кодов русского и мордовского (эрзянского) языков в различных возрастных группах. Основная задача исследования состоит в том, чтобы выяснить, находятся ли друг с другом в современной мордовской деревне такие языковые коды, как эрзянский язык и русский язык, в отношениях функциональной дополнительности относительно возраста носителей этих языков. Объектом данного исследования стали представители старшего поколения одной мордовской (эрзянской) деревни. Выводы делаются на основе анализа анкет, предложенных ста респондентам, которые практически составляют все население некогда большого села. Выясняется, что выбор языка в различных возрастных группах в свою очередь зависит от воздействия экстралингвистических, лингвокультурологических факторов, прежде всего от различий сферы общения (официальная обстановка, домашний обиход, производство, родственные связи и т.д.). В ситуациях пассивного общения (обращение к СМИ, чтение книг) во всех возрастных группах функциональность русского языка несколько увеличивается, а в случаях активного общения (в быту, на работе, с представителями государственных структур) роль русского языка сводится к минимуму и соответственно главным средством коммуникации становится родной язык. ; The article is fully devoted to the problem of the switch codes of Russian and Mordovian (Erzya) languages in various age groups. The main task of the research is to find out whether Erzya and Mordovian languages in a modern village are in functional additionality in regard to the age of the native speakers. The study object is the representatives of the older generation one of the Mordovian (Erzya) village. Conclusions are made in virtue of the questionnaire done by a hundred of respondents who are the total population of a formerly big village. It is found out that the choice of the language in various age groups depends upon the influence of the extra-linguistic and cultural linguistic factors, primarily upon the differences in the sphere of communication (formal setting, household, production, family ties). The usage of Russian language is on the rise in all age groups in the situations of passive communication (an appeal to the mass media, reading books). But in the cases of active communication (in household, at work, with the representatives of government institutions) Russian language recedes and mother tongue language becomes correspondingly the main means of communication.