Suchergebnisse

Case concerning the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria): On October 16, 1957, Israel filed an application instituting proceedings against the People's Republic of Bulgaria regarding an aerial incident which occurred on July 27, 1955. The application recalled that on that date an aircraft belonging to an Israeli airline company was shot down on Bulgarian territory by the Bulgarian Security Forces, fifty-one passengers and seven crew members being killed. The government of Israel requested the Court to declare Bulgarian responsibility under international law for the damage caused and to determine the amount of compensation.

Treatment in Hungary of Aircraft and Crew of United States of America: On March 3, 1954, the United States filed with the Registry of the International Court of Justice Applications dated February 16, 1954, instituting proceedings against the governments of Hungary and the Soviet Union in the matter of the treatment in Hungary of aircraft and crew of the United States. In two orders of July 12, 1954, the Court removed the cases from its list, since neither Hungary nor the Soviet Union had accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in the matter.

The twenty-second annual report of the Bank for International Settlements, covering the period from April 1, 1951, to March 31, 1952, was made public in June 1952. The report noted that in the first half of 1950, immediately prior to the outbreak of fighting in Korea, a real approach had been made throughout the world toward economic balance; the equilibrium had not, however, been too secure. The effects of the double impact of Korea and the rearmaments efforts of the west, with accompanying increases in imports and rise in prices of raw materials, had finally been arrested only in early 1951.

Although closely bound to the League of Nations, the ILO did not go out of existence with its dissolution, but continued functioning as an independent agency during the war, despite the League's breakdown. During the past year, the ILO-United Nations agreement was signed, the ILO thus becoming the oldest of the "specialized" intergovernmental agencies to be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Other activities of the ILO during 1946 included the 29th International Labor Conference, a Maritime Conference, an American States Regional Conference, and the first meetings of four newly created Industrial Committees.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; We develop a new theoretical framework of trade agreement (TA) formation, called a 'parallel contest', that emphasizes the political fight over TA ratification within countries. TA ratification is inherently uncertain in each country, where anti- and pro-trade interest groups contest each other to influence their own governments' ratification decision. Unlike prior literature, the protection embodied in negotiated TA tariffs reflects a balance between the liberalizing force of lobbying and inherently protectionist government preferences. Moreover, new international political externalities emerge that are not internalized by governments that just internalize terms of trade externalities.

In dem Beitrag werden die internationalen Dimensionen des innerdeutschen Handels unter sicherheitspolitischen Aspekten behandelt. Bereits in den fünfziger Jahren hat sich angedeutet, daß der Sonderstatus des innerdeutschen Handels ein internationaler "Störfaktor" sein kann. Es wird gezeigt, daß Bonn sich daher sehr früh bemüht hat, diesen Sonderstatus des innerdeutschen Handels vertraglich abzusichern, so etwa im Rahmen der EWG-Verträge durch ein "Protokoll über den innerdeutschen Handel und die damit zusammenhängenden Fragen". Damit waren jedoch die sicherheitspolitischen Probleme keineswegs gelöst, denn die Besonderheiten des innerdeutschen Handels haben immer wieder zahlreiche Möglichkeiten geboten, die COCOM-Kontrollen zu unterlaufen. Hier haben vor allem die USA wiederholt sicherheitspolitische Risiken konstatiert. Dabei wird deutlich, daß es sich für Bonn generell als schwierig erwiesen hat, Deutschlandpolitik und Ostpolitik mit Westpolitik und Bündnispolitik auszubalancieren. Entsprechend stellt sich für die DDR in außenwirtschaftlicher Perspektive das Problem, die innerdeutschen Handelsbeziehungen mit den Wirtschaftsbeziehungen der DDR zu den osteuropäischen und südeuropäischen Staaten in Einklang zu bringen. (ICA)

International lawyers have traditionally been interested in public power, i.e. ability to influence substantive outcomes across national borders through state coercion or threat thereof. They have been (and continue to be) engaged in debates about ways in which that type of power can be limited or, at the very least, made accountable. More recently international lawyers have also developed an interest in private power, i.e. ability to influence substantive outcomes across national borders without the use of state coercion or threat thereof. This paper explains how accountability for exercise of private power is achieved using the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) as an example. ISDA's accountability consists of a combination of procedural Global Administrative Law-like standards applicable to ISDA itself as well as legislative, regulatory and judicial recognition of the market conventions developed by ISDA. This model of accountability makes ISDA responsive to both cosmopolitan and national constituencies.

Analyses and justifies the need for information systems examining a
number of applications from the marketplace. The logistics pipeline has
become global in character and has become more complex too. Success in
such a logistics network, as demonstrated by leading edge companies,
involves close co‐ordination across various functions, countries and
cultures. Experts have predicted the widespread use of logistics
information systems. Suggests a framework for an international logistics
information system (ILIS) for a global company.