Suchergebnisse

AbstractPakistan is a country already facing water shortages for urban as well as rural water uses. A number of comprehensive water sector reports, a climate change policy, and a national water policy exist, but implementation remains limited due to financial, political, and institutional challenges. The Indus river basin water system is the backbone of the water security in Pakistan and is suffering structural and nonstructural issues of adequate water storage, timely water conveyance, efficient water distribution, and appropriate consumptive use challenges. Inspirational integrated approaches such as integrated water resources management could not be implemented due to national and provincial mandates on the management of surface and ground waters and associated equitable distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders. This paper presents an overview of the challenges and possible policy options through a diagnostic water balance analysis considering population, cropping patterns, system efficiencies, and storage options.

ABSTRACTThis paper examines educational inequality in nine Latin American countries at the sub-country level from the 1950s to the 1990s. Educational inequality is measured by the difference in schooling years between the taller and the shorter half of the female population. Schooling years significantly increased across birth cohorts, especially before the 1980s, regardless of socio-economic stratum, region or country. However, educational inequality persisted. This finding reflects the achievement of the import substitution industrialisation era in educational development and its failure in mitigating the unequal distribution of education rooted in Latin America's social structure. Trade liberalisation and educational expansion are found to reduce educational inequality in capital and urban regions, whereas democracy and tax reform increased it. By contrast, educational inequality in rural regions was hardly influenced by policy changes. This finding urges future explorations into whether the persistence of educational inequality in rural regions is due to endemic social structure.

AbstractRecent political debate over transgender military service and gendered bathroom use highlights a dramatic increase in salience over transgender issues in the US. In this essay, we examine a potential new front in the culture wars by reviewing recent empirical research in social science on the politics of transgender rights in the context of morality politics. Research on morality politics has often focused on LGBT rights, with an emphasis on gay and lesbian rights and little attention to transgender issues. We highlight the progress of research on transgender issues in the US, focusing on the study of attitudes about transgender people and rights, transgender rights in states and localities, and broader findings affecting transgender populations. Although there is ample research still needed, the current state of empirical social science on transgender issues has made great advancements in the past decade and shows that morality continues to shape LGBT politics and policy.

AbstractThe issue of gender studies in general and women's political leadership is increasingly gaining impetus in scientific discourse in Cameroon in general and in the north region in particular. Despite comprising of more than half the north region population, Women are more active in politics as voters and helpers for activities related to politics, and specifically political leadership in the north region of Cameroon. They perform the majority of campaign activities linked to mobilisations. Yet across the north region, women face an array of barriers to achieving their full potential in political leadership, from restrictive cultural practices to discriminatory traditional laws and highly segmented familial division of labour. This paper addresses the various social and cultural barriers that drag women backward as far as political leadership and decision making are concerned. From the onset of democracy in Cameroon, cultural barriers, social and religious cumbersome limits women's entry in political leadership.

AbstractResilient water supplies in England need to be secured in the face of challenges of population growth, climate change and environmental sustainability. We propose a blueprint for water resources planning that uses system simulation modelling to estimate the frequency, duration and severity of water shortages at present and in the context of future plans and scenarios. We use multiobjective optimisation tools to explore trade‐offs between these risk metrics and cost of alternative plans, and we use sensitivity analysis to identify plans that robustly achieve targets for tolerable risk, alongside other performance objectives. The results of a case study in the Thames basin demonstrate that the proposed methodology is feasible given commonly available data sets and models. The proposed method provides evidence with which to develop water resource management plans that demonstrably balance the risks of water shortages, costs to water users and environmental constraints in an uncertain future.

This article is an overview study of the international humanitarian response to the refugee crisis between 1915 and 1930 when Syria, and particularly the city of Aleppo, became home to tens of thousands of Armenian refugee survivors forcibly deported during the genocidal program implemented and carried out against the Ottoman Armenians by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) government in Constantinople. The objective of this article is threefold: the first is to determine the policies of the various governments of Syria between 1915 and 1930 towards the Armenian refugee population; the second is to examine the humanitarian efforts of international bodies, such as the League of Nations, the International Red Cross and the Near East Relief Society, to provide assistance to refugees; and the third is to identify the strategies refugees employed to ensure survival and to try to rebuild familial and communal ties.

La présente réflexion a pour objectif d'analyser les représentations qu'ont les acteurs – voyageurs et populations – du terrorisme et son impact sur l'essor touristique marocain, et, au-delà, sur les projets d'aménagement d'espaces touristiques de grande envergure du fait de stratégies sectorielles engagées depuis plusieurs années. Le Maroc offre un bon exemple de stabilité politique et sociale. C'est un territoire ouvert au tourisme qui a vu, pendant longtemps, sa stratégie politique nationale inclure le tourisme comme secteur prioritaire essentiel à son progrès socio-économique. Cependant, la réussite de son développement reste toujours un « éternel espoir » malgré les nombreux plans de développement mis en place depuis les années 1960. Comment justifier un tel bilan ? Quelles sont les perspectives d'avenir du secteur du tourisme marocain dans un monde perturbé par le terrorisme dit « islamiste » dont l'action prend de l'ampleur dans le temps et dans l'espace ?

In 2011, South Carolina passed a government-issued photo identification (ID) statute. We examine the effects of this law on overall turnout, as well as for minority turnout in particular. A series of difference-in-difference tests are specified using individual-level population data on registrants with and without ID, comparing the 2010 (pre-implementation) and 2014 (post-implementation) election cycles. The results of our analysis indicate that the voter ID statute did dampen overall turnout. These findings comport with recent scholarship which has found evidence that voter ID laws can lower turnout rates. The size of the effect, however, is quite diminutive. We estimate that initial implementation of the South Carolina statute decreased turnout in the 2014 general election by 0.19 percent. In addition, the evidence gathered on the question of racial effects indicates that there is no discernible racial impact from the state's voter ID law.

School climate indicates three key dimensions of the school i.e. physical, academic and social climate. All three dimensions in the Pakistani school context were focused and examined. The key objectives of the study were to assess the Schools physical, social and academic climate and study its impact on students learning also to recommend remedial measures for improvement of school climate. Schools Principals were the population of the study selected through random sampling technique from Abbottabad, Charsadda, Kohat, Mardan, Nowshera, and Peshawar districts. The data was collected through questionnaires developed on five points Likert scale from the Principals and teachers. A total of 395 Secondary Schools schools were selected. Regression test used for data analysis. The study identified that school climate plays an important role in enhancing their achievement in academics. It proved that the school environment has a direct impact on the learning and teaching process.

This study explores the effect of differentiated teaching method vs. traditional teaching method on students' learning at 'A' level. It is an experimental research, conducted in Aitchison College. By applying simple random sampling technique, 70 students are selected as a sample from the population. Pre-test and post-test are conducted for data collection. Research investigates, how differentiated method of teaching effects learners' academic achievement. The retention level of the students who are taught via differentiated teaching and traditional teaching method is. After conducting a posttest, data is analyzed with pair-sample and independent sample t-test by using SPSS. Analysis shows that the students taught via differentiated teaching have more power of retention than the students taught via traditional teaching methods. The control group perform up to application level while experimental group perform up to evaluation level of cognitive domain.

Across the OECD countries, there is a growing consensus in favour of targeting active labour market policies (ALMP) on the disadvantaged unemployed and persons outside the labour force to increase their employment prospects. Despite increased efforts, little is known about what works for getting persons with physical, mental, and social problems into employment. Using difference-in-differences regressions and propensity score matching on longitudinal population register data from Denmark, we investigate the effects of investment in public employment services for disadvantaged social assistance recipients, where social worker caseloads have been severely reduced and active employment measures for the target group have intensified. We find significant and robust positive effects of intervention on subsequent employment outcomes for disadvantaged, hard-to-employ social assistance recipients, suggesting the need for an increased focus on this target group in future research and in the design and implementation of ALMPs.

Facing fragmented institutions and partisan polarization, officials in the United States often attempt to engineer policy change without assembling new legislative majorities. To this end, they have increasingly employed demonstration projects, policy innovations undertaken by administrative agencies designed to test alternative approaches to implementation or service delivery on a limited segment of the target population and for a limited period of time. Despite the increasing importance of demonstration projects, they are an undertheorized source of policy change. In this article, we conceptualize demonstration projects as part of a class of experimental institutions that, while incremental in scope, have the potential to 'scale up' into more substantial reforms. Data from three Medicare demonstrations suggest that policy change is more likely when programmes generate strong support constituencies; minimize administrative and infrastructural costs; are undertaken in contexts with few veto points; and align with the time horizons of elected officials.

Extension outreach professionals are searching for new methods to target the growing population of Latino students. Oklahoma State University faculty in the Animal Science department and the 4-H Youth Development program partnered to sponsor a 4-H STEM Institute designed to promote science, technology, engineering, and math to Latino students in the Unidos Se Puede program. The STEM Institute was designed to introduce the Latino youth to college life and STEM based career opportunities. The program was evaluated utilizing the 4-H Common Measures Science instruments. The results indicate a positive impact on the youth's perception of STEM as a career option. The students increase in self-efficacy predicts the students will increase their persistence in the subjects of science and math (Simpkins, Davis-Kean, & Eccles, 2006). Increased persistence in science and math leads to increased success in post secondary STEM studies and occupations.

Although local governments are well poised to address complex environmental policy problems, balancing local and supra-local politics is a key obstacle to overcome. The authors argue that when making policy choices, local policymakers balance local and supra-local influences by exploiting uncertainty in policy goals and associated target populations. Using probit models and survey data of city and county agencies, the authors examine how local and supra-local politics influence local policy choices. Four scenarios are identified: (a) pollution prevention and regional cooperation initiatives affected by local politics, (b) outreach initiatives affected by supra-local politics, (c) transportation alternative initiatives affected by both local and supra-local politics, and (d) energy alternatives and smart growth initiatives affected by interactions between local and supra-local politics. The conclusions suggest ambiguity frames environmental policies, which is to local policymakers' advantage when balancing contentious multilevel politics.

Increasingly, researchers call for closer examinations of Asian Americans to counter the false, yet widely held, assumption that collectively all Asian Americans are academically successful and have similar higher education experiences. Filipinx American college students are one of the fastest growing student populations of Asian Americans in higher education. As their enrollment numbers increase, it is even more imperative to recognize how the needs of Filipinx American students as a disaggregated group, differ from other Asian American students and understand the factors that contribute to Filipinx American postsecondary success. This article focuses directly upon Filipinx American students. It explores the various higher education engagement challenges, provides a theoretical framework to better understand the Filipinx American postsecondary student experience, and offers four important institutional engagement strategies to nurture educational attainment and success.