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Politicians and national policy makers seek to encourage individuals to engage in a wide range of pro environmental practices to address both discrete environmental problems and major global challenges such as climate change. Theoretically, the field of behavioural management in environmental consumption which seeks to change holarchic open human systems, is much contested. This paper proposes to develop a synthesized conceptual framework embracing a unified approach that addresses the systematic, structural, and institutional perspectives on how consumption, through public policy initiatives, can be developed and changed to reflect a deeper ecological foundation. This approach considers the debate regarding policy and behavioural change; as policies needed to enact large-scale change can often be seen as politically charged. The paper, in exploring the literature regarding the values that influence sustainable consumption behaviour in society, seeks to define the interplay of societal paradigms with regard to their influence on an individual"s motivations. The aim of this paper is to add to the debate on political governance in the context of enhancing sustainability in complex adaptive social systems, and guiding the development of sustainable consumption policy towards a new environmental paradigm.

While research has demonstrated the effectiveness of deliberative practices applied to mini-publics, the extent to which these smaller, specialized communities of deliberation can be scaled-up or reflect national level practices of governance is in doubt. This gap in research is critical in today's age with the rise of global authoritarian politics coming at the hand of populist national parties. In this essay, we call on deliberative democracy scholars to examine the larger societal forces inhibiting deliberative practices by focusing on the changes in society which lead to the adoption and success of authoritarian policies and messaging strategies globally. In doing so, we take a macro view to explain how and why authoritarian practices are spreading transnationally by first, briefly explaining the differences between authoritarian and deliberative practices before developing a model of authoritarian communication technique based on Ellul's (1973) work on propaganda. We then apply this model to three case studies showing the modern evolution and spread of authoritarianism from nations such as China and Russia and the subsequent adoption of these techniques within the US. Finally, we suggest interventions designed to stem the tide of global authoritarianism.

The Innovative Medicines Initiative is a public–private partnership between the European Union and the pharmaceuticals industry that was established in 2008, with an overall budget of €5.3 billion from 2008 until 2024. The objective of the initiative is to boost pharmaceutical innovation in Europe and speed up the development of innovative medicines, vaccines and medical technologies, in particular in areas with high unmet needs. This article discusses the objectives of the initiative, its governance and main results and impact. The initiative has proved to be a unique platform for multi-stakeholder collaborations across Europe. It has contributed to the acceleration of the development process for medicines, from drug discovery to clinical development. The initiative has made important steps towards accessing and using real-world evidence for pharmaceutical research and development, and for healthcare decision-making. Several projects have contributed to a better understanding of the causes of diseases, and some are already delivering results, such as a vaccine against Ebola virus. The initiative has also significantly contributed to building capacity and resources for open use by the broader research and innovation community.

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities harbor understandable mistrust of research. Outside researchers have historically controlled processes, promulgating conclusions and recommended policies with virtually no input from the communities studied. Reservation-based communities can apply sovereignty rights conferred by the federal government to change this research trajectory. Many tribes now require review and approval before allowing research activities to occur, in part through the development of regulatory codes and oversight measures. Tribal oversight ensures that research is directed toward questions of importance to the community and that results are returned in ways that optimize problem solving. Unfortunately, tribal governance protections do not always extend to AI/ANs residing in urban environments. Although they represent the majority of AI/ANs, urban Indians face an ongoing struggle for visibility and access to health care. It is against this backdrop that urban Indians suffer disproportionate health problems. Improved efforts to ensure responsible research with urban Indian populations requires attention to community engagement, research oversight, and capacity building. We consider strategies to offset these limitations and develop a foundation for responsible research with urban Indians.

When Narendra Modi was elected Prime Minister of India in 2014, he promised to push through key reforms and bring about the massive economic development needed for the "world's largest democracy" to win its place among global superpowers. With over 1.3 billion citizens, India is soon to become the world's most populous country, and more than one quarter of the people joining global workforce during the next decade will be Indian. The poorest of the world's 20 largest economies, India's potential for catch-up growth is enormous. And so are the limits and contradictions India must overcome for Modi's vision to gain momentum. What has his government achieved so far? How likely is Modi's "Minimum government, maximum governance" strategy to deliver the expected outcomes? Is India, often described as a "reluctant superpower", now closer to becoming a regional leader? In a crucial year for local elections, and with the Prime Minister ready to run for a second term in 2019, this volume investigates the economic, political and diplomatic trajectories of Modi's India in its quest for a global role.

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2∘C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

International audience ; We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows:•Encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection•Develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas (« hot-spots ») thanks to public support•Pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and to foster risk awareness in the population•Ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures•Develop greater sensitization and training among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to better prepare them to respond to new types of crises•Modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools•Develop economic research on the fight against EIDs, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and treatment approaches.

This article re-examines the British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria. Moving away from extant scholarly attention on this colonial policy that focuses on governance through local or native authorities, we focus rather on British colonial rule through imperial companies. We argue that the British colonist did not conceive of or organize "Nigeria" as a "nation", rather it was administered as a business enterprise in which the Crown depended on companies to "govern" its Nigerian colonies. Accordingly, the idea of the nation as a business enterprise defined its subjects and resources in ways that produced problematic notions of nationhood imagined in corporate terms. The net effect of this dimension of indirect rule through imperial companies is that "Nigeria" has remained imagined and governed not as a nation-state but as a corporation. We suggest that the challenges of postcolonial nationhood in Nigeria derive impetus largely from this conception and management of colonial Nigeria as a corporation. Our aim is to conceptualize the colonial corporatization of Nigeria, and describe the ensuing patterns of violent relations in its postcolony.

Urbanization requires many challenges. It is placing environmental load on natural resources because cities account for 60–80% of energy con­sumption across the globe and for more than 70% of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, to ensure better living conditions for present and future generations, cities need to adopt the smart route and at the same time focus on the sustainability aspect. Cities needs to be both sustainable and smart. The sus­tainability aspect is not just in terms of environment but also economic, social, and governance. The three pillars of sustainable economic advancement, politi­cal involvement, and social emancipation are the fundaments for a smart sus­tainable city. The management of green areas, and the restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation allow cities to address the concerns of all three objectives: climate change, biodiversity, and land management (avoiding deser­tification). Innovation and digital technology must be oriented to minimize en­ergy consumption and improve quality of life. Therefore, digital technology and information and communications technology need to address urbanization chal­lenges and ensure sustainability

Upon economic booming and rapid urbanization, China has been suffering from severe air pollution problem. While the Chinese government strives to reduce emissions through numerous laws, standards and policy measures, rapid economic and social changes challenge policy design and implementation. Over time, control policies have been largely ineffective and air quality in the majority of the nation has not been significantly improved and even worsened in many urban areas. This chapter reviews the development of the air pollution control policies in China's nearly 70 years' history and discusses some political and institutional factors that have resulted in the ineffectiveness of policy implementation. We examined the pollution charge system, a key policy measure used in air pollution regulation between 1980s and 2000s, and highlighted some major changes in control policies since 2000s. A comparison of pollution control policies between China and the United States is also presented. The purpose of this chapter is to inform decision makers, particularly in the developing world, with some insights of improving policy designs and environmental governance in the control of air pollution.

The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specifc institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difculties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases fnancial support. Tis paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. Te results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape – a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.

This study examines poverty reduction strategies by expanding the creative economy in Tohpati Village Klungkung, Bali. Poverty alleviation is a major problem in development in Bali and the quality of economic growth is the key to solving it. The main problems in poverty alleviation that must be faced today are related to the fact that economic growth is not spread evenly throughout the Bali region, this is evidenced by the high-income disparity between districts. Bali government has made a commitment to eradicating poverty in the context of implementing sustainable development, the government and all regional apparatus together with various elements of society bear the main responsibility for achieving sustainable development. The poverty alleviation program is not possible without good governance, as the basis for the implementation of sustainable development anywhere, including in Bali. By expanding the creative economic activities of the people poverty rates are expected to decrease from year to year. The problem in this research is how to implement programs that have been implemented by the government and the community to reduce poverty in Bali.

With increasing globalization, transnational crime in general, and human trafficking in particular, a design of new legal framework is required in order to effectively operationalize interstate law enforcement operations and prosecutions. The development of a transnational criminal legal framework—or frameworks—can build on pre-existing transnational economic frameworks. There is also the need to extend the application of domestic law beyond national borders to influence transnational corporate behavior. Regulations based on reflexive law are one possible approach. Teubner's idea of reflexive law has been informing developments in this area. This approach uses traditional national law to inform corporate governance strategies in order to achieve effects on the market. A few jurisdictions have already adopted measures modeled on this approach to tackle human trafficking and slavery-like conditions in global supply chains. Weaknesses in the approaches adopted by the UK and the State of California have already been identified. If strengthened, this approach could be adopted in more jurisdictions—including the EU—and also to combat more areas of transnational crime—such as money laundering. This paper will examine the resulting challenges using human trafficking as a case study.

The current study aimed to explore the application of transparency in the administrative processes and to propose guidelines for improving transparency in Nong Kung Sern Sub-district Administrative Organization (SAO), Phu Wiang Distraict, KhonKaen Province. A single case study design was employed, and in-depth interviews were used in the data collection process. Key informants included SAO executives, community leaders, and local officials.The study results were founded that: Findings reveal that Nong Kung Sern SAO has applied the concept of transparency in its administrative processes to a certain degree, especially in planning, organizing, and controlling. For example: administrative information is open to the public; local officials and stakeholders are encouraged to participate in goal setting, policy adoption, and monitoring. However, the SAO has applied the concept at a minimal level as required by the laws. Outstanding problems or obstacles in applying the concept include lack of leadership and lack of the public's attention to their common interest. To enhance transparency, the public should be aware of their important roles and inputs in preventing corruption and promoting accountable governance.

Regional innovation systems (RISs) are increasingly emerging in less developed areas. Based on the case study of the mechatronic cluster in the Italian southern region, Apulia, this paper analyses how institutions have managed to promote the establishment of a RIS in disadvantaged areas. Through a longitudinal analysis over more than half a century, the Apulian case study shows that the creation of this RIS in less developed areas is the result of a dynamic process characterised by a multi-level governance, initially promoted by the central government through a top-down logic, and then integrated by action of local actors through a bottom-up approach. A key role is played by the regionalisation of innovation policies and by the strategic action of regional public institutions to promote the interaction among enterprises and universities. Our analysis highlights that several ingredients should simultaneously occur for a regional innovation policy to be effective. Any regional innovation strategy significantly lacking one of these core pre-conditions and ingredients is risky. Policy-makers should carefully study the opportunities and challenges arising from local contexts before embarking in ambitious place-based innovation strategies.