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ABSTRACT: As a result of the evolution of information and communication technologies, medicines, like other goods, are now increasingly marketed on the EU internal market through these channels. When examining the compatibility of the conditions for the supply of retail medicinal products with European Union law, the Court of Justice has recognized the specific nature of medicinal products, whose therapeutic effect significantly distinguishes them from other goods. Taking into account all these aspects, this article aims to analyze the centralized regulation of online pharmacies in relation to European Union law, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as the legislative measures taken at national level to provide medicinal products to the population through the Internet. KEYWORDS: European legislation, the Court of Justice of the European Union, public health, legislative initiatives, internal market, patient rights

ABSTARCT The article examines the activities of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic's Parliament aimed in the establishing a legislative base of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan, one of the important steps in the field of army building. The researches show that the legal framework of the armed forces of the independent republic was mainly based on the law of the Russian Empire, but it was at the center of attention of the parliament to reform and adapt the legislation of Azerbaijan to the national-mentality and consciousness of the parties. As a result of the activity of the parliament in this direction, the right of deferral of the military duty, the rules of their involvement in military service, the acquisition of natural military obligations were legally framed. The legal framework for these problems was calculated for significant quality changes in the attitude of the population to military service.

France is one of the most centralized countries in the world. Political power, fiscal resources, know-how and ultimate right to decide are located in Paris with the national government. The only elected officials with local authority are the "maires" (mayors) of the "communes." Those local divisions form the true living cells of the country. There are 38 000 of them with an average population (Paris excepted) of some 1.500 inhabitants. Most of them count less than a few hundred persons. ; La France est l'une des nations les plus centralisées.La Commune forme la cellule de base mais il en existe près de 38 000. La plupart sont trop petites et ont trop peu de moyens pour proposer une administration moderne et puissante. De nombreux efforts ont essayé de les regrouper, en général sans grand succès. Cette note propose une méthode fondée sur la perception des élus locaux.

France is one of the most centralized countries in the world. Political power, fiscal resources, know-how and ultimate right to decide are located in Paris with the national government. The only elected officials with local authority are the "maires" (mayors) of the "communes." Those local divisions form the true living cells of the country. There are 38 000 of them with an average population (Paris excepted) of some 1.500 inhabitants. Most of them count less than a few hundred persons. ; La France est l'une des nations les plus centralisées.La Commune forme la cellule de base mais il en existe près de 38 000. La plupart sont trop petites et ont trop peu de moyens pour proposer une administration moderne et puissante. De nombreux efforts ont essayé de les regrouper, en général sans grand succès. Cette note propose une méthode fondée sur la perception des élus locaux.

While economic sanctions are successful in achieving political goals, can hurt the civilian population. These negative effects could be even more detrimental and long-lasting for future generations. I estimate the effects of economic sanctions on children's education by exploiting the United Nations sanctions imposed on Iran in 2006. Using the variation in the strength of sanctions across industries and difference-in-differences with synthetic control analyses, I find that the sanctions decreased children's total years of schooling by 0.1 years and the probability of attending college by 4.8 percentage points. Moreover, households reduced education spending by 58% - particularly on school tuition. These effects are larger for children who were exposed longer to the sanctions. The results imply that sanctions have a larger effect on the income of children than their parents. Therefore, ignoring the effects of sanctions on future generations significantly understates their total economic costs.

This article explores and compares the visual images used by Channel One (Ch1), Russia's biggest state-aligned television broadcaster, to justify Russia's intervention in two major geopolitical conflicts in recent history: the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine and Syria's civil war. The data reveal that while Ch1's projection of Ukrainian conflict is anchored in compassion to the Eastern Ukraine population speaking the Russian language, the Syrian war is framed to fuel the feeling of national pride by focusing on the Russian greatness as a political and military superpower. This research, thus, extends the theoretical understanding of media representation of war, especially how the changing political context impacts which identities are represented and made potent through different emotional appeals. The article conceptualises visual images as affective anchors that can be used to reactivate collective memory and dominant discourses and construct emotional relationships between the audience and mediated events. ; Peer reviewed

Water scarcity is becoming a global concern for many reasons as its consumption increases. This research aimed to analyze sustainability inequalities in the water consumption of EU countries. Descriptive statistics using data for four AQUASTAT periods (2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017), and quotients for the AQUASTAT 2017 period, were calculated using a proposed econometric model. The main results were that countries with high GPD and population showed high water stress and total water withdrawal. Countries with lower industry-value-added-to-GDP quotients were among those with higher industrial water use efficiency, while low water-services-use-efficiency quotients were associated with high services value added to GDP. Suggestions for policymakers are provided and formula application guidelines for regional-level comparisons are described. ; This research was partially funded by the budget of the Contrato Programa 2020 of the Department of General Economics (University of Cadiz).

In Santarém, as in several Portuguese historic urban centres, population decline and aging have compromised social cohesion and economic vitality, and parts of the Historic Centre have visibly deteriorated, resulting in risks to the public of crumbling façades. Sustainable development in urban areas must involve a reorientation of spatial planning policies to integrate older areas into wider urban and regional development frameworks, considering them as part of the wider territory. This paper proposes that the operationalisation of the recommendations of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach can provide robust evidence, co-produced with local communities, supporting sustainable urban planning policies, and that such an approach is wholly consistent with EU and national planning and conservation legislation. Through focusing on the values, meanings and significance of place, the processes shaping the HUL of an empirical test neighbourhood, the Mouraria in Santarém, are brought into focus.

This article addresses a redefinition of the Gothic genre as a "Red Gothic," a term that I coin to define the visceral traits of literary and artistic productions of the "horror" genre in Latin America. I center on the works of Mariana Enríquez, placing them in dialogue with those of visual artists Ana Mendieta and Teresa Margolles. This is an initial proposal for further discussion on political uses of the Gothic in Latin America. In response to the violence and discrimination produced by different implementations of Neoliberalism in the region, a growing field of artists and writers work with Gothic imagery in a flexible, hybrid way to create new representations of "monsters" and "cannibals." By looking at feminist critiques on post-humanism and cyborg identities (Rosi Braidotti, Donna Haraway), I propose that "Red Gothic" embodies those gaps and erasures of different populations that still claim a place in Latin American societies.

France is one of the most centralized countries in the world. Political power, fiscal resources, know-how and ultimate right to decide are located in Paris with the national government. The only elected officials with local authority are the "maires" (mayors) of the "communes." Those local divisions form the true living cells of the country. There are 38 000 of them with an average population (Paris excepted) of some 1.500 inhabitants. Most of them count less than a few hundred persons. ; La France est l'une des nations les plus centralisées.La Commune forme la cellule de base mais il en existe près de 38 000. La plupart sont trop petites et ont trop peu de moyens pour proposer une administration moderne et puissante. De nombreux efforts ont essayé de les regrouper, en général sans grand succès. Cette note propose une méthode fondée sur la perception des élus locaux.

In this RISJ Factsheet we examine changes in attitudes towards the coronavirus pandemic response in the UK from mid-April to the end of May. This is the fourth in a series of ten factsheets based on an ongoing online panel survey of a representative sample of the UK population, fielded from 21 May to 27 May 2020. We find that: (i) trust in the UK government as a source of information about coronavirus has declined substantially, and that trust in news organisations has also decreased, (ii) the percentage of people who say they are concerned about false or misleading information about coronavirus from the UK government has increased, and (iii) the proportion who say that the UK government is doing a good job responding to the coronavirus crisis is down 21 percentage points since April, with a fall of eight points for news organisations.

In late imperial Russia, peasants were placed in an extremely difficult situation. The terms of the 1861 Emancipation had left them short of land and highly indebted to the government. Their rate of population growth was extremely high, and as Russia entered the demographic transition, it increased even more. The government was intent on a policy of rapid industrialization, which was ultimately to be paid for by large grain exports. This already strained situation was further complicated by three additional factors. Both the changing level of international grain prices and the weather-induced fluctuations in grain yields were external factors capable of applying severe shocks to the peasantry, and little could be done to affect their impact. The third factor was the effectiveness of the tsarist administrative machin-ery for levying taxes on the peasants and providing them with relief (Wheatcroft 1991: 128). © 2021 'Uchitel' Publishing House.

Educational institutions have a responsibility to ensure that all children receive care and equal possibilities for development, independent of their linguistic and cultural background. However, there is little knowledge about how kindergartens ensure a welcoming and inspiring place for both transnational migrants, Indigenous children, and children from the majority population. Through a semiotic landscape analysis from two kindergartens in Northern Norway, this article contributes to this knowledge gap. Our starting point is that educational spaces are social, cultural, and political places. Applying a Bakhtinian perspective on semiotic landscapes as dialogues, the analysis focuses on two discourses. The first concerns diversity as an individual or shared value, and the second concerns balancing the ordinary and the exotic. We find that diversity related to transnational migration seems to be more integrated into the semiotic landscape, while the minoritised Indigenous Sámi people is stereotypically represented in kindergartens.

Comparative education programme is one of the compulsory courses that must be offered and passed in the faculty of education before graduation. The Comparative education programme is also offered as a Masters' programme and PhD programme in many Universities across the World. The teaching and learning of Comparative education programme is facing many problems in the Nigerian higher institutions. This paper identified: inadequate funding, inadequate instructional materials, shortage of lecturers, inadequate infrastructural facilities, poor research, strike actions, brain-drain, corruption, over-population and poor curriculum development. To address this problems, the following were recommended: the government should increase the funding of Comparative education programmes, employ more qualified lecturers in Comparative education, provide adequate infrastructural facilities, adequate instructional materials, ensure periodic and effective curriculum development for Comparative education programme and Comparative education research and effective staff development for Comparative education lecturers in all higher institutions in Nigeria.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is the national and international responsibility to protect populations against mass atrocities. This article discusses prospects for the implementation of R2P objectives in a world where Asian powers rise. It focuses not only on prevention and assistance but also decisive action, the most controversial aspect of R2P, tied to the UN Security Council where China resides as a permanent member with a veto. The Indian R2P position also highlights, supplemented with some comments, on selected East Asian states. It concludes that the rise of Asian powers does not threaten the national responsibility to protect. Voluntary international assistance is not threatened, but assistance with coercive elements might be. Unless more clear criteria are established for the possible use of military force, mandates from the Security Council which allows this will probably be rare. Particularly, China will oppose interventions that may forward regime change in targeted states.