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The study investigated the teachers' capacity development and effectiveness in public secondary schools in Bayelsa State. The researcher adopted the correlational research design for the study. The Krejcie and Morgan formula for sample determination was used to determine the sample size. The formula gave the sample size to be 335 teachers from a population of 2776 teachers in secondary schools in three local government areas in Bayelsa State. The instruments used for data collection in this study were two sets of instruments: The teachers Capacity Development Questionnaire (TCDQ) and the Teachers Job Effectiveness Questionnaire (TJEQ). The first instrument is a self-constructed instrument titled "Teacher's Capacity Development Questionnaire (TCDQ)," it was divided into two sections (A and B). Section A consisted of items on personal data such as age, gender, marital status etc., section B contained statement items that will focus on teacher capacity development.

This study aims to identify and analyze the effectiveness of waste management policies based on the 3R Integrated Waste Management Site (TPST) in Indonesia and as a basis for consideration and evaluation for the central and local governments in making waste management policies. This is because waste management both at national and regional scales has not yet found the right solution, coupled with a growing population, so it is important to find appropriate waste management. This research method uses a qualitative approach by conducting literature studies from various relevant sources. The results of this study indicate that the TPST 3R-based waste management policy has not been optimal in its implementation. The effectiveness of the waste management policy is measured through Campbell's theory with several indicators, namely program success, target success, program satisfaction, suitability of input and output, and achievement of overall goals.

This paper explores the issue of COVID 19 immunity certificates, also known as immunization or vaccine passports, in Canada as an intergovernmental problem. The global pandemic has demanded a coordinated response from all levels of government in Canada to address various issues such as containing the virus spread, public health, immunization, emergency care, etc. The response to the global pandemic also witnessed partial, or even, full shutdowns of the segments of the economy to contain the virus spread, followed by nationwide immunization programs administered by different provinces or territories. The immunity of the population is detrimental for the safe re-opening of the economy, and various jurisdictions across the world are exploring the idea of immunity certificates as an enabler. This paper analyzes the issue of immunity certificates within Canada as an inter-governmental problem and explores possible solutions and recommendations to address it.

International audience ; L'histoire officielle de la découverte du gisement de Potosí (Bolivie) permet de justifier la prise de possession de la montagne d'argent. De nombreux travaux de ces dernières années ont commencé à développer un nouveau regard sur le passé de Potosi et sur le début de la colonisation. Ils permettent de retracer les relations politiques régionales liant les populations locales avec les deux envahisseurs, Incas et Espagnols. Depuis 1990, des prospections ont été conduites aboutissant à une cartographie des sites métallurgiques à Potosí. Quelques anciennes entrées de mine ont pu être localisées sur le Cerro Rico. Le système de production de l'argent est maintenant bien appréhendé grâce à des opérations archéologiques menées sur plusieurs unités de production dans le département de Potosí. La reconstruction de ce savoir-faire technique indien met en lumière les luttes de pouvoir pour le contrôle de la production d'argent.

Despite accelerated rates of coastal erosion and growing coastal populations, global understanding of the relative resilience of communities to coastal erosion is limited yet social justice and climate justice are key emerging issues of concern for governments. For the first time in the UK, using Scotland as an exemplar, this work aims to couple GIS analysis of anticipated erosion risk with consideration of the social vulnerability of Scotland's communities, to produce Coastal Erosion Disadvantage maps. A Social Vulnerability Classification Index was derived using a series of deprivation and context-specific indicators. The analysis also compared coastal communities with the Scottish average in terms of vulnerability, as well as a worst-case scenario of a "High Emissions Scenario", and no future maintenance of current coastal defences. This yielded impactful results which will hopefully be a catalyst for further assessments of social vulnerability to erosion for at risk communities.

Having a parent or sibling serving in the military may lead to distress and mental health problems among adolescents. This research brief examines differences in depression and mental health service use among U.S. adolescents ages 12-17, comparing those who have parents or siblings currently serving in the military to those who do not. The study shows that adolescents are more likely to have an older sibling than a parent in the military. Although current parental military service is not associated with major depression among adolescents, having an older sibling in the military is associated with an increased probability of major depression among adolescents. In addition, parental but not sibling military service is associated with increased mental health service use among adolescents. Ultimately, younger siblings of currently serving military personnel are an under-recognized at-risk population for depression and may have unmet needs for mental health care.

International audience ; Si la communication avait toujours constitué une question centrale dans l'Empire romain,marqué par son étendue spatiale et la diversité de ses populations, elle devint cruciale dansl'Antiquité tardive. L'unité de l'Empire dépendait depuis toujours de son aptitude à entretenirune communication permanente entre le centre et la périphérie, mais aussi, dans une certainemesure, entre les périphéries. Une telle nécessité de relations pouvait bénéficier d'un réseau decommunications assez performant pour faciliter le plus possible les échanges de tous ordres, à lafois commerciaux, administratifs, politiques, culturels et religieux, entre les villes, les régions et lespopulations. Dans ce cadre, la pratique de la correspondance connut un développement extraordinaire à cette époqueet joua un rôle décisif.Mais la communication ne repose pas uniquement sur la possibilité de déplacement desindividus, des nouvelles, des écrits : elle s'appuie également sur la capacité à se comprendre malgréla distance géographique et culturelle.

Abstract: This paper analyzes how President Jair Bolsonaro's attitudes and policies towards the covid-19 pandemic reverberated in the population as a way of exploring the microlevel congruence between voter and representative positions. We investigate popular support for Brazilian president positions denying the covid-19 pandemic, bringing together supply and demand sides of right-wing populism. Using public opinion data from a survey applied in mid-2020, we focus on how support for the public health system, positions on which government level should lead the responses to the pandemic, perception of risks associated with the virus and adoption of social distancing varied among citizens. Results show low levels of support to denialist positions, except among core Bolsonaro supporters. However, perceptions of social mobility, as an indicator of status threat or gain, were important to explain support of the Bolsonaro government in the period.

International audience ; This paper investigates the impact of delaying retirement on mortality among the French population. We take advantage of the 1993 pension reform in the private sector to identify the causal effect of an increase in claiming age on mortality. We use administrative data which provide detailed information on career characteristics, dates of birth and death. Our results, precisely estimated, show that an exogenous increase of one year in the claiming age has no significant impact on the probability to die, measured between age 61 and 79, even when we allow for nonlinear effects of treatment intensity. To test the power of our sample to detect statistically significant effects for rare events like death, we compute minimum detectable effects (MDEs). Our MDE estimates suggest that, if an impact of later retirement on mortality would be detectable, it would remain very small in magnitude.

International audience ; How do countries respond to other countries when setting the level of their environmental expenditures? Using data from 1995-2017 on a sample of 28 OECD countries, we examine the nature and extent of strategic interactions in environmental expenditures among OECD countries using a spatial Durbin model including economic and political control variables and both economic and spatial weight matrices reflecting several interaction mechanisms. The results show the existence of significant positive spatial dependence in environmental spending suggesting that OECD countries consider their neighbors' behavior when making policy choices related to environmental expenditures. We also find that the most populous countries or those with high unemployment tend to spend less for environment while countries with a large urban population set higher levels of environmental expenditures. The results are robust to the inclusion of strong cross-sectional dependence under the form of common factors.

Between 1978 and 2005, Pope John Paul II traveled to 102 developing countries with the aim, inter alia, of promoting interreligious peace to populations and policy makers. Despite an increasing involvement of religious leaders in peace-building activities, concerns rise on the propensity of religious issues to be locally exploited for political interests. This article examines the dynamic effects of John Paul II travels on the risk of political conflict in host countries depending on their religious demography. Our empirical strategy combines the development of a political conflict risk index, an impact assessment methodology, and the estimation of local projections. Our results show that the travels of John Paul II reduce the risk of conflict in host countries over a 4-year horizon, particularly when the proportion of Catholics is low. We also observe a temporary rise in the risk of conflict for religiously polarized countries.

This article analyzes the impact of income inequality on environmental policy in the presence of green consumers. We develop a theory with three main ingredients: first, citizens have different income capacities; second they have access to two different commodities whose consumption differs in terms of price and environmental impact, and third, they have to vote on the environmental policy. In this setting, there exists a unique political equilibrium such that the population is split in two groups, depending on whether there is positive consumption of the green good. The analysis shows that higher income inequality is generally associated with lower public spending in environmental protection. We then test this prediction in a fixed-effect model with robust standard errors using a panel of European countries over the period 1996-2019. We indeed find that income inequality negatively affects both public expenditures in environmental protection.

International audience ; L'histoire officielle de la découverte du gisement de Potosí (Bolivie) permet de justifier la prise de possession de la montagne d'argent. De nombreux travaux de ces dernières années ont commencé à développer un nouveau regard sur le passé de Potosi et sur le début de la colonisation. Ils permettent de retracer les relations politiques régionales liant les populations locales avec les deux envahisseurs, Incas et Espagnols. Depuis 1990, des prospections ont été conduites aboutissant à une cartographie des sites métallurgiques à Potosí. Quelques anciennes entrées de mine ont pu être localisées sur le Cerro Rico. Le système de production de l'argent est maintenant bien appréhendé grâce à des opérations archéologiques menées sur plusieurs unités de production dans le département de Potosí. La reconstruction de ce savoir-faire technique indien met en lumière les luttes de pouvoir pour le contrôle de la production d'argent.

Misinformation about abortion abounds in the United States. This may be due, in part, to laws in 22 states that require health care providers to present medically inaccurate or misleading information to people seeking abortion. Such information can negatively impact both providers and patients, particularly vulnerable populations who already face considerable challenges accessing abortion services. Health sciences librarians are a professional group whose core values prioritize access to evidence-based health information for all people, with the goal of facilitating informed health care decisions. This professional imperative suggests a role for librarians in the provision of evidence-based information around abortion. Drawing on our collective expertise in library science, medicine and public health, we propose that health sciences librarians build partnerships with public health departments and abortion providers to develop authoritative resources, advocate for change through legislative action, and raise public awareness about abortion misinformation.

International audience ; The natural region of Casamance has been hit hard by an armed conflict between the (separatist) Movement of the Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) and the Senegalese army. For more than 30 years, the natural region of Casamance has been plunged into a situation of "neither war nor peace", which has caused social instability in certain areas where repeated clashes and episodic violence maintain the status quo of permanent insecurity that prevents people from exploiting their fields and forest resources. This situation has favoured a massive displacement of the populations to other places where they will be faced with a situation of social and economic insecurity which demonstrates the need for permanent adaptation. On the basis of a series of long-term surveys carried out between 2014 and 2018, this article attempts to take stock of the situation of these displaced people in Casamance.