Suchergebnisse

This article addresses the basic mechanisms of Norway's current Development Assistance policy. The author analyses the strengthening of the financial policy and principal mechanisms for justifying Norway's participation in the ODA as well as the country's foreign policy objectives attained through assistance. The article examines specific features of Norway's development policy, which are crucial to understand contemporary international aid practices. The country's development policy implemented bilaterally and multilaterally is an effective mechanism of promoting Norway's economic and political interests. It is also an important subject for research. The authors analyses the evolution of the ODA objectives, its institutions and their international expertise. Special attention is devoted to the current shift of the ODA policy to the issues of its effectiveness. The recent shift to social cooperation development by involving NGOs and private businesses and investing in the social sphere is also examined. The a rticle analyses Norway's official position on humanitarian assistance in crises and armed conflicts. The author examines a number of cases of Norway's International Development Assistance policy.

It is my contention that theories of international relations derive from or can be reduced to two basic arenas of discourse, which I term pluralist and structuralist in their central preoccupations.

Die International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) werden von Unternehmen in mehr als 100 Staaten (darunter alle Staaten der Europäischen Union) angewendet. In Deutschland sind alle kapitalmarktorientierten Unternehmen zur Aufstellung von IFRS-Abschlüssen verpflichtet. Der Entwurf eines IFRS für kleine und mittelgroße Unternehmen zeigt aber, dass die IFRSs für einen weit größeren Unternehmenskreis Bedeutung haben. Es überrascht folglich nicht, dass auch das deutsche Steuerrecht in jüngster Zeit verstärkt an die IFRSs anknüpft. Unternehmen und Berater müssen daher die IFRSs sicher beherrschen.Das Werk erläutert - die Bedeutung der IFRSs für das Bilanz- und Steuerrecht, - das Rahmenkonzept der IFRSs, - alle praxisrelevanten Standards, - hilft bei der erstmaligen Anwendung und - geht auf Besonderheiten für kleine und mittelgroße Unternehmen ein.Das Buch ist für den IFRS-Praktiker ein Muss.

Case concerning the Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on December 23rd, 1906(Honduras v. Nicaragua): On July 1, 1958, Honduras filed an application instituting proceedings against Nicaragua concerning an arbitral award made by the King of Spain with regard to the demarcation of the limits between the two countries. According to Article 5 of the Bonilla-Gamez Treaty which determined the limits, certain points in dispute might, in certain circumstances, be referred to the decision of the government of Spain. Thus an arbitration was requested from the King of Spain in October 1904, and the award was made on December 23, 1906. The application stated that, when the time came to proceed to the delimitation, Nicaragua contended that the arbitral award was a nullity and that it was not possible to resolve the dispute by diplomatic means or through the mediation of friendly nations and governments. Under the resolution adopted by the Organization of American States on July 5, 1957, the governments of Honduras and Nicaragua concluded an agreement at Washington on July 21, 1957, by virtue of which their dispute should be referred to the International Court of Justice. In its application Honduras requested the Court to declare that Nicaragua's failure to give effect to the arbitral award of 1906 constituted a breach of an international obligation and that Nicaragua was under an obligation to carry out the award.

The tenth plenary meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee met at Lahore, Pakistan, from February 1 to 9, 1951. The meeting was attended by representatives of nineteen member governments and by observers from seven other governments and the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. An increased budget and work program for the 1951–1952 fiscal year was approved and the secretariat was instructed to continue publication of the "Monthly Review of the World Cotton Situation" and the "Quarterly Statistical Bulletin" as well as undertaking certain other projects. Members were requested to provide the secretariat with cotton statistics and to consider the possibility of "further practical measures for the improvement of their raw cotton price information." The secretariat was further requested, under the supervision of the Standing Committee, to continue its statistics and research on an international cotton agreement by preparing information on prices, production, exports, imports, consumption and stocks, and by consideration of the problem of the constitution of buffer stocks of cotton. The Standing Committee was requested to keep the balance of payments situation under review and to report to the eleventh plenary meeting in case of a serious deterioration. In connection with the cotton shortage, the meeting resolved to call the attention of the agencies concerned with technical and financial assistance, to the fact that the promotion of increased yields in cotton production in underdeveloped countries "would be very beneficial."

The second part of the eleventh session of the Council of ICAO was convened in Montreal on September 27, 1950. The government of Spain dispatched a delegation to Montreal to take part in the meetings and arrange for that government's entry into the International Civil Aviation Organization. The agenda included: 1) appointment of members to serve on the Air Navigation Commission, Air Transport Committee, the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services, and the Finance Committee; 2) the proposals of the Secretary-General, Dr. Albert Roper, for reorganization of the secretariat and the question of his successor for 1951; 3) the site for a permanent office for the far east and the Pacific; 4) schedules for meetings of the subordinate bodies of the organization for 1952; and 5) a preliminary scale of contributions for 1952. The work of the Air Navigation Commission was surveyed in the report of the commission on 1) "differences" from ICAO standards, 2) sites for AIR, OPS and COM division meetings, and 3) necessary changes in abbreviations and symbols. Special attention was given to the formulation of ICAO's position on charges for airline operated agency messages carried over the aeronautical network and a study of this problem was to be undertaken in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union. The Council also was to discuss the communication to the Universal Postal Union on air mail charges upon which the member governments had made comments.

While the study of games and gaming has increased in International Relations in recent years, a corresponding exploration of play has yet to be developed in the field. While play features in several key areas – including game theory, videogames and popular culture, and pedagogical role-plays and simulations – little work has been done to analyse its presence in, and potentials for, the discipline. The aim of this paper is to introduce the study of play to IR. It does this by demonstrating that play is political, and that it is at work across the global arena. Drawing on the deconstructive tradition associated with Jacques Derrida, its core contribution is a theorisation of play. The central argument developed is that play is (auto)deconstructive. By this I mean (1) that play precipitates an unravelling of any attempt at its conceptualisation, and (2) that this illustrates the value of a deconstructive approach to international theory. This claim is substantiated through an analysis of four key binary oppositions derived from Johan Huizinga's Homo Ludens. Having shown how play powerfully deconstructs its own conceptual foundations, I argue that a playful approach offers a robust challenge to entrenched assumptions in international theory.

Last month International Review gave a summary of the work being carried out in Cyprus by the Red Cross since the outbreak of hostilities, in order to provide protection and relief to the civilian population and prisoners, seek the missing and forward messages. As that account went only so far as the end of July, we continue here in chronological order the ICRC's action since the beginning of August, starting with the first fortnight which ended with the renewed flare-up of fighting.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; We develop a new theoretical framework of trade agreement (TA) formation, called a 'parallel contest', that emphasizes the political fight over TA ratification within countries. TA ratification is inherently uncertain in each country, where anti- and pro-trade interest groups contest each other to influence their own governments' ratification decision. Unlike prior literature, the protection embodied in negotiated TA tariffs reflects a balance between the liberalizing force of lobbying and inherently protectionist government preferences. Moreover, new international political externalities emerge that are not internalized by governments that just internalize terms of trade externalities.

The concept and institutions of an international civil service have been studied by numerous authors. The works reviewed in this article, by Brian Urquhart, Shirley Hazzard, Henry Cabot Lodge, Richard Symonds and Michael Carder, and Alexander Szalai with Margaret Croke and Associates, are all related to the UN Secretariat, its successes and its failures. The practice of multilateral diplomacy as conducted by the Secretary General of the UN, personnel policies and national interference in the UN administration, relations between the international Secretariat and member governments on the one hand and with the media on the other, as well as the role of international civil servants in promoting social reform are discussed. The works under review are found to contain conflicting images of the UN and its Secretariat.

The second meeting of the International Tin Study Group was held in Washington from April 19 to 24, 1948, to review the world tin situation and examine the statistical position regarding production, consumption and stocks since the first meeting held at Brussels in April 1947. Delegates attended from Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, British Colonies, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Italy, the Netherlands, Siam, United Kingdom, and the United States; observers were present representing the United Nations, Pan American Union, InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Tin Research Institute.