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Purpose — This study intends to examine the legal aspects and the actual practices of Shariah governance in Sri Lanka's IFIs. Further, it examines the law and regulations on Shariah governance as well as identifies the macro and micro level application of Shariah governance in Sri Lanka.Research method — The literature observation and document analysis were applied to explore the relevant domestic and international regulation on Shariah governance in the country. As a qualitative study, the data were gathered through the primary sources such as the information derived from the interview with experts, legislations, international Shariah standards, annual reports and other institutional documents from the IFIs; and supported by the secondary data available in the literatures such as articles in journals, books, newspaper reports, the IFIs websites, and other sources.Result — The findings of this study indicate that there is no legislation in Sri Lanka that legally enforces on Shariah governance framework at macro level. But, each IFIs has setup Shariah governance institutionally at micro level.Recommendation — The recommendations are put forward to fill the gap found and to improve the legal status of Shariah governance in Sri Lankan Islamic financial industries.

This project analyzes the legal and institutional opportunities and constraints on conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water in California. Conjunctive water use involves the coordination of groundwater and surface water management, usually by recharging the groundwater basin with surface water during times of hydrologic surplus and withdrawing the stored water during times of drought. The goals of conjunctive management include: (1) augmentation of total usable water supplies; (2) recharge of overdrafted aquifers; (3) increase in total available water supplies at less economic, political, and environmental cost than through construction of additional surface storage; (4) improvement of water quality; and (5) enhanced reliability of water supplies during times of drought. There are a number of examples of conjunctive water management in California, particularly in adjudicated groundwater basins in Southern California. These management arrangements generally work well because the rights to groundwater are quantified and the management agencies have legal authority to enforce the pumping limitations, pricing rules, and other policies that govern groundwater and surface water use. In unadjudicated basins, however, the feasibility of conjunctive management is less certain. This is particularly true in basins in which a portion of the surface water is imported, stored as groundwater, and then later withdrawn for uses outside the groundwater basin. In these situations there exist an array of legal and institutional uncertainties that render conjunctive management more difficult than in adjudicated basins. These uncertainties include questions about the ownership of the imported water, liability for displacement of in-basin recharge capacity, regulation of groundwater users who are not parties to the conjunctive management agreement, the authority of local water agencies over the importation and exportation of surface water, and liability for changes in water quality. To facilitate the creation of conjunctive water management programs in unadjudicated groundwater basins, the California Legislature should modify the current laws governing groundwater and conjunctive use to help accomplish more efficient conjunctive management of interconnected waterresources. By clarifying the authority of local agencies to design, maintain, and enforce conjunctive use agreements, the Legislature could remove barriers that presently create disincentives for participation in such programs. This report recommends a variety of such legislative reforms, including express authorization for local entities with groundwater management authority to engage in conjunctive use programs, clarification of the respective powers of the local agency and the importing agency to control the water stored and used in such programs, and clarification of the authority of local agencies to enact and to enforce anti-export ordinances.

Article defines the aspects of evolution in the international legal and historic legal literature the system of the scientific publications for naval activities that reflected the coherent legal provisions. Author summarized the executing the coherent researches first of all in urgent duty of this topic in conditions of the permanent development of the naval forces and relevant evolution of their organizational and normative provision. Author proved that issues of the regulation the naval activities became the inalienable part of all the doctrinal works related to the international maritime law, were reflected in the compilations of maritime customs, interstate treaties and national legislation, also as the court decisions. Those scientific works were issued in Europe from the times of the first typographies and were urgently demanded by states, their naval bodies and courts also as by the commerce sector, involved to the trade shipping or privateering. These authors were the persons with both university and practice activities in naval area such as barristers, prosecutors, judges, admiralty employees etc. During ХVІІІ-ХІХ the majority of monographs with the sufficient influence to the naval activities were published by the French and English authors. All those works are neither used not translated by the Ukrainian legal theory and practice in area of regulating the naval issues. So Ukrainian scientists reflect in their works the Russian and Soviet author only; and those authors used only some French and German essays translated till the first half of the XX century.

The article deals with the legal nature of a land lease. The contemporary relevance of this study is explained by the fact that the following phenomena depend on the legal nature of the land lease: the specific lessor's and lessee's rights, the defense procedure of the lessee's right to do a business activity on the land parcel; the loss, caused by force majeure, distribution, etc. A lease right was considered to be a personal right in Roman law. Recently, there is a vivid trend in Ukrainian legislation to convert a lease as a personal relationship between two persons to some kind of real relations (relations between the person regards things). The idea that the lease of a land parcel is or can be some kind of a real relation dominates in Ukrainian literature. Based on the study of the land lease legal nature the author concludes that the land lease is a personal relationship. The author assesses the legal regulation of the land lease as a real relation. This regulation aftermath is that land lease converts into emphyteusis, superficies, or into some kind of real relation (usus or usufruct). Having analysed the legal regulation for the land lease, the author came to conclusion, that it duplicates the legal regulation for property relations. The analysis of the negative consequences of this regulation is done in the article. One of the main negative consequences of the land lease converting into the real relation is the reduction of the list of legal tools by which business entities may adjust their relations. At the same time, the land lease stops guaranteeing the lessee opportunity to conduct the economic activity on the land parcel.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 -- An Introduction to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Part II of the UNCLOS: Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone -- The General Rule -- The Limits of the Territorial Sea and the Concept of the Baseline -- The Normal Baseline for Coasts and for Islands on or with Reefs -- Straight Baselines -- Internal Waters -- The Baseline for a River entering the Sea -- The Baseline for a Bay the Coast of Which Belongs to a Single State -- Ports and Boundary Delimitation -- Roadsteads -- Low-Tide Elevations -- The Coastal State's Approach to Using Baselines -- Delimitation of the Territorial Sea between States -- Charting or Listing the Geographical Co-Ordinates of Baselines -- The Right of Innocent Passage through the Territorial Sea -- Underwater Vehicles in the Territorial Sea -- Nuclear Presence in the Territorial Sea -- The Coastal State's Rights Regarding Its Territorial Sea -- The Adoption of Laws -- The Use of Sea Lanes and Traffic Separation Schemes in the Territorial Sea -- Rights of Protection of the Coastal State -- The Coastal State's Duties Concerning Its Territorial Sea -- Criminal Jurisdiction on Board Foreign Commercial Ships -- Civil Jurisdiction in Relation to Foreign Commercial Ships -- Rules Applicable to Governmental Non-Commercial Ships -- The Contiguous Zone -- Part IV of the UNCLOS: Archipelagic States -- Introduction -- Definitions: 'Archipelago' and 'Archipelagic State' in the UNCLOS -- The Drawing of Archipelagic Baselines -- Measurements from Archipelagic Baselines -- Rules for Ports and for Baselines for Bays and Rivers -- The Legal Status of Archipelagic Waters -- Rights and Legitimate Activities of Neighbouring States -- The Right of Innocent Passage through Archipelagic Waters.

Este texto presenta la temática del paradigma competencia y tecnológico en el caso educativo español atendiendo al marco legislativo y agentes. Se trata de un ensayo reflexivo-crítico. En la primera parte, se pretende ahondar en la definición, así como describir cómo se vertebra las competencias en una asignatura concreta del Grado de Primaria en una universidad española. Asimismo, se describe cómo se relacionan con los resultados de aprendizaje y se atiende al marco legislativo que sostiene este paradigma. En una segunda parte, se describen las cualidades del profesorado universitario a través de diversos proyectos de innovación y proyectos de innovación para atender el desafío tecnológico como pueda ser el Aula del Futuro y los espacios de aprendizaje. Se concluye que la ventaja que otorga la competencia es de tipo práctico experiencial para el estudiante. Sin embargo, se deja de lado el desarrollo de otras facetas cognitivas, como es la especulación, la memoria, etc. En cuanto al profesorado cuenta con ventaja del dominio de idiomas, mayor flexibilidad mental, mayor competencia cultural y social que otras generaciones anteriores. ; This text presents the subject of the competence and technological paradigm in the Spanish educational case, taking into account the legislative framework and agents. It is a reflectivecritical essay. In the first part, it is intended to delve into the definition, as well as describe how the competences are structured in a specific subject of the Primary Degree in a Spanish university. Likewise, it describes how they relate to learning outcomes and addresses the legislative framework that supports this paradigm. In a second part, the qualities of university teaching staff are described through various innovation projects and innovation projects to meet the technological challenge such as the Classroom of the Future and learning spaces. It is concluded that the advantage granted by the competition is of an experiential practical nature for the student. However, the development of other cognitive facets, such as speculation, memory, etc. As for the teaching staff, they have the advantage of mastering languages, greater mental flexibility, greater cultural and social competence than previous generations.

AbstractThis article focuses on theMH17Trial that is currently underway in the Netherlands, dealing with the shooting down of a civilian aircraft over Eastern Ukraine and the resulting deaths of all 298 persons on board. Two legal questions arising from the prosecutorial strategy to charge the four accused with 'ordinary' crimes under the Dutch Criminal Code—instead of with war crimes—are studied here. First, the jurisdictional basis on which the District Court of The Hague is tryingMH17, and its effect on the applicable laws, is examined. It is argued that, contrary to what the Prosecution has submitted, jurisdiction over the killing of the 93 non-Dutch nationals on board of flight MH17 can only be established on the basis of the less known title of delegated (representative) jurisdiction: a conclusion that also brings certain legal requirements. Second, this paper analyzes the way theMH17Prosecutor defined the notion of 'combatant's privilege' under international humanitarian law and his arguments for rejecting a combatant status for the separatist armed forces that shot down flight MH17 over Eastern Ukraine. All this analysis is then used to explain why it was indeed more sensible for the Prosecution to charge the four accused with murder and intentionally causing an aircraft to crash under Dutch criminal law, than with war crimes under international law.

The evolution of Canada's migration law is examined in the article. The author focuses his attention on the fact that Canada's current migration policy focuses mainly on business migration. The specificity of the administrative and legal regulation of the migration process in Canada is also examined in the article. The author points out that Canada has a non-discriminatory and universal policy on admission to the country of migrants and notes that they are divided into three groups or classes, each reflecting the categories defined in immigration law: family category - members of Canadian or migrant families already located in Canada; refugees - persons who meet the definition of the 1951 Convention or are identified by the Governmentof Canada; Independent migrants - selected by their qualifications, occupation, training or educationallevel. The author emphasizes that if a person has committed a criminal offense or posed a potential threat to Canada's security, has already applied for refugee status in Canada, but has been refused or previously recognized as a refugee in another country to which he or she could return, Refugee status was not considered. However, Canadian migration law provides for the possibility of challenging such a decision in court. Existing migration problems in the state are being addressed at both the federal and provincial levels. Canada's current migration law provides for the notion of an orderly flow of migrants, and the migration system includes not only population controls but also categories of people entering the country. First of all, it is a program of regulated, planned migration. The author concludes that from the late nineteenth century. The government of the country systematically and purposefully developed a migration strategy that was able to reflect and closely relate to the particularities of the country's domestic and domestic economic development. At the present stage, Canada's migration policy center is attracting business migrants to thecountry who, through their knowledge and capital, would help the Canadian economy thrive. ; У статті розглянуто розвиток міграційного законодавства Канади. Автор зосереджує свою увагу натому, що сучасна міграційна політика Канади зосереджена переважно на бізнес-міграції. У статті розгля-дається також специфіка адміністративно-правового регулювання міграційного процесу в Канаді. Автор виокремлює, що Канада здійснює недискримінаційну та універсальну політику допуску в країну мігрантів та зазначає, що вони поділяються на три групи чи класи, кожен із яких відображає категорії, визначені в законі про імміграцію: сімейна категорія – члени сімей канадських громадян чи мігрантів, які вже знаходяться в Канаді; біженці – особи, які відповідають визначенню Конвенції 1951 р. чи визначені урядом Канади; самостійні мігранти – відібрані в силу їх кваліфікації, роду занять, професійної підготовки чи рівня освіти. Автор акцентує увагу на тому, що якщо особа здійснила кримінальний злочин чи становила потенційну загрозу безпеці Кана- ди, уже подавала клопотання про надання статусу біженця в Канаді, проте отримала відмову, або раніше була визнана біженцем в іншій державі, до якої могла повернутися, її клопотання до розгляду щодо надання статусу біженця не допускалося. Проте в канадському міграційному законодавстві передбачена можливість оскарження такого рішення в суді. Існуючі міграційні проблеми в державі розв'язуються як на федеральному, так і на провінційних рівнях. Чинне міграційне законодавство Канади передбачає поняття впорядкованого потоку мігрантів, а міграційна система включає в себе не лише контроль за чисельністю, але й за категоріями людей, які в'їжджають у країну. Йдеться, насамперед, про програму врегульованої, плано-вої міграції. Автор робить висновки про те, що з кінця ХІХ ст. уряд країни систематично і цілеспрямовано виробляв міграційну стратегію, яка вміло відображала особливості внутрішньополітичного та внутрішньоекономічного розвитку країни і була тісно з ними пов'язана. На сучасному етапі в центрі міграційної політики Канади перебуває залучення в країну бізнес-мігрантів, які своїми знаннями та капіталами сприяли б процвітанню канадської економіки.

The purpose of the research presented in this article is to study the prospects for the development of legal institutionalization of digital technologies in the context of public policy. This involves solving such research tasks as analyzing international requirements and trends in the legal regulation of digital processes and law enforcement, identifying problems and prospects of legal regulation in the context of digitalization, as well as describing trends in the development of law enforcement practice in the context of digitalization. The study made it possible to note a number of conclusions. The author notes that international requirements and trends in the legal regulation of digital processes and law enforcement create standards for the introduction of information technologies in public administration and the economy. Improving the competitiveness of domestic jurisdictions is one of the areas that reflect the effectiveness of measures to introduce digital technologies applied at the national level. Identification of problems and perspectives of legal regulation in the conditions of digitization has allowed the author to note that in the current circumstances, it is evident the further development of the recognition of digital technologies and actions as legal facts, identification of subjects, bases and procedure for the implementation of subjective rights and legal obligations in the information environment. It is emphasized that in the future it is necessary to solve questions about intellectual property, the legal status of artificial intelligence as an object of legal relations. As trends in the development of law enforcement practice in the context of digitalization, it is noted that we should expect the continuation of measures to digitalize legal proceedings, which require organizational decisions, including identification of the parties to the process, certification of credentials, obtaining certified judicial acts remotely. In the sphere of activity of Executive authorities, the introduction of electronic methods of exercising power for the provision of state and municipal services, as well as the implementation of state and municipal functions, continues.

The main thrust of the study was to explore the correlation between socio-economic status and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and non-infected people in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Lagos Mainland, an urban setting, and Epe, a rural one. Multistage and systematic sampling techniques were used in 40 enumeration areas (25 in Lagos Mainland and 15 in Epe) to obtain a sample of 1,611 non-infected respondents and a purposive sample of 80 PLWHA. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted from September 2005 to April 2006. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while hypotheses were tested by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that many noninfected respondents exhibited discriminatory attitudes in different situations involving potential contacts with the PLWHA. The study also indicated that significant proportions of PLWHA experienced rejection, abandonment, eviction, isolation and alienation within their families and communities. It was revealed that education, place of residence, gender, and marital status were significant predictors of discrimination. Contrary to our argument that women were more vulnerable to discrimination than men, the reverse was the case in this study. Widowed/separated/divorced PLWHA suffered more discrimination than those in other categories of marital status. Empowerment of PLWHA, Intensive mass HIV education and enforcement of national and international legal instruments were recommended among others.

In the article, the author hypothesizes that modern domestic constitutional practice indicates the beginning of the process of institution the value of Russian citizenship. In substantiation of the proposed position, the author analyzes the facts of domestic constitutional practice, which indicate the relevant process, the ultimate goal of which is to make Russian citizenship promising, responsible, and its very existence a value. The author argues that the corresponding process is beneficial to the modern Russian state, since, on the one hand, the perception of Russian citizenship as a value by foreign citizens and stateless persons will lead not only to an increase in the legal population of the country, but also to an increase in its quality (subjective responsibility, education, qualifications, etc.). On the other hand, the perception of Russian citizenship as a value by the citizens of the Russian Federation proper will lead not only to minimizing cases of renunciation of citizenship, but also through the rejection of offending behavior will contribute to strengthening the rule of law, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of state policy.

Die politik- und sozialsystemischen Rahmenbedingungen für die Zivilgesellschaft in Deutschland sind gut. Deutschland bietet mit seinem demokratischen, föderalen Regierungssystem und seiner politischen Kultur gute Voraussetzungen für eine aktive Zivilgesellschaft, auch wenn aktuelle ebenso wie längerfristige Entwicklungen für die Partizipation der Bürgerinnen und Bürger eine Herausforderung darstellen. Die Herrschaft des Rechts und die Wahrung von Menschen- und Bürgerrechten, insbesondere der für die Zivilgesellschaft so wichtigen Vereinigungs- und Versammlungsfreiheit, sind gegeben. Die Informationsrechte der Regierenden gegenüber den Regierten sind rechtlich sichergestellt, jedoch häufig geprägt von einer Mentalität des Goodwill. Das Mediensystem mit seinem Mix aus öffentlich-rechtlichen und privaten Anbietern erlaubt unabhängigen Journalismus, wobei die zunehmenden Angebote der sozialen Medien einer Zergliederung in soziale Teilöffentlichkeiten und der Abschottung in eigene Informationsräume Vorschub leisten. Eine gemeinsame Öffentlichkeit, in der auch zivilgesellschaftliches Handeln sichtbar werden kann, ist nur bedingt vorhanden. Ihre Sichtbarkeit in den Teilöffentlichkeiten variiert deswegen stark, teilweise nimmt die Zivilgesellschaft in rechtspopulistischen Diskursräumen sogar die Position einer Hassfigur ein. Die soziale Ungleichheit, die diese Spaltung vorantreibt, ist trotz des hohen ökonomischen Niveaus des Landes nicht unproblematisch. Die öffentliche Wahrnehmung von Zivilgesellschaft ist geprägt von einem diffusen Bild, wer oder was Zivilgesellschaft sei, wird insgesamt jedoch verbunden mit der positiven Konnotation ihrer Gemeinwohlorientierung und, wie es eine Interviewte ausdrückt, ihres Potenzials, das Leben besser zu machen. Die Zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen weisen gute Vertrauenswerte in der Bevölkerung auf. Eine der wichtigsten aktuellen Debatten ist die gesellschaftliche Diskussion über den Platz von Zivilgesellschaft im politischen Willens- und Entscheidungsprozess. Dies trifft weite Teile der Zivilgesellschaft, nicht nur die offensichtlich politisch aktiven der Wächter oder Themenanwälte, sondern auch die vermeintlich 'unpolitischen' Sportvereine oder dienstleistenden Wohlfahrtsverbände, die sich im Licht der politischen Polarisierung reflektieren und gesellschaftliche Position beziehen wollen. Der Platz ist umkämpft und umstritten. Die zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen haben bisher nur begrenzte parlamentarische Anhörungsrechte, wenngleich in den letzten Jahren vermehrt staats-bürgerliche Konsultationsmöglichkeiten - etwa in Form von Bürgerbegehren und Referenden - auf den verschiedenen Politikebenen ausgebaut wurden. Institutionelle Beteiligungsformate für zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen existieren nur wenig und die Zusammenarbeit und Einbeziehung in den Ministerien variiert stark. Zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen nutzen zur Einflussnahme zum einen klassische Formen des Lobbyings, wo der Zugang zu politischen Akteuren meist exklusiv gestaltet wird und häufig über persönliche Kontakte verläuft. Zwei aktuelle Entwicklungen beziehen sich ausdrücklich auf dieses Phänomen. Zum einen betont der Koalitionsvertrag zur Bildung einer neuen Bundesregierung vom 24. November 2021: "Eine starke Demokratie lebt von den Menschen, die sie tragen. Sie braucht eine vielfältige Kultur und freie Medien. Ehrenamt und demokratisches Engagement stärken den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. Sie verlässlich zu fördern, ist unsere Aufgabe." (Bündnis für Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit 2021:7). Zum anderen ist am 1. Januar 2022 ein neues Lobbyregistergesetz in Kraft getreten, das ein Regelwerk für jeden, d.h. auch für zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure schafft, die mit Mitgliedern des Bundestages und der Bundesregierung sowie mit leitenden Mitarbeitenden von Bundesministerien im Rahmen einer Interessensvertretung spricht. In den letzten Jahren hat sich das Politikfeld der Engagementpolitik entwickelt. Dadurch finden die Belange der Zivilgesellschaft, wie etwa gute Voraussetzungen für das bürgerschaftliche Engagement, stärker Berücksichtigung. Beispielsweise haben Verbände, Netzwerke und einzelne Organisationen im Vorfeld der Bundestagswahl 2021 bei den Parteien ihre Wünsche für die nächste Legislaturperiode deutlicher angemeldet als je zuvor. Allerdings ist auch ein Trend zu beobachten, die Zivilgesellschaft von Seiten des Staates zu vereinnahmen und zu verwalten. Die Macht der großen Dachverbände bleibt spürbar. Auch einzelne, kleinere zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen aber mobilisieren die Öffentlichkeit für ihre Themen über Demonstrationen und zunehmend über Online-Vernetzung. Aktuell ist eine zunehmende Vermischung beider Wege zu beobachten. Der global zu beobachtendeTrend von repressiven Maßnahmen gegen Zivilgesellschaft von Staatsseite - auch shrinking space of civil society genannt - findet in Deutschland wohl nicht systemisch statt, wenngleich in den Kämpfen um Anerkennung und politische Mitbestimmung durchaus auch Formen dieses Phänomens zu finden sind. Gerichtsentscheidungen wie die gegen ATTAC (BFH 2019/2021) sind Teil der Auseinandersetzung um das politische Engagement und seiner Vereinbarkeit mit dem Gemeinwohl, die sich insbesondere in der Konstruktion des Gemeinnützigkeitsrechts niederschlägt. Die Problemlagen sind häufig kleinteilig und werden im vorliegenden Bericht u. a. anhand des Demonstrationsrechts veranschaulicht. Hier zeigt sich das Potenzial, mit dem zivilgesellschaftliches Handeln von staatlicher Stelle behindert werden kann. Nach wie vor sind die Rahmenbedingungen der Zivilgesellschaft in erster Linie vom Steuerrecht bestimmt, da die meisten zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen den Status der Gemeinnützigkeit, der "Steuervorteile" mit sich bringt, annehmen wollen. Dieser Status wird durch das Finanzamt kontrolliert und unterstellt die zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen deren Verwaltungsvorschriften. Der Regulierungsrahmen ist prinzipiell akzeptabel, aber auch komplex, starr und teilweise stark veraltet. Änderungen führen oft lediglich zu einer Erhöhung der administrativen Anforderungen und erbringen keine wirklichen Verbesserungen; oft fehlt der systematische Einbezug der Zivilgesellschaft. Die Reform des Gemeinnützigkeitsrechts, die seit Jahrzehnten angemahnt wird, gleicht eher einer Flickschusterei denn einer Anpassung des 150 Jahre alten Rechtsrahmens an die Lebenswelt des 21. Jahrhunderts. Einige Formen, wie Stiftungen, wurden in den letzten Jahren stärker gefördert als andere. Nach wie vor fehlt ein einheitliches Register aller zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen, Vorstöße wie das Transparenzregister sind schlecht organisiert. Die finanzielle Situation der Zivilgesellschaft ist geprägt von einem Mix aus Leistungsentgelten, Spenden, Mitgliedsbeiträgen und öffentlichen Fördermitteln. Die Spendenbereitschaft, wie auch die Einnahmen der Mitgliedsbeiträge blieben über die letzten Jahre relativ stabil und haben insgesamt betrachtet auch in der Corona-Pandemie nicht wesentlich gelitten. Die Ausschreibungskapazitäten der öffentlichen Mittel sind gestiegen, aber zunehmend mit mehr Antragsaufwand und kompetitiveren Voraussetzungen, teilweise mit kommerziellen Anbietern, verbunden. Der Ökonomisierungsdruck wächst nach wie vor. Die meisten zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen verfügen über keine finanziellen Rücklagen und sind häufig durch prekäre Organisations- und Arbeitsbedingungen geprägt. Ebenfalls als problematisch erweist sich das durch eine Machtasynchronie geprägte Verhältnis zwischen GeberInnen und EmpfängerInnen, das häufig zu Abhängigkeiten führt und einer gleichberechtigten Kooperation entgegensteht. Die Zivilgesellschaft wächst, ist aber gekennzeichnet von Wandel. Neue Engagementfelder bilden sich, etwa in der vormals rein staatlich organisierten Bildungslandschaft. Der demographische Wandel bringt Rekrutierungsschwierigkeiten und Nachwuchssorgen mit sich, insbesondere in der Wahrnehmung von langfristigen Ehrenämtern. Gleichzeitig entstehen neue Formen von Engagement. Insbesondere durch die Digitalisierung sind in den letzten Jahren völlig neue Arten der Vernetzung und der Mobilisierung zivilgesellschaftlichen Handelns gelungen. Noch nicht abzusehen sind die Auswirkungen, die die Corona-Pandemie auf die Zivilgesellschaft haben wird. Bereits jetzt ist klar, dass ein Großteil aller zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen von ihr betroffen ist. Die geringe Einbeziehung der Zivilgesellschaft in die Diskussion um Risikoabwägungen und Planung hat insbesondere für viele lokale zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen Folgen. Sie beklagen unter anderem einen Mitgliederschwund und weisen bislang ohne spürbare Resonanz auf die gesellschaftlichen Folgen des durch Lockdowns verursachten Verlusts an freiwilliger Gemeinschaftsbildung hin. Eine anhaltende Herausforderung ist die Diskrepanz zwischen den nationalstaatlich geprägten Rahmenbedingungen der Zivilgesellschaft und ihrem mehrheitlich nicht nationalstaatlichen Aktionsradius. Dieser ist in vielen Fällen nur lokal oder regional, zunehmend aber auch transnational, europäisch, global. Der hier vorgelegte Bericht stellt den Versuch einer Zustandsbeschreibung dar. Dabei wird der Versuch unternommen, möglichst viele Aspekte anzusprechen, wobei eine Vollständigkeit naturgemäß nicht zu erreichen ist. Im Mittelpunkt des Berichts steht die Sorge um einen sich verengenden bürgerschaftlichen Handlungsraum.

As is well known, the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931-1936) was toppled by a military uprising which, after a cruel Civil War, set up an autocratic regime led by General Franco which lasted until his natural death in 1975. According to the contemporary theory of the legal system, a legal order exists on the sole condition that it is efficient in general terms and this was the case for both the Republic and the Dictatorship. In turn, the validity of the legal norms of all legal orders is based on its respective rules of recognition. Thus, neither the existence of the legal order nor the validity of its respective legal norms depends on moral considerations. In this paper, we call this affirmation into question on the base of the fact that the compensatory methods adopted from the Transition to Democracy show an evident concern to repair the damage of taking away a person's basic rights (life, health, freedom, expression, association etc) although the Spanish Constitution, with its catalogue of fundamental rights was not in force at that time. But these measures would not have much sense if, as Raz says, there was no shared content which is common to all legal systems. Like Nino, we claim that one must discriminate between a democratic legal order and an autocratic one to establish the level of validity of its respective legal norms. Thus it can be assigned a presumption of justice to democratic norms. Finally, we state that the criteria to weigh up the justice or injustice of legal norms, as that of legal orders, takes root in the level of respect they show towards human rights.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to increased legal literacy of patients, the need to respect their rights and increase the responsibility of a medical institution in matters of observing the rights of patients. According to the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of health protection, the right of citizens to information about their state of health includes two main components: informing the patient by the attending physician and familiarization with medical documentation.In the first case, the attending physician or medical worker directly providing medical assistance to the citizen is obliged to inform the citizen or his legal representative of the information about the state of his health available in the medical organization, including: information on the results of a medical examination; the presence of disease; about the established diagnosis; on the prognosis of the development of the disease; methods of medical care related to their risk; possible types of medical intervention, its consequences; the results of medical care. The procedure for familiarizing patients with the originals of medical records is also regulated by law. This study touched upon the implementation of the patient's rights to familiarize themselves with the patient's medical records, obtain copies of medical documents, and introduce electronic medical records.