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The objective of the hereby paper is to present dynamic analysis and assessment of workforce structure in the European Union countries based on structural and geographical shift-share analysis. Workforce structure in economic sectors, distinguished based on R&D work intensity in the European Union countries in the period of 2008-2010, was the subject of diversification and transformations assessment. Shift-share analysis enabled the decomposition of occurring changes into regional, structural and global effects as well as the identification of the, so called, allocation effect resulting in the classification of the studied countries with regard to combinations of local specialization and competitive advantages. The performed research also allowed for the identification different kinds of workforce structure characterized by smart specialization (significant share of workforce in high-tech manufacturing sector or high-tech services sector) and the assessment of generated structural and competitive effects. ; Celem referatu jest dynamiczna analiza i ocena struktury pracujących w krajach Unii Europejskiej w oparciu o strukturalno-geograficzną metodę przesunięć udziałów (Shift-Share Analysis). Ocenie zróżnicowania i przemian poddano strukturę pracujących w sektorach ekonomicznych wyodrębnionych wg intensywności działalności badawczo- rozwojowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2008-2010. Analiza przesunięć udziałów umożliwiła dekompozycję zachodzących zmian na efekty regionalne, strukturalne i globalne, jak również identyfikację tzw. efektu alokacji prowadzącego do klasyfikacji badanych krajów ze względu na występujące kombinacje specjalizacji lokalnej i korzyści konkurencyjności. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na identyfikację różnych rodzajów struktur pracujących cechujących się inteligentną specjalizacją (znaczący udział pracujących w sektorze przemysłu wysokiej techniki lub usług opartych na wiedzy) oraz ocenić generowane przez nie efekty strukturalne i konkurencyjne

The objective of the hereby paper is to present dynamic analysis and assessment of workforce structure in the European Union countries based on structural and geographical shift-share analysis. Workforce structure in economic sectors, distinguished based on R&D work intensity in the European Union countries in the period of 2008-2010, was the subject of diversification and transformations assessment. Shift-share analysis enabled the decomposition of occurring changes into regional, structural and global effects as well as the identification of the, so called, allocation effect resulting in the classification of the studied countries with regard to combinations of local specialization and competitive advantages. The performed research also allowed for the identification different kinds of workforce structure characterized by smart specialization (significant share of workforce in high-tech manufacturing sector or high-tech services sector) and the assessment of generated structural and competitive effects. ; Celem referatu jest dynamiczna analiza i ocena struktury pracujących w krajach Unii Europejskiej w oparciu o strukturalno-geograficzną metodę przesunięć udziałów (Shift-Share Analysis). Ocenie zróżnicowania i przemian poddano strukturę pracujących w sektorach ekonomicznych wyodrębnionych wg intensywności działalności badawczo- rozwojowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2008-2010. Analiza przesunięć udziałów umożliwiła dekompozycję zachodzących zmian na efekty regionalne, strukturalne i globalne, jak również identyfikację tzw. efektu alokacji prowadzącego do klasyfikacji badanych krajów ze względu na występujące kombinacje specjalizacji lokalnej i korzyści konkurencyjności. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na identyfikację różnych rodzajów struktur pracujących cechujących się inteligentną specjalizacją (znaczący udział pracujących w sektorze przemysłu wysokiej techniki lub usług opartych na wiedzy) oraz ocenić generowane przez nie efekty strukturalne i ...

The infant Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) seems to be suffering from growing pains or perhaps worse. It is already becoming infected by the same maladies that it had set out to heal. Steadily but surely, interactions in the UfM have relapsed back into the same old patterns of behaviour that the invention of the UfM was meant to end. Unless remedial action is taken quickly, it may not be long before the UfM joins the roll call of dead, unsung and unlamented Mediterranean policies. ; N/A

Hauptbeschreibung Wer ist das Volk? Wie lassen sich - zumal in Großgesellschaften - soziale Machtakte dem Volk zurechnen? Was verbindet Volks- und Staatssouveränität? Die Frage nach der Legitimität europäischer Gesetzgebung führt unweigerlich zu diesen Kernproblemen moderner Demokratie. Aus verfassungsrechtlicher Sicht zu ihrer Klärung beizutragen, ist das Anliegen Alexis von Komorowskis, der in der vorliegenden Publikation behutsam an die Lehren des Weimarer Staatsrechtslehrers Hermann Heller (1891 - 1931) anknüpft. Der grundgesetzliche Volksbegriff wird im Sinne der "quod-omnes-tangit"-Formel entfaltet. Die im Grundgesetz verankerte Volkssouveränität nimmt als mehrdimensionale Zurechnungsnorm Gestalt an, die u. a. auch Elemente demokratischer Normalität in positivrechtlicher Geltung erstarken lässt. Die Staatssouveränität wird als grundgesetzliche Verbürgung gewürdigt, die einem Übergang zum Europäischen Bundesstaat nicht entgegensteht. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsübersicht: Einleitung: Die demokratische Legitimation der EU als Problem - Methodik - Eingrenzung des Themas und Gang der Darstellung - I. Teil: Relevanz des Themas und Vorverständnis: Die aktuelle Bedeutung einer Auseinandersetzung mit den EU-spezifischen Demokratienormen - Hermann Hellers Rechts-, Demokratie- und Souveränitätskonzeption als Vorverständnis - II. Teil: Die juristische Diskussion um die demokratische Legitimation der EU: Die rechtswissenschaftliche Debatte in historischer Retrospektion - Drei EU-spezifische Legitimationsmodelle - III. Teil: Volkssouveränität und EU - eine Rekonstruktion aus dem Geist der Allgemeinen Staatslehre: Der Volksbegriff - Die Volkssouveränität als Zurechnungsstruktur - Das Verhältnis von Staats- und Volkssouveränität - IV. Teil: Die demokratische Legitimation der EG-Normsetzung als grundgesetzliche Verpflichtung: Der Sitz der EU-spezifischen

LL.M.(Melit.) ; Presidents of different nations used the war rhetoric when addressing their nations in justifying the implementation of drastic actions to halt the contagion of the Coronavirus. One of the main areas which is continuously being discussed on the media around the world, is that Covid-19 has led to suppression of certain liberties. Suppression of liberties raised riots and protests, as fundamental human rights were being limited. An in-depth examination will take place on whether the fundamental human rights of European citizens are being suppressed. This study shall involve a comparative examination on how Member States have reacted to the human rights conflicts arising within their nation. From such comparative approach, one would be able to evaluate the outcome of whether fundamental rights safeguarded within the European Union are being restrained. This analysis shall not only be tackling various aspects of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, but it will also delve in other areas, for instance, it shall be tackling issues related to the fundamental freedoms. Moreover, since the European Union considers public health as one of the exceptions to the rule in relation to human rights, this dissertation will examine whether suppression of fundamental rights is inevitable in such circumstances. Keeping in mind that sometimes suppression of human rights might be unavoidable, the concepts of limitation and derogation in relation to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union shall be discussed. Although the pandemic is still evolving at the time of writing, this comparative analysis will shed light on whether Member States are complying with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and whether such rights are being suppressed by the decisions taken by the statemen in such unprecedented circumstances. Moreover, this chapter will further discuss pit falls that Member States should avoid in truly safeguarding the fundamental rights of the European citizens. By way of conclusion, a chapter will be dedicated on the way forward and whether the current approach needs changing. ; N/A

"The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union offers a comprehensive picture of the European activities of national parliaments in all the 28 member states of the EU. In the aftermath of the Lisbon Treaty, it questions whether national legislatures do matter in European governance. With contributions from both academics and practitioners, this volume integrates the latest constitutional and legal developments as well as the consequences of the economic crisis in every country in the EU. Special emphasis is also placed on the actual parliamentary practices relating to European affairs. In addition, the volume includes some cross-sectional entries on key issues such as parliamentary administration and inter-parliamentary cooperation. By covering a large number of aspects and cases, this collection provides a unique source for assessing the degree of actual parliamentary and democratic control of the European governance at the domestic level"--

PURPOSE: The composite sustainable energy index could prove useful to evaluate both the state of the art and the progress of national energy towards sustainable development. However, different methods and procedures of selection and aggregation of variables can produce different results of index values and the ranking of objects. The objective of the paper is to evaluate different methods of data aggregation. ; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: We choose three methods, SAW, TOPSIS and VIKOR in order to obtain the Sustainable Energy Development Aggregated Index (SEDAI) to rank the EU Member States. We apply 47 variables and also test the need to reduce variables due to their collinearity. We apply some measures of the quality of indexes and rankings based on linear correlation of the index with the diagnostic variables, as well as the up ratio based on ranks comparison and our modification of up measure (u'p). ; FINDINGS: We found that it is not possible to clearly indicate the method of selection and aggregation of variables that gives optimal ranking, however SAW method is most often indicated as the best method, according to evaluation measures applied in our research. ; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In this situation, one opportunity is to use the most intuitive SAW method, or we recommend using a set of rankings in order to aggregate the results of different methods as it is used in many machine learning methods. ; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The added value of the article is the indication of the SAW method as the best one, according to most analyzed quality measures for creating indexes and rankings. Additionally, we propose a measure of the quality of rankings and a method of aggregating indexes obtained with the use of various methods. ; This research was funded by National Science Centre Poland, grant number 2018/29/B/HS4/00561, entitled "Sustainable regional energy – measure of implementation and development strategy selection". ; peer-reviewed