Suchergebnisse

The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the conduct and taxation of blogging as a necessary component of Internet marketing, business and personal expression in modern society. Research methods such as analysis, classification and generalization are used. Attention is paid to the diversity of blogs on the World Wide Web, their specific features and effective use for profit. In accordance with the purpose of the article, the concepts of «Internet marketing» and «blog» in the modern interpretation. The principles of successful blogs and methods of their creation are highlighted. The problematic issues of blogging ethics are analyzed, recommendations for running a competitive blog are given. The issue of choosing a tax system for such economic activity as blogging is covered. It is concluded that blogging is a special type of economic activity that takes place virtually and leads to economic benefits that are subject to accounting and taxation within the current legislation of Ukraine. The development of online marketing and the commercialization of the Internet have led to the emergence of a new category of business, namely e-business, which means any activity to use the capabilities of global information networks for business. The uniqueness and innovation of the blogosphere determine the technological capabilities of the Internet and the freedom of expression provided by these opportunities. The current legislation of Ukraine does not regulate the proceedings and features of taxation of blogging activities, which leads to the avoidance of taxes to the budget and improper execution of relevant documents on advertising agreements. To remedy this situation, in our opinion, it is enough to take the following two steps. The first is to introduce special tax rates for bloggers and their mandatory state registration as business entities, provided they receive an annual income in excess of UAH 50,000. The second is to introduce joint responsibility for paying taxes and fees between bloggers and popular social networks (Instagram, Facebook). This type of responsibility will make the social network a tax agent, in case it refuses to provide information about the business activities of bloggers for the tax service and others. And for blogging, this will mean working in the legal field and paying mandatory payments to the budget.Keywords: blog, blogging, blogosphere, blogging ethics, internet marketing, post, accounting and taxation of blogging in Ukraine. ; Метою статті є дослідження особливостей провадження та оподаткування блогерської діяльності як необхідної складової інтернет-маркетингу, бізнесу та виразу особистості у сучасному суспільстві. Використано такі методи наукових досліджень, як аналіз, класифікація та узагальнення. Приділено увагу різноманітності блогів у всесвітній мережі, їх специфічним особливостям та ефективному використанню з метою одержання прибутку. У статті розглянуто поняття «інтернет-маркетинг» та «блог» у сучасному трактуванні. Висвітлено принципи дії успішних блогів та методику їх створення. Проаналізовано проблемні питання блогерської етики, надано рекомендації щодо ведення конкурентоспроможного блогу. Проаналізовано вибір системи оподаткування для такого виду економічної діяльності як блогінг. Сформульовано висновок, що блогерська діяльність є особливим видом економічної діяльності, яка відбувається віртуально та призводить до отримання економічних вигод, які підлягають обліку та оподаткуванню в межах чинного законодавства України.Ключові слова: блог, блогерська діяльність, блогосфера, блогерська етика, інтернет-маркетинг, пост, облік та оподаткування блогерської діяльності в Україні.

Formaldehyde (CHO) is a tracer of the photochemical activity of the atmosphere. Linked to air quality, CHO is an ozone (O) precursor and serves as a proxy for natural and anthropogenic reactive organic emissions. As a product of the photooxidation of methane (CH) and other hydrocarbons (e.g., isoprene), CHO represents an important source of radicals in the remote free troposphere. This work aims at improving the characterization of this part of the troposphere where data are scarce. In particular, this study assesses the presence of CHO at two high-altitude remote sites: El Teide (TEI, 3570 m a.s.l., Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) and Pic du Midi (PDM, 2877 m a.s.l., French Pyrenees). Through ground-based remote sensing measurements performed during two field campaigns in July (TEI) and September (PDM) 2013, this study presents the vertical distribution of CHO at both locations. Results at PDM show that CHO mixing ratios follow a decreasing vertical profile with a mean maximum of 0.5 ± 0.2 nmol mol (i.e., ppbv) at the instruments' altitude. At TEI, observations indicate an uplifted layer of CHO with a mean maximum of 1.3 ± 0.3 nmol mol at 3.8 km a.s.l. (i.e., 300 m above the instrument's altitude). At both remote sites, the observed CHO levels are higher than expected for background methane oxidation (a threefold increase in the case of TEI). Air mass back trajectory analysis links CHO observations with abundant natural (e.g. forests) and/or anthropogenic isoprene emissions from the region nearby PDM, while the high CHO levels detected at TEI indicate in-plume formation of CHO resulting from its precursors emitted from west-African and Canadian fires. Finally, as a key trace gas for O and HO chemistries, we estimate the upper limit of bromine monoxide (BrO) in the free troposphere at TEI and PDM to be 0.8 and 1.5 pmol mol (i.e., pptv) respectively. ; The TEI campaign was funded through the AMISOC project (Atmospheric MInor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry, Spanish National RCD Funding Agency, CGL2011-24891). The PDM campaign was funded by the European Research Council Executive Agency under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and innovation program (ERC-2010-STG 258537) to JES. LGM would like to the MINECO support under grant VHODCA (CTM2017–83199P). The authors would like to thank the assistance of the personal working at the Izaña and at the Pic du Midi observatories. The authors acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and READY website (http://www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this publication. Also, we acknowledge the use of the aerosol product (AOD) from AERONET (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/.) and the fire counts imagery from LANCE FIRMS operated by NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA Headquarters. The UV aerosol index visualization used in this work was produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. We also acknowledge the OMI mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the UV aerosol index data used in this study (Bhartia P. K. 2012, OMTO3d-OMI/Aura TOMS-Like Ozone, Aerosol Index, Cloud Radiance Fraction L3 1 day 1° x 1° V3).

The evolution of urbanism under dictatorship forms the core of the current research. This thesis is part of a research network at Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, which studies the 20th century's urbanism under different dictatorships. The network has provided a cross-cultural and cross-border environment and has enabled the author to communicate with other like-minded researchers. The 2015 published book of this group 'Urbanism and Dictatorship: A European Perspective' strengthens the foundation of this research's theoretical and methodological framework. This thesis investigates urban policies and plans leading to the advancement of urbanization and the transformation of urban space in Iran during the second Pahlavi (1941-1979) when the country faced a milestone in its history: Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. By reflecting the influence of economic and socio‐political determinants of the time on urbanism and the urbanization process, this work intends to critically trace the effect of dictatorship on evolved urbanism before and after the oil nationalization in 1951. The research on the second Pahlavi's urbanism has been limitedly addressed and has only recently expanded. Most of the conducted studies date back to less than a decade ago and could not incorporate all the episodes of the second Pahlavi urbanism. These works have often investigated urbanism and architecture by focusing merely on the physical features and urban products in different years regardless of the importance of urbanism as a tool in the service of hegemony. In other words, the majority of the available literature does not intend to address the socio-economic and political roots of urban transformations and by questioning 'what has been built?' investigates the individual urban projects and plans designed by individual designers without interlinking these projects to the state's urban planning program and tracing the beneficiaries of those projects or questioning 'built for whom?' Moreover, some chapters of this modern urbanism have rarely been investigated. For instance, scant research has looked into the works of foreign designers and consultants involved in the projects such as Peter Georg Ahrens or Constantinos A. Doxiadis. Similarly, the urbanism of the first decade of the second Pahlavi, including the government of Mossadegh, has mainly been overlooked. Therefore, by critically analyzing the state's urban planning program and the process of urbanization in Iran during the second Pahlavi, this research aims to bridge the literature gap and to unravel the effect of the power structure on urban planning and products while seeking to find a pattern behind the regime's policies. The main body of this work is concentrated on studying the history of urbanism in Iran, of which collecting data and descriptions played a crucial role. To prevent the limitations associated with singular methods, this research's methodology is based on methodological triangulation (Denzin, 2017). With the triangulation scheme, the data is gathered by combining different qualitative and quantitative methods such as the library, archival and media research, online resources, non-participatory observation, and photography. For the empirical part, the city of Tehran is selected as the case study. Moreover, individual non-structured interviews with the locals were conducted to gain more insights regarding urban projects.

The increase of minimum wage in 2018 in Russia turned out to be the most pronounced in regions of the Far North and similar localities due to the exclusion of regional compensation payments and Northern allowances from the minimum wage. We are interested in both studying the effects of the minimum wage's increase and assessing its value's compliance. The article suggests a new approach to achieving these objectives based on the number of workers' complaints to the State Labour Inspectorate. We developed and applied an econometric model to reveal the connection between the rate of compensation payments in a region and the number of complaints regarding the problem that "the employer pays less than the law requires". As the study's information base, we used the data gathered from an online dataset of the Federal Service for Labour and Employment, Federal State Statistics Service, and the professional database "Ruslana". We discovered that in 2018, the number of complaints on the considered topic in the North regions was 2.5 times higher than in other regions. An increase in the value of regional compensation payments is associated with an increase in the number of complaints. The largest number of complaints came from employees of small enterprises, budgetary institutions, and firms experiencing financial difficulties. The legal authorities may use suggested recommendations regarding the legislation of the status of regional compensation payments and Northern allowances in the process of determining the minimum wage. We recommend the employers to use the checklists that allow minimizing the risks of consequences of labour law's violations in the Far North and similar localities. © 2020 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Рост минимальной заработной платы в России в 2018 г. оказался наиболее существенным в районах Крайнего Севера и приравненных к ним местностях в связи с исключением из МРОТ районныхкоэффициентов и северных надбавок. Представляют интерес как изучение эффектов от повышения минимальной заработной платы, так и оценка соблюдения ее величины. В статье предложен новый подход к решению данных задач, основанный на анализе обращений работников в Государственную инспекцию труда. Разработана и апробирована эконометрическая модель, позволяющая выявить связь между размером районного коэффициента и северной надбавки в регионе и числом обращений в трудовую инспекцию по проблеме «работодатель платит меньше, чем предусмотрено законодательством». В качестве информационной базы использованы данные Онлайн-инспекции, Росстата, профессиональной базы данных организаций «Руслана». Установлено, что в 2018 г. регионы, относящиеся к районам Крайнего Севера и приравненным к ним местностям, в 2,4 раза опередили другие российские регионы по числу обращений по исследуемой проблеме. С ростом значений районных коэффициентов и северных надбавок наблюдается увеличение числа обращений. Наибольшее число обращений по данной проблеме зарегистрировано от работников малых предприятий, бюджетных учреждений и организаций, находящихся в кризисном финансовом состоянии. Предложенные в статье рекомендации в части законодательного закрепления статуса районных коэффициентов и северных надбавок при определении величины минимальной заработной платы могут быть использованы законодательными органами власти. Работодателям рекомендовано использовать проверочные листы, позволяющие минимизировать риски последствий, которые возникают при выявлении нарушений трудового законодательства в отношении лиц, работающих на Крайнем Севере и в местностях, приравненных к нему. ; The study has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the project No. 18-010-01180. ; Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках +научного проекта № 18–010–01180.

Die durchgeführte Online-Befragung ermittelte das Mobilitätsverhalten von PKW-Berufspendlern und ihre Einstellungen zur aktuellen und künftigen Mobilität. Dabei wurden sowohl Selbstfahrer als auch Mitfahrer berücksichtigt. Die Stichprobe wurde so angelegt, dass gleichermaßen städtische und ländliche Regionen bei der Auswertung betrachtet werden konnten, um strukturelle Stadt-Land-Unterschiede zu identifizieren.

Themen: 1. Mobilitätsverhalten: Am häufigsten genutzte Verkehrsmittel für den Weg zur Arbeit; Verkehrsmittel im Haushalt (Pkw mit Benzinantrieb, Pkw mit Dieselantrieb, Pkw mit Erdgasantrieb, E-Auto, Hybrid-Auto, Motorroller, Motorrad oder Moped, Elektroroller, Fahrrad, E-Bike oder Pedelec, E-Scooter, sonstiges, nichts davon); Dienstwagen; Pendelentfernung zur Arbeit (Hin- und Rückweg); Pendelzeit; Belastungsgefühl durch tägliches Pendeln; Häufigkeit der Pkw-Nutzung für den Weg zur Arbeit (als Fahrer bzw. Mitfahrer); Gründe für Variabilität bei der Wahl des Verkehrsmittels für den Weg zur Arbeit (z.B. Wetter/ Temperatur, persönliches Befinden, private Erledigungen in Verbindung mit dem Arbeitsweg, etc.); Nutzung von Mobilitätsservices (z.B. Carsharing) für private Wege bzw. für den Arbeitsweg; Gründe gegen die Nutzung von Mobilitätsservices für den beruflichen Gebrauch (z.B. zu teuer, zu geringe Reichweite, etc.); wichtigste und unwichtigste Eigenschaft von Verkehrsmitteln (Maximum Difference Scaling: Komfort/Bequemlichkeit, schnelle Zielerreichung, geringe Erstinvestition, geringe Betriebskosten, barrierefreie Ausstattung, geringer Schadstoffausstoß, möglichst große Flexibilität, möglichst hohe Verlässlichkeit, Sicherheit für Leib und Leben, mehr körperliche Betätigung).

2. Einstellungen zu Mobilität: Zustimmung zu ausgewählten Aussagen zu Verkehr und Mobilität (Faktorenabwägung: interessiere mich für Autos, probiere gerne die neuesten technischen Innovationen aus, Debatte zum Umwelt- und Klimaschutz konzentriert sich zu sehr auf das Autofahren und den Verkehr, verfolge aufmerksam politische Debatten zu Mobilität und Verkehr, eigenes Auto zu haben ist mir wichtig, benutze gern die öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel, verbringe zu viel Zeit im Auto); Politikinteresse; wahrgenommener Änderungsbedarf bezüglich der Organisation von Verkehr und Mobilität (grundlegende Verhaltensänderung, einzelne Korrekturen, es kann alles so bleiben wie es ist); Problemwahrnehmung Mobilität: Rangfolge verschiedener wichtiger verkehrspolitischer Aspekte (Klimaschutz, Lärmreduktion, digitale Verkehrsführung zur Stauvermeidung, autonome Beförderungssysteme, Luftreinhaltung, Verkehrssicherheit, Ausbau des Straßennetzes, Ausbau des Schienennetzes); Konflikte im Raum: Präferenzen im Hinblick auf den Ausbau von Infrastruktur anhand von Gegensatzpaaren (mehr Parkplätze - mehr Spuren für Busse oder Straßenbahnen, mehr Fahrstreifen - mehr Fahrradwege, mehr Parkplätze - mehr Fahrradwege, mehr Fahrstreifen für Autos - mehr Spuren für Busse oder Straßenbahnen, uneingeschränkte Fahrt im Stadtgebiet - mehr Fußgängerzonen, grüne Welle für Autos - grüne Welle für Busse, Ausbau der Autobahnen - Ausbau des Schienennetztes im Fernverkehr); verantwortliche Akteure für Änderungen bei Verkehr und Mobilität (Politik, Wirtschaft, Autofahrer, alle Bürger).

3. Verhaltensänderung: Problematische Aspekte beim Autofahren (Umweltschädlichkeit, Stau, Parkplatzmangel, mangelnde Straßeninfrastruktur, Verkehrslärm, Stress, hohe Kosten, andere Verkehrsteilnehmer, verlorene Zeit, sonstiges, nichts davon); Bereitschaft zum Umstieg auf ein umweltfreundlicheres Auto; Verzichtbarkeit des eigenen Autos für verschiedene Wege (Wege zur Arbeit, Wege während der Arbeitszeit, Einkaufswege, Freizeitwege, Urlaubsfahrten); Gründe gegen den Umstieg vom Auto auf ein anderes Verkehrsmittel für den Arbeitsweg (z.B. keine alternativen Verkehrsmittel vorhanden, keine lückenlose Anbindung des öffentlichen Nahverkehrs/ zu viele Umstiege, etc.); Gründe für den Umstieg (offen); Faktoren mit dem größten Einfluss auf die Entscheidung zu einem Umstieg (z.B. erhebliche Reduktion der Emissionen, persönlicher Beitrag zum Umweltschutz, steigende Spritpreise, etc.); Erwartungen an die Politik im Hinblick auf die Umstellung von Autos auf umweltfreundlichere Verkehrsmittel (regulierend eingreifen vs. heraushalten und Umstellung den freien Kräften des Marktes überlassen); E-Mobilität: Flächendeckender Umstieg auf E-Mobilität gut für den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz; Gründe für E-Mobilität (z.B. umweltfreundlichere Technologie, etc.); Gründe gegen E-Mobilität (geringe Reichweite, etc.).

4. Aktuelle Maßnahmen: Klimaschutz durch Reformen im Bereich Verkehr möglich; Bekanntheit aktueller Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung zur Förderung eines umwelt- und klimafreundlicheren Verkehrs (offen); Bekanntheit aktueller Maßnahmen der Verkehrspolitik (z.B. Fahrverbote in Großstädten, Umstellung von Bussen auf E-Mobilität, etc.); Akzeptanz dieser politischen Maßnahmen; Betroffenheit von Fahrverboten für ältere Dieselfahrzeuge.

5. Zukünftige Maßnahmen: Potentielle zukünftige Maßnahmen für umweltfreundlicheren Verkehr (offen); Akzeptanz möglicher zukünftiger Maßnahmen für umweltfreundlicheren Verkehr (Rangfolge: Preise für Benzin und Diesel erhöhen, Einführung einer CO2-Steuer, Einführung eines Tempolimits von 130 km/h auf Autobahnen, Einführung eines Tempolimits von 30 km/ha in Innenstädten, Forschungsförderung zu alternativen Antrieben, keine Neuzulassung von Fahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotor, Ausbau des öffentlichen Nahverkehrs, Ausbau von Leihangeboten, Fahrverbote von Geländewagen und SUVs für den privaten Gebrauch, autofreie Innenstädte, Einführung einer City-Maut in Großstädten, Abschaffung der steuerlichen Begünstigung von Dienstwagen, höhere Besteuerung von Flugzeugkerosin, geringere Besteuerung von Tickets für den öffentlichen Nah- und Fernverkehr, Ausbau von Park+Ride Angeboten.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Erwerbsstatus; Bildung; Beurteilung der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Lage; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl der Kinder unter 18 Jahren im Haushalt; Parteisympathie.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Bundesland; Ortsgröße; Gewichtungsfaktor.

PurposeAn integral feature of Special Guardianship Orders (SGO) is that the children should have some contact with their parents after the order is granted. Local authority social workers have a duty to plan and recommend levels and types of contact. But there is no policy guidance provided on how to undertake these duties, and little is known about the process that practitioners undertake. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the recommending of contact in special guardianship cases, and to provide data on what contact social workers are recommending the factors they take into consideration and the reasons for their decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe research involved a mixed-methods approach comprising of a questionnaire and focus groups. This part of the study comprised of an online questionnaire that was completed by 102 local authority social workers. Responses were downloaded into SPSS Statistics v22 for data analysis and a content analysis was conducted.FindingsQuantitative results from the questionnaire are reported in this paper. Respondents provided comprehensive details on what they include in their recommendations, including levels of contact frequency and specific directions. Practitioners rated the factors they considered in reaching their decisions, and gave their general views on special guardianship contact. Results indicated that practitioners are recommending less contact for fathers than for mothers, and may feel less positively about paternal contact. Bivariate analysis suggests that some older and more experienced social workers are recommending lower levels of contact.Research limitations/implicationsThe statistical significance of the results was limited by the relatively small sample size. It was therefore decided to limit bivariate analyses to consideration of just three independent variables: the social worker's age and number of years in practice, and the age of the child at the time of their SGO, against dependent variables concerning the levels of contact that had been recommended for mothers and fathers and how positive these were considered to be. Because of the limited sample size, most of the results were above this level, and so were not statistically significant.Practical implicationsSpecial guardianship has been in place for 12 years now, but apart from Jim Wade's 2014 study there has been no major research to guide and inform practice. Such major changes in child welfare require substantiating research, and this study is an attempt to begin filling that gap. The questionnaire part of this study has for the first time provided data on the views, motivations and practice of social workers across the country making recommendations on special guardianship contact.Social implicationsThe study provides a picture of the type of contact being recommended for birth parents. This information will be useful for practitioners, who might otherwise not know what their colleagues in other local authorities are recommending, and it is hoped that this will encourage further debate on the subject.Originality/valueSpecial guardianship has so far been poorly served by research. To the author's knowledge, apart from Wade's study there is very little research on the subject, and no significant research at all on special guardianship contact. This questionnaire, alongside the four focus groups that formed the second part of the study, provides the first picture of current practice across the country.

Purpose
Sustainability has become a global concern to deal with complex and unprecedent survival, social, political and peace issues. Higher education institutions play a key role in this transformation. This paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis by continents of innovation and sustainability barriers in universities. The document also offers opportunities and potential actions for universities to create initiatives to minimize barriers and move towards a sustainable future.


Design/methodology/approach
To carry out the study, 25 closed questions, composed of a five-point Likert scale, were applied to 283 university representatives (rectors, managers or specialists in the area of innovation and sustainability), to check the degree of application of the questionnaire.


Findings
From an exploratory statistical analysis, it was found that the main barriers were lacking of planning and focus, lacking of environmental committee, lacking of applicability and continuity of actions and resistance to changes. Among continents, Africa and Oceania presented the best innovation and sustainability indicators in universities. The main approach of this exploratory study on barriers in universities is as an international research, whose findings showed that several barriers currently prevent universities from getting involved in sustainable development efforts. However, as we debate sustainable development, which is gaining momentum, universities are supposed to move forward to overcome barriers for the sake of implementing goals and initiatives. In addition, universities must seize opportunities to contribute through innovation in teaching, research and initiatives to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals.


Research limitations/implications
This study has two main limitations: first, online research has involved professionals working in the field of sustainable development in higher education. Second, there were no interviews conducted to gather personal information with students and servers. However, the broad scope of the study and its strong international base provide important results that enable the design of an adequate profile of sustainability and innovation challenges that are currently found in universities.


Practical implications
The study showed that there is lack of knowledge management to connect science, technology, innovation and sustainability, to improve management conditions, innovate, make decisions, support initiatives, create incentives and control mechanisms. Trends suggest that future professional activities involve skills in dealing with complex problems, sometimes in careers and jobs yet to be created. Traditional teaching methods are generally only prepared for routine tasks and for existing jobs, thus requiring the creation of new approaches capable of stimulating creativity and autonomy, which are essential for the present and future demands of innovation and sustainability.


Social implications
The exploratory study on barriers in universities brings international research as main approach, which made it possible to check that several barriers currently prevent universities from getting involved in sustainable development efforts. However, as we debate sustainable development, which is gaining momentum, it is important that universities should move forward to overcome the barriers to implementation of goals and initiatives. In addition, universities should take advantage of opportunities to contribute through innovation in teaching, research and action to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals.


Originality/value
Developed countries are leaders in promoting sustainability, while developing or underdeveloped countries are laggards. In this approach, the study sought to verify the differences through a comparative analysis across continents. As for originality and innovation, this paper presents an international study in the view of specialists who respond based on the experience of their university.

Keywords: kuduro, rap, music, diasporic, resistance, neoliberalism, seductive power, necropower, frozen citizenship, electronic capitalism, visibility, human rights I introduce kuduro music as a vantage point to uncover the political landscape of Angola where critical voices do not emerge with ease. I argue that kuduro, the globally known and disseminated genre of dance music, has been hijacked by the dos Santos government's populist narrative so that it has become an ideological audio-visual narrative for 'new' Angola. Co-option is a socio-economic practice in new, independent Angola, but also political in the sense that it brings Angolans closer to the ruling elite's economic power. The redistribution of wealth what Kalyan Sanyal (2007) coined as reversal of primitive accumulation is a useful concept here, but it falls short of fully explaining practices of patronage. Thus, I suggest seductive power as an extended concept, in order to understand co-option as both an economic and a cultural practice. In contrast to the kuduro scene, rap and hip-hop music have remained part of underground and DIY culture in Angola. This quasi-marginal position has allowed some musicians' artistic practice to emerge as critical voices. In this mini-dissertation, I examine Ikonoklasta and MCK's music because they are among the most represented musicians and activists by online media. New modes of civil resistance are often attached to Ikonoklasta's name and songs. However, the recently emerged revolutionary's movement cannot be fully identified with the Angolan rap scene (Martin 2015). In this sense, through Ikonoklasta's activism and music production, along with MCK's music, I show the extent to which the Angolan government keeps a certain culture of fear alive through necropolitics which was coined by Achille Mbembe (2003). This politics of death, and consequently, that of fear jointly produce what I call 'frozen citizenship'. Before the revolutionary youth were arrested, Ikonoklasta and MCK collaborated with Batida, the Lisbon-based kuduro musician. Moreover, following the detention of musicians, local journalists and academics in Luanda, Batida began to use its global music network and platform to tell stories about the Angolan revolutionary movement. Repurposing his world music shows and DJ sets, Batida has enabled the dissemination of local counter-narratives within transnational NGOs' circle. Pedro Coquenão aka Batida have organised demonstrations by utilising the global infrastructure and intellectual labour of Amnesty International. To elaborate on the transnational NGO's role, I draw on critical human rights scholarship which consider human rights language as a global hegemonic framework engaging with injustices in a depoliticizing manner. Moving away from this theoretical preconceptions, I briefly discuss the extent to which transnational NGOs such as Amnesty International, paradoxically constrains and enables local activism at the same time. Although human rights organizations seem to have little power to put pressure on the Angolan government, they have the financial and infrastructural means to disseminate images, music and stories of local activists. I argue that this visibility provides global attention and certain protection to the high-profile activists targeted by the dos Santos regime. This medium falls in the trap of global witness fever (Kurasawa 2009) which offers an escape from 'frozen citizenship' through positive activist practice and a politics of hope (Baridotti 2010).

Immigrants coming to Canada over the last two decades have been doing considerably worse in terms of economic outcomes than in previous decades and observers could be missing the real reason why. Until now, we have heard suggestions that it has to do with the changing economy, systemic racism or barriers to getting foreign work credentials recognized. But one likely possibility has not yet been seriously considered: that changes in the early 1990s to the way economic immigrants are processed may have resulted in a system that is poorer at selecting those immigrants likeliest to succeed in Canada. The good news is that this problem is fixable. There is no question that the decline in wages and labour-force participation among immigrants, and their rise in poverty rates, is striking. While, in 1980, employed immigrant men earned 85 cents for every dollar earned by employed Canadian men, that had fallen by 2005 to 63 cents. For employed immigrant women, earnings fell from 85 cents of every dollar earned by Canadian-born women in 1980 to 65 cents in 2005. While Canadian-born people saw entry-level earnings rise by 20 per cent between 1981 and 2007, wages for immigrants classified under the Federal Skilled Worker program went the opposite direction, actually falling by more than 20 per cent over the same period. In addition, the number of immigrants who live below Statistics Canada's low-income cut off grew by more than a third since 1991, even as the number of Canadian-born people below the cut off shrank by a third over the same period. It is hard not to notice that the declines in outcomes began right after changes were made to the way these immigrants were evaluated for entry into Canada. Most significant was replacing in-person interviews with so-called "perfected applications" submitted by mail, and later, online. Under the previous procedure, an interview with an immigration officer would often flesh out important information concealed by an impersonal application. For example, the policy was to interview those applicants who fell just short of qualifying under Canada's 1 points-based system. This was in case something was discovered during the in-person interview that gave the officer reason to add extra points or recommend admission anyway. Likewise, those applicants who looked good on paper were sometimes deemed by an officer to be less qualified than their application suggested. Today, applicants typically hire lawyers or consultants to fill out their application and those professionals know how to make an application look good. If the government wants to improve outcomes for immigrants, it should run a pilot program with two streams of applicants in one or more intake offices: assess half of them using the current procedure and the other half using the old interview method, then measure their outcomes over the years. That should be done alongside other improvements to the immigration system, including: lifting the caps on provincial nominees, who have a stronger record of success; providing Canadian Experience Class applicants a shorter route to immigration, so they don't abandon their attempts; reintroducing a limited version of the Assisted Relative Class; and reducing larger immigration offices in overseas capitals in favour of smaller, more regional offices nearer newer immigrant pools. As the government moves to increase immigration levels, these changes could make Canada's already highly successful immigration system even more successful.

Digitalisation is transforming the economy and redefining trade. Recently, members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have started to discuss how trade policies and rules should be adapted to address this transformation. For example, in January 2019, 76 WTO members announced the launch of "negotiations on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce". The scope of these e-commerce negotiations is yet to be defined, but to ban tariffs on electronic trans­missions will certainly be on the priority list of WTO members such as the United States (US) and the European Union (EU).The idea of banning tariffs on electronic transmission originated at the WTO's Ministerial Conference (MC) in 1998, when Members declared that they would "continue their current practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions". This temporary moratorium on e-commerce tariffs needs to be regularly extended, requiring a decision made "by consensus". Members have repeatedly extended the moratorium on tariffs on "electronic trans­missions", most recently at the latest WTO MC in 2017. But the WTO e-commerce moratorium is increasingly disputed:First, while net exporters of digital products and services, typically industrialised countries, understand the tariff ban to apply to digital content, net importers interpret it as referring only to electronic carriers (e.g. CDs, electronic bits), which means that they regard themselves as permitted to impose customs duties on the content of online trade.Second, while net exporters like the US and the EU propose a permanent ban on e-commerce tariffs in order to provide greater certainty to consumers and business, arguing that the resulting revenue losses are small, net importers like India and South Africa underline that they suffer much greater revenue losses than industrialised countries and have to bear the brunt of the moratorium.Third, while industrialised countries argue that the ban on tariffs on electronic transmissions would reduce market distortions, developing countries are concerned that a permanent moratorium would limit their options to protect domestic products and services traded online.Fourth, the moratorium has stirred a debate about how to create a level playing field between domestic and foreign suppliers of digital products and services.We argue that WTO members should take the ongoing debate as an opportunity for the WTO to play an important role in redefining trade in a digitalised economy. To take up this challenge, we recommend the following:(a) WTO Members should seek agreement on what the e-commerce tariff moratorium covers and what it does not.(b) Concerns about who wins and who loses in the wake of the moratorium require deep-dive reflections. WTO members should thus not rush to make the moratorium permanent. They should consider extending it for (at least) another two years at MC12 and use this time to prepare a fully fledged agreement to replace the tempo­rary decision and which could be called the Agreement on Digital Products and Other Services (ADPOS).(c) The WTO secretariat should actively engage in the ongoing broader discussions about taxation in the digitalised economy. New evolutions of international and national tax reforms and data-driven digital trade offer unprecedented opportunities for the WTO to reshape the trade agenda. But the WTO may be left behind in addressing the future of trade in a digitalised economy if it does not respond strategically.

Sentiment analysis is an application of natural language processing which has recently gotten extensive attention. However, sentiment analysis research has mainly been focused on English. Although Arabic is a major language largely spoken in the world, only a few studies have been focused on Arabic sentiment analysis. The rapid growth of Arabic texts amounts on the Internet as well as the recent political changes in the Arabic countries which had affected the entire world, make a transcendent need to support Arabic sentiment extraction. The main challenges related to Arabic are the lack of sentiment resources and the varieties of Arabic dialects. Most Arabic commentary in social media is made using dialects. Dialects are unstructured, non-grammatical, and have not standard rules. They present complex challenges for sentiment analysis of online commentary. Previous works alter between two methods namely monolingual and bilingual. While the monolingual method is based on Arabic sentiment resources to classify sentiment polarity, the bilingual method is based on English resources and translation techniques. Most monolingual works are limited to the standard Arabic as they proceeded by filtering out dialects and transliterated texts. In the other hand, the bilingual works had brought English sentiment resources in Arabic context through translation techniques. They are also limited to the standard Arabic. After a detailed study of Arabic Sentiment Analysis researches, we find that the majority of the built sentiment resources cannot perform in the context of social media due to the dialectical content. It was revealed that the performance of sentiment analysis systems strongly depends on pre-processing techniques. We propose that future works should change pre-processing techniques in order to save dialectical texts. Furthermore, we propose to shift from simplistic word level sentiment analysis to concept-based sentiment analysis. The objective is to capture frequently used multi-word expressions in the Arabic space. ; Duygu analizi, son zamanlarda yoğun bir şekilde dikkat çeken bir doğal dil işleme uygulamasıdır. Bununla birlikte, duygu analizi araştırmaları çoğunlukla İngilizceye odaklanmıştır. Arapça, dünyada yaygın olarak konuşulan önemli bir dil olmasına rağmen, çok az çalışmada Arapça duygu analizi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Internet üzerindeki Arapça metinlerin hızla artması ve yanı sıra, Arap ülkelerindeki tüm dünyayı etkileyen son siyasi değişiklikler, Arapça duygu çıkarımını desteklemekte açık bir gereksinim olduğunu göstermektedir. Arapça ile ilgili ana zorluklar, duygu analizi kaynaklarının eksikliği ve Arapça lehçelerin çeşitleridir. Sosyal medyadaki çoğu Arapça yorum lehçeler kullanılarak yapılır. Lehçeler, yapılandırılmamıştır, gramer dışıdır, ve standart kurallara sahip değildir. Bunlar, çevrimiçi yorumların duygu analizi için karmaşık zorluklar doğurmaktadır. Önceki çalışmalar tek dilli ve iki dilli olmak üzere iki yönteme ayrılmaktadır. Tek dilli yöntem, duygu derecesini sınıflandırmak için Arapça duygu kaynaklarına dayanırken, iki dilli yöntem İngilizce kaynaklarına ve çeviri tekniklerine dayanmaktadır. Tek dilli çalışmaların çoğu, lehçeleri ve çevrilmiş metinleri filtrelemekte ve standart Arapça ile sınırlı kalmaktadır. Öte yandan, iki dilli çalışmaları, çeviri teknikleriyle, İngilizce bağlamındaki duygu kaynaklarını Arapça bağlamında kullanmaktadır, ve ayrıca standart Arapça ile sınırlıdırlar. Arapça Duygu Analizi araştırmalarının detaylı bir incelemesinden sonra, mevcut duygu kaynaklarının çoğunluğunun lehçeler nedeniyle sosyal medya bağlamında yeterli olmadığını tespit ettik. Duygu analizi sistemlerinin başarımının kuvvetli bir şekilde ön işleme tekniklerine bağlı olduğu ortaya çıktı. Gelecekteki çalışmaların çok lehçeli metinleri işleyebilmek için ön işleme tekniklerini değiştirmesi gerektiğini öneriyoruz. Ayrıca, basit kelime düzeyi duygu analizinden kavram-temelli duygu analizine geçmeyi öneriyoruz. Bundaki amaç Arapça'da sık kullanılan çok kelimeli ifadeleri yakalamaktır.

This dissertation revolves around two wider topics: social norms and production networks. The first chapter investigates a specific modern-day case study where social norms are leveraged in the fight against online hate speech to shed light on how norms shape political behavior more broadly. Using machine learning techniques, I show that speaking out against hateful views is an effective way of deterring further hate speech. The mechanism that most likely explains this effect is that vociferous contradiction in fact serves as a form of non-monetary punishment that raises the salience of a social norm. The second chapter focuses on the crucial role of image concerns in explaining the effect of social norms on behavior. While there are now plenty of studies showing that image concerns affect people on average, we still know very little about which individuals specifically drive that effect. I introduce a novel laboratory experiment designed to fill this gap. It generates an individual-specific measure of image concern, shows that there is substantial heterogeneity even in a small laboratory sample, and investigates how it correlates with other social preferences. The final chapter of my thesis focuses on production networks and in particular on vertical integration. Vertical integration give rise to anticompetitive behavior or indeed be a motive for it. I discuss one such mechanism, called vertical foreclosure, by which vertically integrating firms disrupt the supply of critical inputs to competitors. I leverage novel production network data to identify mergers and acquisitions between vertically related firms and show taht these mergers affect the supply chains of their rivals, which I interpret as evidence for foreclosure. ; Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux thèmes : les normes sociales et les réseaux de production. Le premier chapitre porte sur une étude de cas où les normes sociales sont utilisées dans la lutte contre le discours haineux en ligne. A l'aide de méthodes de machine learning, je montre que le fait de dénoncer les opinions haineuses est un moyen de dissuader d'autres discours haineux. Cet effet s'explique par le fait que cette forme de contradiction sert de communiquer la présence d'une norme sociale ou en accentue l'importance. Au-delà de la lutte contre les discriminations, ce chapitre peut nous éclairer sur la façon dont les normes influencent le comportement politique plus généralement. Le deuxième chapitre porte sur le rôle que joue le goût pour l'image sociale pour expliquer l'effet des normes sociales sur le comportement. De nombreuses études montrent que ces goûts affectent le comportement des gens en moyenne, mais nous ne savons pas encore quels individus sont les plus susceptibles d'adapter leur comportement. Je présente une expérience novatrice conçue pour combler ce vide. Elle permet de calculer une mesure individuelle de préoccupation pour l'image, montre qu'il y a une hétérogénéité substantielle et analyse sa corrélation avec d'autres préférences sociales. Le dernier chapitre étudie les réseaux de production. L'intégration verticale des entreprises peut donner lieu à des comportements anticoncurrentiels. J'aborde l'un de ces comportements, appelé verrouillage, par lequel les entreprises verticalement intégrées coupent l'approvisionnement de leurs concurrents en intrants essentiels. J'utilise de nouvelles données sur les réseaux de production pour identifier les fusions et acquisitions entre entreprises verticalement liées. Je montre ces fusions affectent les chaînes d'approvisionnement de leurs concurrents et j'interprète cela comme preuve de verrouillage.

La tesi si presenta come un'etnografia volta all'esplorazione della "politica della maschilità", fenomeno che consiste di "mobilitazioni e lotte in cui è in discussione il significato del genere maschile e con esso la posizione degli uomini nelle relazioni fra i generi" (Connell, 1995; trad. it. 1996: 149). Partendo dalla considerazione della povertà di dibattito, accademico e non, che storicamente attiene ai temi della maschilità, la ricerca avanza con un'analisi della letteratura volta ad approfondire temi propedeutici come il patriarcato e il discorso della crisi del maschile. Oltre ad aver contribuito alla crescita dell'interesse dei media e della ricerca accademica negli ultimi anni, è questo discorso ad aver favorito l'organizzazione della voce maschile in forme di associazionismo dedicate. Di questo fenomeno sono prese in considerazione due esperienze italiane ritenute significative per la contrapposizione che le caratterizza: vicino al filone socio-costruzionista dei men studies, "Maschile in gioco" (Roma) è un gruppo di condivisione inserito nella rete dell'associazione Maschile Plurale, mentre "Campo maschile" (Brescia) si configura come un progetto di ricerca-azione in continuità con l'associazione Maschi Selvatici e con le posizioni "essenzialiste" che la contraddistinguono. Dal punto di vista metodologico l'osservazione partecipante presso i due casi di studio è affiancata all'osservazione di documenti naturali e all'intervista focalizzata, tecnica utile all'esplorazione del rapporto tra i partecipanti e i rispettivi gruppi. La presentazione dei risultati segue tre direzioni principali. La prima è volta ai contenuti: "Maschile in gioco" e "Campo maschile" sono comparati lungo cinque temi cruciali per il dibattito sul maschile – la socializzazione al genere, lo stile di vita, la sessualità, la violenza contro le donne, la crisi del maschile – e i punti di accesso all'opinione pubblica per valutare la loro capacità di farsi "veicolo del cambiamento sociale" (Castells, 2009; trad. it. 2009: 380). La seconda direzione riguarda le forme, per la cui raffigurazione viene impiegato il "dispositivo concettuale e retorico" della "metafora" (Cardano, 2011: 289). Accostando "Maschile in gioco" al gruppo di amici e "Campo maschile" alla scuola, la tesi descrive i due casi enfatizzando le loro corrispondenze con queste "agenzie" da sempre decisive per la socializzazione al maschile. Infine oggetto di studio diventano i singoli partecipanti, con l'indagine del loro coinvolgimento online insieme ai processi di entrata che segnano il loro avvicinamento ai gruppi e i processi di uscita per delinearne le prospettive future: in questa fase lo strumento di raffigurazione scelto è il "tipo ideale" (Weber, 1922; trad. it. 1958). Con il suo approccio qualitativo la ricerca favorisce la comprensione di esperienze di cui la letteratura ha messo in luce la contrapposizione sul piano dei repertori discorsivi, tesi in un caso alla decostruzione e nell'altro alla ricostruzione della maschilità. Tuttavia, valorizzando la "continuità" tra contenuti e forme, la ricerca pone l'accento non solo sulle differenze, ma anche sui comuni denominatori che si riscontrano in "Maschile in gioco" e "Campo maschile". Nel quadro dei cambiamenti che il maschile è chiamato ad affrontare, la ricerca fa emergere la ricorrenza di un modello attento alla cura e all'intimità – avvicinabile al concetto di caring masculinities (Elliott, 2015) – che unisce i due casi di studio e che appare forse capace di sfidare l'ordine patriarcale ancora radicato nella società.

Introduction: Public health practice must ensure efficient access to effective and safe pharmaceuticals, while protecting the population from health risks related to the inappropriate use of pharmaceuticals. Background: About half of all packs sold in German pharmacies are over-the counter (OTC) drugs; their use and regulation is thus a subject of high relevance to public health. At the same time, OTC drugs receive rather limited attention in the drug regulatory and pharmacological literature, and little empirical evidence is available about OTC drug consumption and risk perceptions. Scope: The present thesis is based on four individual research papers that cover perceptions of and behaviours regarding OTC drugs among German adults, reasons for unsuccessful applications for changes to drug trade statuses, pharmacological perspectives on prescription-only (Rx)-to-OTC switches and the prevalence and predictors of OTC drugs use. Methods: This research draws on mixed methods, including an online survey, qualitative content analysis of policy and legislative documents and epidemiological analysis of data from the first phase of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults. Results: Among the adult population living in Germany, a seven-day OTC drug use prevalence of 40.2% was found. Female gender, older age, self-reported reduced health status and multimorbidity were significant predictors of OTC drug use. There were seven Rx-to-OTC switches between 2006 and 2015, but not all of these decisions were fully in line with the recommendations of the EU guideline on changing drug trade statuses. Further, unsuccessful applications for Rx-to-OTC switches, OTC-to-Rx switches and other changes trade Status were not infrequent. At the expert level, the most important reasons for rejected applications were drug safety concerns and insufficient data. At the policy level, negative decisions were mainly made because of legal restrictions. It was also found that risk perception of OTC drugs greatly depends on the route of administration and whether the product is plant-based or not. Moreover, consumers do not always read all details in the package leaflet. Conclusions: This thesis constitutes the first measure of OTC drug use in a representative sample of the adult population living in Germany. With a seven-day prevalence of 40.2%, OTC drug use is significant. While applications for changes in drug trade status and their fate are transparent, the reasons for negative recommendations are far less traceable. The findings of this thesis have led to the identification of several opportunities to improve OTC drug regulation. Detailed justifications for negative decisions on applications to changing drug trade statuses should be provided. Data that are already available a for instance, from large epidemiological studies a could be used to inform decision-making on potential changes to drug trade statuses. Such studies should make a distinction between self-medication and OTC drug use; they should also collect information on the doses and durations of OTC drug use. In addition, past changes to trade statuses should be evaluated so that lessons learned can inform future decision-making. Elaboration of a set of criteria concerning the risks and benefits of OTC availability is also recommended to increase evidence-based OTC drug regulation.

Nowadays clusters are recognized as an important instrument for promoting industrial development,innovation, competitiveness and growth. Although primarily driven by the effortsmade by private companies and individuals, clusters are influenced by governments and otherpublic institutions at national and regional levels.An educational cluster is a set of interrelated vocational education institutions of various levelsthat are united by industry with each other and are connected by partnership with industryenterprises. The principles of the functioning of the educational cluster is a single educational,scientific and innovation process in conjunction with the economy and the social sphere;the continuity of the educational process and the relationship of educational programs at variouslevels; organizational, educational and methodical, scientific and informational interaction betweenall subjects of the cluster.This article attempts to develop and describe a cluster of polycultural competences of universitystudents by means of creating an applied profile of competences. The purpose of thisstudy is to describe polycultural competences and to define the profile of applied competencesin form of a cluster of polycultural competencies (PCC). The authors consider clusters of polyculturalcompetences as an integral part of the educational campus within the concept frameworkof Shadrinsk State Pedagogical University.To determine the essence of the concept of a cluster of polycultural competences, theoretical,empirical, observational, and diagnostic methods were implemented, such as: a review of scientificliterature, a compilation of best practices, observation, statistical methods, etc. As a result,a cluster of polycultural competences was defined as a set of competences.The authors analyzed the programs of partner universities and organized international webinarsand internships for bachelors and masters abroad and developed online courses "foreignlanguage for undergraduate students and masters". Experimental data obtained during the implementation of cluster training show the effectiveness of the formation of students' polyculturalcompetencies. ; На современном этапе кластеры признаются в качестве важного инструмента, способ-ствующего промышленному развитию, инновациям, конкуренции и общественному разви-тию. Хотя первоначально кластеры продвигались усилиями частных компаний и частногосектора, сейчас на их формирование влияют правительства и другие общественные органи-зации на национальном и региональном уровнях.Образовательный кластер представляет собой совокупность взаимосвязанных учреж-дений профессионального образования разного уровня, которые объединены и связаныпартнерскими отношениями с промышленными предприятиями. Принципы функциониро-вания образовательного кластера – это слияние образовательного, научного и инноваци-онного процессов и взаимосвязи образовательных программ различных уровней; органи-зационное, учебно-методическое, научное и информационное взаимодействие между все-ми субъектами кластера. Кроме того, кластер рассматривается и как комплексная моделькакого-либо объекта.В статье предпринята попытка создания и описания кластера поликультурных компе-тенций студентов университета посредством описания прикладных компетенций профиля.Цель исследования – поиск эффективных способов описания кластера и формированияполикультурных компетенций студентов университета, одним из которых является созда-ние ориентированного на результат профиля данных компетенций. Авторы рассматриваюткластеры поликультурных компетенций в качестве необходимого компонента образова-тельного кампуса концепции ШГПУ.Чтобы определить суть кластера поликультурных компетенций, были использованытеоретические, эмпирические методы, а также методы наблюдения и диагностики: обзорнаучной литературы, компиляция положительного опыта, наблюдение, статистическая об-работка и т. д. В результате, кластер поликультурных компетенций был определен как на-бор компетенций, формирование которых обеспечивается путем кластерного обучения.Авторами проанализированы программы вузов-партнеров и проведены вебинары иобучение в интернатуре для студентов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата и маги-стратуры за границей, а также разработаны онлайн-курсы «Иностранный язык для бака-лавров и магистров». Экспериментальные данные, полученные в ходе внедрения кластер-ного обучения, показывают эффективность формирования поликультурных компетенцийстудентов.