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This paper describes the development of the academic discipline of geographyin Australia from the beginning of European settlement in 1788 to the present day. While the subject material of Australian geography has been strongly focussed on the nation's physical and human environments and potential, the short history of the development of geography in Australia and the country's colonial and postcolonial circumstances have meant that intellectually distinctive Australian approaches to the discipline have largely failed to evolve. This paper is therefore mainly concerned with the broader social, political and administrative contexts within which Australian geography has developed over the last two centuries or so. Its main argument is that, by virtue of its distinctive, diverse and dynamic nature, Australia has consistently provided a fruitful environment for geographical scholarship. However, for most of Australia's post European settlement history, government and official support for the discipline has been limited. Readers are invited to compare this Australian experience with the history of the discipline of geography in Brazil. ; O presente artigo descreve o desenvolvimento da geografia como disciplinaacadêmica na Austrália do início da colonização européia em 1788 até os dias atuais. Apesar da geografia australiana sempre ter tratado o ambiente físico e humano do país e seu potencial, a curta história do desenvolvimento da disciplina na Austrália e as circunstancias colonial e pós-colonial não permitiram o surgimento de uma abordagem australiana própria e intelectualmente distinta da disciplina no país. Assim sendo, a preocupação maior do trabalho é apresentar o amplo contexto social, político e administrativo no qual a geografia australiana tem se desenvolvido nos últimos dois séculos. O principal argumento é que em virtude de sua natureza distinta, diversa e dinâmica, a Austrália sempre forneceu um ambiente favorável para a pesquisa geográfica. Entretanto,na maior parte da história do povoamento europeu pós-colonial australiano, o apoio oficial e governamental para a disciplina tem sido limitado. Os leitores são convidados a comparar a experiência da geografia australiana com o desenvolvimento da disciplina no Brasil.

African American political scientists speak out about their discipline, academic issues and racism in the profession.

Perspectives from various disciplines on the mediator, the disputing parties, and their relationship; 8 articles.

Human development and Amartya Sen's capability approach have become of great interest to development scholars from different disciplines, however few books have explored the links between social choice and human development issues. This book fully explores the relevance of social choice to human development.

As announced by its title, this multidisciplinary book focuses on the intersection between religion and science fiction. Several perspectives are addressed by scholars from different disciplines: theology, literature, history, music, and anthropology. Thus, gathering a range of distinct voices and approaches, this work edited by James F. McGrath shows how multifaceted and multicultural the science's fiction treatment of religion is

The article deals with the peculiarities of the professional training structure in thefield of physical culture and sport in the universities of Western Europe. It is found, that themain trend of European higher education is to solve the problems of the BolognaDeclaration about the establishment of European Higher Education Area (The EuropeanHigher Education Area). European Network of Sport Sciences in Higher Education(ENSSHE) established to unify the European model of education in the field of physicalculture and sport. The priorities of ENSSHE is to reach a consensus in the organization ofeducational programs that suit best to the current requirements of the European Union. Theunified "European model" contains the recommended number of hours for individualdiscipline cycles, as well as the frequency of the presence of certain subjects in thecurriculum. Curriculum of unified "European model" of higher educational institutions ofphysical culture and sport includes five cycles of disciplines: general scientific discipline;social and human sciences; pedagogical discipline; special discipline; sport discipline.One of the main features of Physical Culture and Sport training specialists highereducational institutions structure in Western Europe is variability. The curricula of highereducational institutions of the European Union contain three types of courses - compulsory,partly elective (optional), completely elective. Compulsory courses (general) are studied atthe first courses, and in catalogs are commented as "required". Partly elective courses areoffered for the student's choice and are marked as "partly electives". Completely electivecourses are usually selected from the programs of other faculties catalogs and arecommented as "free electives".It is established, that despite the desire of "European Commission" (ENSSHE) tounify the subjects and hours of studying clearly, the curriculum still can have the variablecomponent. In practice, the European higher institutions of physical culture and sportcertainly keep only five cycles of academic disciplines. The names of the subjects atdifferent universities may vary but should be relevant to the topic of this cycle.Key words: professional training, university, physical culture and sport, WesternEurope countries, curricula, educational disciplines. ; Розглянуто особливості структури фахової підготовки спеціалістів у галузіфізичної культури та спорту в університетах країн Західної Європи. З'ясовано, щоЄвропейська мережа спортивних наук у вищій освіті (ENSSHE) створена дляуніфікації Європейської моделі освіти у сфері фізичної культури та спорту.Пріоритетом у діяльності ENSSHE є досягнення консенсусу в організації освітніхпрограм. Уніфікована "Європейська модель" має рекомендований характер іохоплює п'ять базових циклів дисциплін: загальнонаукові; соціально-гуманітарні;педагогічні; спеціальні; спортивні.Характерна особливість структури навчання фахівців фізичної культури таспорту країн Західної Європи – варіативність. Навчальні плани містять три типикурсів – обов'язкові, частково елективні, повністю елективні. З'ясовано, що напрактиці Європейські вищі заклади фізичної культури та спорту чітко дотримуютьсялише п'яти циклів навчальних дисциплін. Назви дисципліни і кількість годин на їхнєвивчення в різних університетах можуть відрізнятися, але мають відповідатитематиці цього циклу.Ключові слова: фахова підготовка, університет, фізична культура та спорт,країни Західної Європи, навчальні плани, навчальні дисципліни.

AbstractCybernetics was formulated by its founders as a metadiscipline with the aim not only of fostering collaboration between disciplines (interdisciplinarity), but also of sharing knowledge across disciplines (transdisciplinarity). In this paper the relationship between cybernetics and the social sciences is reviewed. The distinction between first and second (in general, higher) order forms of cybernetics is introduced to characterize three approaches to the study of social systems. The three approaches are described as ideal types; it is acknowledged that in practice investigators may draw on more than one of the approaches and that there are contexts in which the distinctions between them become fuzzy. The three approaches are:


studies of social systems and social behaviour that adopt classical scientific modes of investigation;


studies that investigate the interactions of social actors;


approaches that attempt to characterise social systems as distinct forms of autonomous whole.


Pask's conversation theory, with its concept of the 'psychological individual', is introduced as a theory that is explicitly designed to build a bridge between the second and third approaches. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.

'The Battle of the Classics' criticizes contemporary apologetics for the humanities and presents a historically informed case for a decidedly different approach to rescuing the humanistic disciplines in American higher education. It uses the so-called Battle of the Classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a springboard for crafting a novel foundation for the humanistic tradition. The text argues that current defences of the humanities rely on the humanistic disciplines as inculcators of certain poorly defined skills such as 'critical thinking.'

A Companion to Mediterranean History presents a wide-ranging overview of this vibrant field of historical research, drawing together scholars from a range of disciplines to discuss the development of the region from Neolithic times to the present. Provides a valuable introduction to current debates on Mediterranean history and helps define the field for a new generationCovers developments in the Mediterranean world from Neolithic times to the modern eraEnables fruitful dialogue among a wide range of disciplines, including history, archaeology, art, literature, and anthropology

In its assessment of the current ""state of play"" of ethnographic practice in social anthropology, this volume explores the challenges that changing social forms and changing understandings of ""the field"" pose to contemporary ethnographic methods. These challenges include the implications of the remarkable impact social anthropology is having on neighboring disciplines such as history, sociology, cultural studies, human geography and linguistics, as well as the potential 'costs' of this success for the discipline. Contributors also discuss how the ethnographic method is influenced by curre