Suchergebnisse

The groups of experts of the European Commission have been, until recently, among the least visible actors of the government of Europe. Unlike the working groups of the Council (gathering representatives of the Member States and intergovernmental negotiations), or 'comitology committees' (consisting of officials from Member States assisting the Commission in its executive functions), these groups are solely accountable to the Community administration (de Maillard, Robert, 2008). Focused on preparatory and exploratory work, and composed of external actors with various statuses, these groups have a strictly consultative role. However, they are active in a crucial, yet weakly publicised phase of the European decision-making process: the preliminary stages of problem definition. Numbering approximately eight hundred in number, expert groups have rarely attracted the attention of the media, apart from a few notable exceptions, such as that for instance of the 'Sapir group' (Peuziat, 2005). Nonetheless, in the Spring of 2009, they found their way into the media spotlight during highly publicised and heated exchanges between certain interest groups and the Community administration. The NGO Corporate UE Observatory, which has become visible over the past ten years through its crusades denouncing the power of business lobbies in the European political system, published a report on March 25 2008 suggestively entitled 'Culture of secrecy and companies' dominationa study of the composition and of the transparency of the Expert Groups in the European Commission' (Alter EU/CEO, 2008) 1. Published by the ALTER EU network (Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation), the document analysed the composition of some forty expert groups. It simultaneously denounced the opaque operation of these authorities and the massive presence of representatives of industry, which was seen to produce both discreetly and efficiently a strong pro-industry bias in the European decision-making processes. If this controversy took place in series of public actions raising issues relative to transparency and the problematic relationships between the Commission and interest groups, it also echoed repeated complaints 1 Expert groups has become one of the main focuses of the criticisms of Alter EU questioning the 'fair balance' of interests'. They published several reports: 'A captive Commission : the role of the financial industry in

National audience ; Ever since it was introduced in France in 2004, the "Partnership Contract" has been promoted as a very innovative way of managing the interface between public and private sectors. Encouraged by government because it was supposed to represent an ideal-type, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) are generally designed as tools aimed at improving the economic efficiency of public projects. This new kind of contract, called the "Partnership Contract" is signed between different private sector actors and the state authority. It enables long-term relationships (up to 30 years) focusing both on projects' construction and maintenance and on funding for public buildings. The text questions partnership contracts' scope and technical innovation, as well as the new relationship they posit between the private and public sectors. A description of PPP-related sectors and social networks in France is used to examine the embeddedness of the business relations that are part of this new way of building connections between the public and private sectors, and the meso-level structures thereof. Above all, the PPP project seems to be particularly fruitful at an institutional level, due to the fact that the new relational structures identified through our analyses culminate in a greater role for banks. ; Depuis sa création en 2004, le Contrat de partenariat a été promu comme une innovation managériale majeure dans la gestion de l'interface entre secteur public et privé, qui plus est encouragé par les pouvoirs publics car il représenterait la forme idéal-typique des Partenariats Public-Privé (PPP), eux-mêmes généralement présentés comme des outils pour améliorer l'efficacité économique des projets publics. Cette nouvelle forme de contrat appelée " Contrat de partenariat ", passée entre personne publique et secteur privé, tisse des relations de très long terme (jusqu'à trente ans) entre personne publique et différents types d'acteurs privés pour la construction, l'entretien, la maintenance, mais également le financement ...

Fisheries governance is about influencing multiple actors decisions and behaviours relative to an ocean area and the resources contained therein. How these behaviours and decisions are influenced is a matter of institutions. This research uses the Peruvian anchovy fishery as a case study. Landings of Peruvian anchovy represent almost 10 % of the worlds total fishery landings. Following the well known collapse of the anchovy fishery at the start of the 1970s, landings have recovered and have been sustained over the last two decades at around six to nine million tonnes per year. Despite this evidence of sustainability, key institutional requirements that are nowadays strongly recommended to achieve sustainable fisheries are absent in this fishery. These missing requirements for sustainability include for instance individual fishing quota shares, decentralized bottom-up management and eco-labelling. In order to explore the institutional setting of this sustainable fishery, this study adopts a broad institutional approach that considers a range of institutions, including those mentioned above and others that have rarely been considered by fisheries research. The first article of this research looks at the role and evolution of formal fisheries institutions and their relation to sustainability. Results show that General Fisheries Acts in Peru were enacted independently of trends in anchovy landings. The three Peruvian Fisheries Acts were a reflection of broader national socio-political changes and were enacted mainly to define the role of the state and private investment and to delimit foreign involvement in the fishery industry. The base-level management to deal with landings was left to secondary legislation. To guarantee stable landings, this secondary legislation operates adaptively, in response to environmental and ecological dynamics. Fisheries laws play an important role in defining access rights according to local, economic and political policies and function as an umbrella for secondary legislation and other norms to evolve towards sustainability. The second article deals with informal institutions and the connection between sustainability and adaptation to environmental variability and climate change. As shown in this article, the sustainability of the Peruvian fishery relies heavily on institutions developed to cope with environmental change. A set of eight adaptive strategies are described. These included: decentralized installation of anchovy processing factories; simultaneous ownership of fishing fleet and processing factories (vertical integration); use of low-cost unloading facilities; opportunistic utilization of invading fish populations; low cost intensive monitoring; rapid responses and flexible management; reduction of price uncertainty by restricting supply of anchovy products (fishmeal) to match market demand; and decoupling of fishmeal prices from those of other substitute commodities. These coping strategies provide an example of how the fisheries sector and central government can act positively to reduce undesirable impacts of environmental variability and change. The third article deals with fish as a common pool resource (CPR). This article considers the extent to which institutional characteristics of the Peruvian fishery conform to design principles which are considered prerequisites for long-term successful community-based CPR. This study finds that clearly defined resource boundaries, monitoring rule enforcement and conflict resolution mechanisms among users and management authorities supported the transition towards sustainability. On the other hand, clearly defined user boundaries, collective choice arrangements and nested enterprises were in this case not required to achieve sustainability. The article analyses the strengths and limitations of current and past institutional arrangements in the Peruvian anchovy fishery. It comments on the extent to which design principles developed in local CPR systems are transferable to a national scale.

The groups of experts of the European Commission have been, until recently, among the least visible actors of the government of Europe. Unlike the working groups of the Council (gathering representatives of the Member States and intergovernmental negotiations), or 'comitology committees' (consisting of officials from Member States assisting the Commission in its executive functions), these groups are solely accountable to the Community administration (de Maillard, Robert, 2008). Focused on preparatory and exploratory work, and composed of external actors with various statuses, these groups have a strictly consultative role. However, they are active in a crucial, yet weakly publicised phase of the European decision-making process: the preliminary stages of problem definition. Numbering approximately eight hundred in number, expert groups have rarely attracted the attention of the media, apart from a few notable exceptions, such as that for instance of the 'Sapir group' (Peuziat, 2005). Nonetheless, in the Spring of 2009, they found their way into the media spotlight during highly publicised and heated exchanges between certain interest groups and the Community administration. The NGO Corporate UE Observatory, which has become visible over the past ten years through its crusades denouncing the power of business lobbies in the European political system, published a report on March 25 2008 suggestively entitled 'Culture of secrecy and companies' dominationa study of the composition and of the transparency of the Expert Groups in the European Commission' (Alter EU/CEO, 2008) 1. Published by the ALTER EU network (Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation), the document analysed the composition of some forty expert groups. It simultaneously denounced the opaque operation of these authorities and the massive presence of representatives of industry, which was seen to produce both discreetly and efficiently a strong pro-industry bias in the European decision-making processes. If this controversy took place in series of public actions raising issues relative to transparency and the problematic relationships between the Commission and interest groups, it also echoed repeated complaints 1 Expert groups has become one of the main focuses of the criticisms of Alter EU questioning the 'fair balance' of interests'. They published several reports: 'A captive Commission : the role of the financial industry in

En la última década, han ocurrido cambios significativos en América Latina a partir de la emergencia de gobiernos denominados "progresistas" o de "izquierda" que afectaron de diversas formas la dinámica de los movimientos sociales. La propuesta de este artículo es revisitar dos conceptos claves en las teorías de la acción colectiva y los movimientos sociales: lo social y lo político. El argumento que se sostendrá es que en vez de pensarlos en una relación dicotómica a modo de esferas separadas, hay que hacerlo en la clave de la articulación. Este desplazamiento conceptual permitirá redefinir la relación entre los procesos de democratización y los movimientos sociales, para lo cual se introducirá una noción sociopolítica de institucionalización. La premisa que subyace este planteo sostiene que los movimientos sociales conforman un espacio de experimentación democrática, cuya potencialidad no se reduce a cuestionar el orden social vigente sino también a la posibilidad de crear nuevas institucionalidades. En este sentido, el dilema no es si pertenecen exclusivamente a la órbita de la sociedad civil o se integran al sistema político, sino que más bien transcurren por ambos. A partir del caso argentino como base empírica proponemos una reflexión que nos permita ampliar los horizontes con que hasta ahora se han pensado los movimientos sociales y sus vínculos con lo político. ; In the last decade, significant changes have occurred in Latin America since the emergence of governments called "progressive" or "left" that affected the dynamics of various forms of social movements. The purpose of this article is to revisit two key concepts in theories of collective action and social movements: the social and the political. The argument to be held is that instead of thinking them a dichotomous relationship as a separate spheres, have it in the key of the articulation. This conceptual shift will redefine the relationship between the processes of democratization and social movements, for which we introduce a sociopolitical concept of institutionalization. The premise underlying this pose argues that social movements form a democratic experimentation space, whose potential is not reduced to question the social order but also the possibility of creating new institutions. In this sense, the dilemma is not whether they belong exclusively to the sphere of civil society or integrated into the political system, but rather run through both. From empirical Argentine case with a reflection that allows us to expand the horizons hitherto have thought social movements and their links with politics.

Dans cette partie, il est question de la mise en relation des savoirs constitués et des savoirs sociaux, illustrée par le rôle de " passeur ", défendu et joué par Françoise Navez-Bouchanine, entre le monde de la recherche, les citadins et les professionnels. Elle s'est en effet investie fréquemment dans la recherche-action, sans crainte des risques potentiels, notamment celui de l'instrumentalisation du chercheur par les pouvoirs en place, celui de la légitimation involontaire de certaines politiques ou celui d'être marginalisée par sa propre communauté, soucieuse de l'indépendance du chercheur. Ainsi que le souligne Jean-François Tribillon, il s'agit là d'un véritable engagement militant, un devoir civique où le chercheur met la question des droits des populations démunies et dominées au cœur de ses travaux. En somme, le chercheur tout en s'écartant du populisme procède à une sorte de discrimination positive (Tribillon), en faveur de ceux dont le droit à la ville est mis à mal et qui ont des difficultés à le faire valoir. La mise en relation des savoirs est considérablement favorisée par le positionnement des chercheurs en tant que " passeurs ", à travers différentes formes, la recherche-action, les études sociales, la contribution à la mise en place de dispositifs de participation, d'accompagnement social, de formation des techniciens, de vulgarisation, etc. Malgré son inconfort, cette médiation du chercheur nous paraît être fondamentale pour comprendre l'urbain et y travailler.

The constructions of 'religion' in general language are seldom themselves in the focus of empirical research. Aiming to retrieve the inherent knowledge that lies within these constructions, this article suggests a term-based textual analysis to focus on the linguistic use of 'religion'. This method invites us to question the unity of texts through an analysis of textual semantics. It offers the chance to ask about the formation of the concept. The article initially shows how this approach differs from comparative and policy-oriented studies by differentiating between criticism and critique. It then develops the idea of a term-based textual analysis. Using examples from the policy field of foreign aid, the text illustrates how much inherent knowledge there is in the usage of 'religion' in political communication and calls for a general reconsideration of the way 'religion' is approached in empirical research.

L'incendie du château de Lunéville (Meurthe-et-Moselle) survenu en janvier 2003 et la mobilisation qui s'en est ensuivie pour sa reconstruction offraient l'occasion d'ouvrir la boîte noire du monument : telle était hypothèse initiale de notre recherche. S'il est vrai que le monument en tant qu'il s'est vu conféré la valeur patrimoniale de " monument historique " stabilise en silence un lien entre les personnes - de l'ordre d'un régime de temporalité -, voilà que l'événement de son incendie vient bouleverser l'état de " félicité patrimoniale " que constitue sa relation indiscutée à ses " autochtones ", à ses visiteurs, à ses usagers ou à ses serviteurs.

International audience ; Que peut apporter à la recherche sur la durabilité un chercheur en sciences humaines et sociales dont l'objet d'études est une langue et une civilisation étrangères ? L'objet de cette communication consiste à essayer de répondre à cette question en montrant que l'espace germanique constitue un champ de recherches propice à ce type de sujet en raison de l'intérêt que les Allemands portent à la durabilité environnementale. Le fil conducteur de ce travail est la notion de "responsabilité" dans le domaine de la durabilité. On peut mettre en relation les travaux de penseurs allemands (Hans Jonas, Günther Anders) et français (Jacques Ellul, Bernard Charbonneau), précurseurs dans la réflexion sur ce thème. Pour Jonas, une responsabilité nouvelle à l'égard des générations futures incombe à l'homme depuis qu'il a les moyens technologiques de détruire toute vie sur terre. " Agis de façon que les effets de ton action ne soient pas destructeurs pour la possibilité future d'une telle vie ". Jonas considère comme irresponsables les utopies de Karl Marx ou Ernst Bloch sur la technique, et il propose "l'heuristique de la peur" (pendant philosophique du "principe de précaution") comme attitude responsable. Anders critique l'irresponsabilité de masse, due à l'alliance de la bureaucratie et de la technologie moderne, et qui conduira inéluctablement à une apocalypse nucléaire. Selon lui, se montrer responsable face à ce danger, c'est " avoir le courage d'avoir peur ". Ellul pense quant à lui que, pour devenir responsable face à la technologie toute puissante, l'humanité doit lutter contre deux traits de caractère communs à tous les hommes : la convoitise et l'esprit de puissance. Ce pionnier de l'écologie politique et protestant engagé regrette que la notion de "sacré" ait été déplacée du domaine de la religion vers celui de la technique. Selon Charbonneau, être responsable, c'est avoir la sagesse de privilégier ce qui est à l'échelle humaine. Ainsi, l'homme doit redevenir un piéton pour éviter le chaos ...

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Sprache als Mittel der "Grenzüberschreitung" in multikulturellen Regionen der Slowakei und Serbiens. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Rolle Sprache in den inter-ethnischen Beziehungen in Ostmitteleuropa spielt, welche Hürden existieren und aufgebaut werden, gleichzeitig aber auch, wie diese abgebaut werden können, oder versucht wird, diese abzubauen. Es geht dabei erstens um die Problematik des Sprachunterrichts in geteilten, multikulturellen Gesellschaften sowie den Herausforderungen für Minderheiten in diesem Zusammenhang. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Initiativen der Zivilgesellschaft diskutiert und dabei Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie Grenzen mithilfe von Sprache gerade in einem politisch heiklen Umfeld überwunden werden können.

This doctoral dissertation examines the implementation process of the Parisian public bicycle infrastructure, Vélib'. By focusing on the numerous obstacles, practices and inquiries which allowed the infrastructure to be continued, it argues that Paris, as the first capital boasting a large-scale public bicycling scheme, became a real-life field for experimenting knowledge and tools regarding urban ecology, users and mobility. It demonstrates that the experimental development of the service was never an explicit policy, but rather the outcome of the concrete manners of dealing with and solving the problems that arose. Instead of using a preexisting and clear-cut definition of the Vélib' object, this dissertation analyzes the scheme through the different maintenance operations it requires, by showing how each of these interventions makes a difference in the way the service operates. This approach, which involves studying the public bicycling scheme in action, as it is shaped by its daily operations, lays the groundwork for a new angle of mobility studies and for a broader framing of the issue of agency, as well as the agencements and activities which configure and produce urban infrastructure ; Cette thèse examine le processus de déploiement du service Vélib', l'infrastructure de vélos publics de Paris. En se penchant sur les multiples épreuves, pratiques et enquêtes qui rendent possibles le maintien et la permanence de l'infrastructure, elle développe l'argument selon lequel Paris, la première capitale dotée d'une technologie de vélos publics de grande ampleur, est devenu un terrain d'exploration où sont testés des savoirs et instruments relatifs à l'écologie urbaine, les utilisateurs et la mobilité. Il est montré que le devenir expérimental du service n'a jamais constitué une politique explicite, mais qu'il est le résultat de manières concrètes de concevoir et d'affronter les problèmes qui sont apparus. Plutôt que de partir d'une définition préexistante et parfaitement délimitée de ce qu'est l'objet Vélib', ...

Celem projektu jest dostarczenie rzetelnej i praktycznej wiedzy z zakresu postaw mieszkańców Białegostoku w zakresie tolerancji. Podjęta diagnoza umożliwia kształtowanie polityki społecznej miasta w zakresie przeciwdziałania nietolerancji, jak również umożliwienie administracji dopasowanie odpowiednich instrumentów polityki społecznej do konkretnych grup docelowych. Na podstawie badania wskazane zostały grupy społeczne o podwyższonym stopniu nietolerancyjności. * The aim of the project is to provide a thorough and practical knowledge on the attitudes of the inhabitants of Bialystok within tolerance. Taken diagnosis allows the formation of social policy in dealing with intolerance, as well as to enable the government matching of appropriate instruments of social policy to specific target groups. On the basis of the study - groups with a higher degree of intolerance are indicated.

National audience ; Ever since it was introduced in France in 2004, the "Partnership Contract" has been promoted as a very innovative way of managing the interface between public and private sectors. Encouraged by government because it was supposed to represent an ideal-type, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) are generally designed as tools aimed at improving the economic efficiency of public projects. This new kind of contract, called the "Partnership Contract" is signed between different private sector actors and the state authority. It enables long-term relationships (up to 30 years) focusing both on projects' construction and maintenance and on funding for public buildings. The text questions partnership contracts' scope and technical innovation, as well as the new relationship they posit between the private and public sectors. A description of PPP-related sectors and social networks in France is used to examine the embeddedness of the business relations that are part of this new way of building connections between the public and private sectors, and the meso-level structures thereof. Above all, the PPP project seems to be particularly fruitful at an institutional level, due to the fact that the new relational structures identified through our analyses culminate in a greater role for banks. ; Depuis sa création en 2004, le Contrat de partenariat a été promu comme une innovation managériale majeure dans la gestion de l'interface entre secteur public et privé, qui plus est encouragé par les pouvoirs publics car il représenterait la forme idéal-typique des Partenariats Public-Privé (PPP), eux-mêmes généralement présentés comme des outils pour améliorer l'efficacité économique des projets publics. Cette nouvelle forme de contrat appelée " Contrat de partenariat ", passée entre personne publique et secteur privé, tisse des relations de très long terme (jusqu'à trente ans) entre personne publique et différents types d'acteurs privés pour la construction, l'entretien, la maintenance, mais également le financement de bâtiments publics. Dans cet article, nous interrogeons la portée de ces contrats de partenariat. Plus qu'une innovation technique, ils prônent une nouvelle mise en relation des secteurs privé et public. À travers la description des réseaux du milieu des PPP en France, nous examinons l'encastrement relationnel des affaires qui participe à ce nouveau mode de mise en relation des secteurs public et privé et nous en analysons les structures. Le projet des PPP semble surtout revêtir une portée institutionnelle car les nouvelles structures relationnelles liées aux contrats de partenariat aboutissent à laisser une place centrale à la banque.

Thanks to ever-greater digital connectivity, interest in oral traditions has grown beyond that of researcher and research subject to include a widening pool of global users. When new publics consume, manipulate and connect with field recordings and digital cultural archives, their involvement raises important practical and ethical questions. This volume explores the political repercussions of studying marginalised languages; the role of online tools in ensuring responsible access to sensitive cultural materials; and ways of ensuring that when digital documents are created, they are not fossilized as a consequence of being archived. Fieldwork reports by linguists and anthropologists in three continents provide concrete examples of overcoming barriers—ethical, practical and conceptual—in digital documentation projects. Oral Literature in the Digital Age is an essential guide and handbook for ethnographers, field linguists, community activists, curators, archivists, librarians, and all who connect with indigenous communities in order to document and preserve oral traditions.