Suchergebnisse

Theories of political redistribution are tested using data collected in three phases of the International Social Survey Programme. Individuals categorized as having high, middle, or low incomes were asked whether they consider the overall tax burden in their countries too high, too low or about right. Very few citizens indicated that they were satisfied with tax systems; most believed that taxes on low & middle incomes are too high, while taxes on high incomes are too low. Support for tax systems is bimodal within the income classes, with the richest 5% being the most supportive, & the median in a population being second. Ideological values have a strong impact on political support for redistribution across all income classes. The results bear witness to the multidimensional nature of preferences for redistribution, & to the delicate question of the effectiveness of democracy in implementing citizens' preferences. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier B.V.]

This article reviews both what Personal Influence revealed about the two-step flow within women's inter-personal networks & what it failed to capture about women's experiences during the tumultuous changes in gender roles between 1945, when the data were collected, & 1955, when the study was published. One of the central contradictions of the Decatur Study is that it simultaneously disguises that it is women who are being studied here yet universalizes them as representative of the general population. But the article also argues that despite the blind spots & a historicity of Personal Influence, it was a crucial reminder that women, despite being individual targets of much media fare, were also embedded in social networks through which they influenced other women & were, in turn, influenced by them. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2006 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Admitting, then, that it is eminently desirable to reduce the action of the organized public force to the minimum... shall we not say that government can not relieve itself from the necessity of frequent and minute interferences with industry in any other way to so great an extent as by, 1st, insisting on the thorough primary education of the whole population; 2d, providing a strict system of sanitary administration; 3d, securing by special precautions the integrity of banks of savings for the encouragement of the instincts of frugality, sobriety, and industry? Each of these things is contrary to the doctrine of Laissez faire; yet I, for one, can not find room to doubt that, on purely economical grounds, the action of the State herein is not only justifiable but a matter of elementary duty. Adapted from the source document.

Local social service agencies throughout the world have begun encouraging or requiring social service providers to form community-based networks for the delivery of publicly funded social services. Little is known, however, about the nature of the resulting networks. In this article we develop a model of organizational, programmatic, and community influences on the size and scope of interorganizational networks for social service delivery. We then apply this theoretical framework to an empirical study of service delivery networks in the Family Preservation Program in Los Angeles County. Our findings suggest that the availability of potential partners in the community, the scope of required services, and the ethnic homogeneity of the client population are key determinants of network size. We develop the implications of the results for theories of partnership formation and for more effective management of network formation processes. Adapted from the source document.

This is a conference paper. ; Excreta related waste is a major cause of surface and groundwater pollution in Sri Lanka. The fact that decentralized onsite disposal is the dominant form of disposal for human excreta related waste makes it an even difficult problem to handle. Therefore well laid out national standards and guidelines on the construction and design of onsite disposal systems are essentially required to ensure safety of water resources in Sri Lanka with the growing population and urbanization. Many attempts have been made by different government authorities to fulfill this requirement at different times. The objective of this paper is to critically and comparatively analyze the contents and level of information given in different key guidelines, codes of practice and regulations related to onsite disposal of human excreta related wastes and suggest methods to integrate and effectively disseminate this information.

Objectives: The goal of this research is to examine the role of modernization (i.e., structural conduciveness) in the form of income, telephone price and structure, education, and political structures, and global contact in the form of world cities, trade, investment, activities of international nongovernmental organizations, and short-term exchanges of population in driving the worldwide diffusion of the Internet. Methods: We use longitudinal regression analyses (1995-2000) of change in Internet hosts for approximately 80 developing countries. Results: The analyses suggest that foreign investment, major urban agglomerations, manufacturing exports, nongovernmental organization presence, and tourism as well as democratic openness, property rights, and income predict Internet diffusion during the time period under investigation. Conclusions: We conclude that indeed both conduciveness to Internet technology as well as globalization (contact) are important factors in the diffusion of the Internet. Tables, 2, References. Adapted from the source document.

There is a stark contrast between the recent evolution of labor productivity (and TFP) in the US and EU countries. In the US it accelerated around the mid-1990s and there is evidence of reversion to a high-growth regime. In some EU countries, while employment-population ratios started to rise after a period of stagnant employment, labor productivity (and TFP) decelerated. In this paper we apply univariate and multivariate methods, that have been used to detect structural breaks in productivity growth in the US economy, to EU data to confirm the existence of a significant permanent shift to lower productivity growth in some European countries around the mid-1990s. We find a structural break in mean labour productivity growth in the US around the mid-1990s (towards higher growth), in Continental Europe around the early 1990s (towards lower growth) and no evidence of structural breaks in the UK. [resumen de autor]

International audience ; L'objet de notre contribution est de comprendre les formes par lesquelles une population bien particulière, celle des jeunes « connus des services de police » s'est pénalement constituée, et comment elle échoue à se former politiquement. Pour cela, nous exploiterons essentiellement trois enquêtes menées dans diverses banlieues d'Ile de France depuis 2002 : la première sur les contentieux d'outrage, rébellion et violence à agents de la force publique, la deuxième sur des observations menées avec des équipages de Brigades anti-criminalité (BAC) en 2004, la troisième sur des observations menées auprès de jeunes maghrébins tentant une mobilisation politique contre des interventions policières qui avaient coûté la vie à trois de leurs pairs. La nature du contentieux police/jeunes : le tournant des années quatre-vingt dix On défendra l'idée, au cours de cette première partie (centrée sur l'analyse de données quantitatives), que les événements de l'automne 2005 sont parmi d'autres causes le résultat.

La transition qui a suivi la dictature militaire a abouti, sur le plan politique, à une certaine stabilité et consolidation du système institutionnel, mais aussi à l'appauvrissement de la majorité de la population. La démocratie actuelle peut être définie comme une démocratie d'exclusion, dans le sens qu'elle est fondée sur l'exclusion sociale et qu'elle produit à son tour de l'exclusion. On assiste à une dégradation de la politique, marquée par la spoliation matérielle et symbolique de la majorité des citoyens et par la dérive corporatiste d'une classe politique qui ne représente plus qu'elle-même et ses propres intérêts corporatifs. Les formes extérieures de la démocratie (élections, parlement) subsistent, mais la politique a été vidée de son sens et réduite à une apparence : élaborée en forme semi-secrète, sans véritable débat public, elle ne remplit plus son rôle d'articulation des demandes de la société.

AbstractThis study investigates an aspect of the African Diaspora that to date, has received scant attention. Environmental affairs of African Colombians have been woefully understudied and largely undocumented in major international scholarship. This is surprising since Colombia has the second largest Africandescendant population in Latin America, and the AfricanColombian territory in the Pacific coast is one of the most biologically diverse regions on the entire planet. The potential economic advantages of this could be enormous for African Colombians and has affected their models of development. However, African Colombians are like other African Diasporas— they are presently disproportionately poor, uneducated, and powerless in their respective societies. A principal objective of this study is to discuss the political-economic and environmental aspects inherent to high biodiversity presence in the African Colombians' territories, identifying the advantages and obstacles standing in the way of realizing the real dimension of these natural endowments.

International audience ; L'objet de notre contribution est de comprendre les formes par lesquelles une population bien particulière, celle des jeunes « connus des services de police » s'est pénalement constituée, et comment elle échoue à se former politiquement. Pour cela, nous exploiterons essentiellement trois enquêtes menées dans diverses banlieues d'Ile de France depuis 2002 : la première sur les contentieux d'outrage, rébellion et violence à agents de la force publique, la deuxième sur des observations menées avec des équipages de Brigades anti-criminalité (BAC) en 2004, la troisième sur des observations menées auprès de jeunes maghrébins tentant une mobilisation politique contre des interventions policières qui avaient coûté la vie à trois de leurs pairs. La nature du contentieux police/jeunes : le tournant des années quatre-vingt dix On défendra l'idée, au cours de cette première partie (centrée sur l'analyse de données quantitatives), que les événements de l'automne 2005 sont parmi d'autres causes le résultat.

Cambodia is still suffering from the legacy of civil conflict after more than a decade. With over one-third of the population living below the poverty line, poverty remains one of the most serious problems in Cambodia. A number of governmental bodies, local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international organizations operating in Cambodia have made eradicating poverty a priority and have established many social programmes to this end. In designing such programmes, the efficient allocation of resources is essential for making poverty alleviation more cost-effective. Targeting is often helpful for this purpose because one can avoid wasting resources on the non-poor, which would occur in the absence of targeting. If targeting were costless and consumption poverty were at issue, it would be desirable to formulate a targeting policy such that the gap between current consumption and the poverty line were just filled.