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This paper draws on data from the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey ( TUS) (over 4,000 randomly selected households) to tease out the dimensions of the 'second shift'. Predictions that as women entered the paid workforce men would contribute more to household labour have largely failed to eventuate. This underpins the view that women are working a second shift because they are shouldering a dual burden of paid and unpaid work. However, time use research seems to show that when both paid and unpaid work is counted, male and female workloads are in total very similar. This has led to suggestions that a literal second shift is a myth; that it exists in the sense that women do more domestic work than men, but not in the sense that they work longer hours in total. Using a more accurate and telling measure of workload than previous research (paid and unpaid labour including multitasked activities), this paper explores the second shift and how it relates to family configuration, ethnicity and indicators of class and socioeconomic standing. It finds a clear disparity between the total workloads of mothers and fathers, much of which consists of simultaneous (secondary) activity, and some demographic differences in female (but not male) total workloads. It concludes that the view that the second shift is a myth is only sustainable by averaging social groups very broadly and by excluding multitasking from the measurement of total work activity.

International audience ; The earth mother: a reading through gender and patriotic rhetoric. This article tackles the issue of autochtony – mainly Athenian autochtony – fitting it more than has been traditionally the case into the logic of patriotic discourse from which it emerges. Taking into account the demands of this type of very particular discourse, together with the new perspectives on sexed identities made possible by gender studies, allows us today to offer an interpretation that is different from Nicole Loraux's examining Plato, Menexenus. She understood the myth of autochtony as a "transference" of female reproductive competences to the civic land, an exclusive possession of men and a way for them to dispossess women of their power and to consider reproduction without women. After demonstrating that for the Greeks, mainly in the pre-Aristotelician tradition, males and females were usually equally concerned with the operation of procreation, I will suggest that the use of the mother earth theme is a way of constructing a constraining bond (considered both as a biological and an individual one) between citizens and their civic territory. This bond does not arise from the sex struggle or even from male fear of female power but, in the context of a patrilineal society dominated by males, it is the political instrument for the alienation of citizens from the land they inhabit. ; Cet article discute le thème de l'autochtonie – essentiellement athénienne – en l'intégrant dans la logique du discours patriotique qui est la sienne. La prise en compte des exigences de ce type de discours tout à fait particulier, de même que la prise en compte du renouvellement du regard sur les identités sexuées qu'ont permis les études « genre », permettent aujourd'hui de proposer une interprétation différente de celle de Nicole Loraux. Celle-ci comprenait, dans sa lecture du Ménexène de Platon, le mythe de l'autochthonie comme un « transfert » des compétences reproductives féminines sur un espace tenu par les hommes seuls, ...

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Cancer risk assessment should stratify screening and enable preventive health interventions based on individuals' risk of developing cancer. Studies are underway to develop epigenetic tests, including trials investigating women's risk of female-specific cancers. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> Given potential consequences for quality of life and care, women considering such assessment need to be able to make a fully informed choice. It is currently unknown what information they require. <b><i>Method:</i></b> We conducted 4 focus groups with 25 women (aged 30–65 years) to explore what they want to know about epigenetic cancer risk assessment, how they evaluate its usefulness, and how they would like to be informed about their risk. Independent coders categorised paraphrases based on transcribed recordings of the group discussions to enable a summarising text analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The women in the study wanted to understand how the epigenetic approach is different from established genomic tests, how epigenetic changes relate to cancer, and whether the test enables monitoring of one's cancer risk (<i>n</i> = 11). Furthermore, they desired information about their basic cancer risks (<i>n</i> = 11), about the quality of the assessment (<i>n</i> = 9), and about measures to deal with a risk result (<i>n</i> = 11). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Informed consent in epigenetic cancer risk assessments depends on whether basic cancer risks, uncertainties of testing, and effects of tests on care management are transparently communicated prior to testing. These requirements are not limited to epigenetic testing. Accordingly, physicians and health authorities will have to provide multi-layered information when counselling women on cancer risk assessment.

In cities throughout Africa, domestic water is widely used for small businesses. The amount of water used depends on the size of the business and the individuals involved in these businesses are mostly women. However, many of these businesses do not have a direct connection to the city's water network and the business owners often travel a far distance to purchase water at high prices. To explore this problem, the research titled "Analysis of Domestic Water Use for Livelihood Activities among the Poor in Alajo and Sabon Zongo Communities of Accra, Ghana" was undertaken. The main objectives of the study were two-fold: to measure the extent of domestic water use for livelihood purposes by both men and women in sub-urban communities of Accra and its contribution to their livelihoods, and enhance access of poor women to water to improve their water-dependent livelihoods and thus reduce poverty in Accra. The study also addressed issues relating to health and sanitation and explained that poor water quality in this community is as a result of damaged pipes and dirty storage tanks. The study was carried out using qualitative approach of investigation: interviewing, focus group discussions (FGDs), and direct observation. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data collected. The study found that income generated from water related businesses contribute either all or more than half of the household income of water-related business operators. Water prices in these communities are ten times the regulated prices charged by the water utility, which have great impact on the profit margins of these small businesses and are often the stronghold of women. The highest level of education attained by most of the water related business owners is Junior Secondary School (Grade 8), which gives a basis for the explanation of their low income and high poverty levels. The study posed some recommendations including the possibility of government's provision of water to every household in the communities. ...

This study's first objective was to compare the mean birth weights of homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Its second objective was to investigate whether prior male and female fetuses have different effects on the birth weight of subsequent fetuses. The subjects were 3229 adult men and women (the probands), who weighed at least 2500 g at birth, and whose mothers knew the sex of the child (or fetus) for each pregnancy prior to the proband. Information on birth weight, maternal gravidity and other demographic variables was reported on questionnaires completed by the probands' mothers. The results confirmed earlier reports that boys with older brothers weigh less at birth than boys with older sisters, but they did not confirm reports that girls with older brothers weigh less than girls with older sisters. The results did not show across-the-board differences in the mean birth weights of homosexual versus heterosexual women or homosexual versus heterosexual men. However, the homosexual males with older brothers weighed about 170 g less at birth than the heterosexual males with older brothers. It is suggested that this pattern of results may reflect a maternal immune response to Y-linked minor histocompatibility antigens (H–Y antigens). According to this hypothesis, when the maternal immune response is mild, it produces only a slightly reduced birth weight, but when it is stronger, it produces a markedly reduced birth weight as well as an increased probability of homosexuality.

John Stuart Mill is more critical of Victorian charity than we might expect, given his enthusiasm for participation, voluntarism, and limited government. Thus far, scholarly analyses of Mill's concern about charity's effects on recipients have failed to explain his preference for public poor relief. This article interprets Mill's misgivings about private charity in the context of his feminism. Mill links women's subjection and charity in two ways. First, he contends that the effects of subjection make women injudicious and ineffective as philanthropists. Second, he argues that the charity ethic reinforces women's acceptance of relationships of inequality and dependence: charity is bad for the women who practice it as well as for the poor who rely on it. Mill's critique of charity is part of a more sweeping critique of relations of domination and subordination. Adapted from the source document.

In early medieval Winchester, three monastic communities were enclosed together in the south‐eastern corner of the town. By the later Anglo‐Saxon period, Old Minster was a monastic cathedral and New Minster and Nunnaminster were monastic communities for men and women respectively. This paper addresses ways in which the three foundations collaborated and co‐ordinated with each other and with the city. While gender segregated these communities, both liturgy and the urban context integrated them, as can be seen from the books used and produced by religious men and women in this city in later Anglo‐Saxon England. The importance of prayer to the inhabitants of the city and the wider locale can be seen in the documents that request liturgical services – most often prayers and masses – in return for grants of land and other gifts. Ecclesiastical and lay individuals alike allied themselves to these religious houses, seeking commemoration and often also burial in their cemeteries and hoping to benefit spiritually from their prayers. The ways in which gender affected the religious experiences of Winchester's citizens and their consecrated brothers and sisters are complex, but they are also important in understanding how the saints and their servants on earth related to God, to each other and to the surrounding urban space.

Ailsa Cook reviews recent health and social care policy in Scotland and England in light of the growing body of empirical research into the experiences and perspectives of people with dementia. She draws on this evidence to consider the particular challenges associated with delivering four key outcomes to people with dementia identified by policy makers as fundamental to well-being. These are: independence, health, choice and social inclusion

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Political Economy -- 1 Social Production and Artificial Intelligence -- A Working Definition of AI -- AI, Social Production, and IPE -- Conclusion -- Works Cited -- 2 The Role of Women in Contemporary Technology and the Feminization of Artificial Intelligence and Its Devices -- Introduction: The Contemporary Link Between Economy, Technology and Women -- Literature Review: Technology and Feminism -- Second-Wave Feminism -- Liberal Feminism -- Radical Feminism -- Socialist or Marxist Feminism -- Third-Wave Feminism -- Post-feminism -- Cyberfeminism -- Technofeminism -- Xenofeminism -- Technology Development Is a Source and a Consequence of the Development of the Role of Women -- Second-Wave Feminism and the Proportion of Women in Technology Jobs -- Third-Wave Feminism and the Female Body -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3 Rise of the Centaurs: The Internet of Things Intelligence Augmentation -- Rise of the Machines -- Bicycles for the Mind and the IoTIA -- Political Deskilling and the Fate of Democracy -- Foxes, Hedgehogs, and Centaurs -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 AI in Public Education: Humble Beginnings and Revolutionary Potential -- The Global AI Landscape -- The United States -- The 30,000-Foot View -- Current AI Implementations in Public Education -- China -- The 30,000-Foot View -- Current AI Implementations in Public Education -- Current AI Implementations in Public Education -- India -- The 30,000-Foot View -- Current AI Implementations in Public Education -- AI and Existing Educational Structures -- Charting a Path Forward -- Bibliography -- 5 Chinese and U.S. AI and Cloud Multinational Corporations in Latin America -- Introduction -- Analytical Approach -- Digitalization and Latin America -- AI Policies in the U.S. and China.

This study examines the intersection of race, family structure, and economic inequality through women's spatial relationships to the labor market. Using survey data from three major metro labor markets, we operationalize spatial relationships in two ways: first, using a conventional measure of commute time, and second, using an indicator of neighborhood job contacts to obtain employment. Results indicate that family structure exerts no direct effect on women's spatial relationship to the labor market. Race, by contrast, plays a strong role, mediating women's reliance on mass transit, their response to teenage kids in the household, and their likelihood of using neighbors to find employment. The result is a situation in which black and Latina women are more likely than white women to rely on localized job networks to obtain employment that requires longer commutes from home.

Argues that efforts to address urban problems must address underlying economic inequalities, and that national economic policies have fostered capitalist accumulation and an ecologically damaging form of urbanization; Latin America. Some focus on regional planning.