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Stemming from Philip Marfleet's (2007; 2013; 2016) work on the relations between history, memory and displacement, this chapter takes as its point of departure that many major episodes of mass displacement have 'disappeared' from official history – from accounts that constitute what the Indian historian Gyanendra Pandey (2001) calls 'national memory'. The same time, with the rise of new information and communication technologies, and with the democratization of image production and dissemination, new amateur and citizen stories of displacement have emerged, thus challenging dominant mainstream narratives, and constituting new repositories of shared memory across both time and space. Building on the authors' mapping of citizen-generated footage from Daraa, the city where the Syrian uprising began in 2011, this chapter attempts to re-situate personal accounts, histories and experiences of refugees themselves as important records of individual and collective social memories. It looks at their alternative digital archives as 'historical markers of disruptive events' (Papadopoulos, 2014), thus assessing the effects of digital technologies for rethinking the ways in which our societies remember and commemorate. Finally, this chapter also locates the Daraa archive as a putative archive of refugee origins in productive and provocative relation to institutional archives, such as the repository of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. In so doing, it considers the ethical challenges connected to the political economy of the archive, and to practices of archive creation, preservation and dissemination; from issues of ownership and indeed use of the 'refugee archive', to broader concerns of representation of and by the represented themselves.

In the last issue of Itinerario (vol. XVI, 1992/2), Jan Breman of the University of Amsterdam, has published an English translation of his introduction to the third edition of his book Koelies, Planters en Koloniale Politiek. In this article, titled 'Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History', Breman tries to deal with some of the 'more sceptical and sometimes even hostile' reactions to his book on plantation labour in East Coast Sumatra during the last decades of the nineteenth century. However, his contribution has a more important purport, as he suggests a specific way in which the history of the colonial past should be written, dismissing at the same time the approach to the colonial past undertaken by what he calls the 'Leiden Revisionist School'.

Beruhend auf ethnographischer Forschung beschreibt dieser Beitrag zwei alltägliche Medienpraktiken, die das, was im schulischen Kontext als 'Geschichte' bezeichnet wird' performativ hervorbringen. Vergegenständlichen: Beim Lesen im Geschichtsunterricht wird eine körperliche Distanz zum Buch eingenommen; dabei werden die abgedruckten Inhalte als "etwas Handfestes" mit vermeintlichem Wahrheitscharakter vollzogen. Segmentieren: Durch das Aufteilen und Bereiche-Markieren bei der Schulbuchnutzung werden 'Geschichte' als segmentierbar, Ereignisse und Prozesse als dekontextualisiert und in sich geschlossen hervorgebracht. Die Medienspezifizität des gedruckten Schulbuchs hat - so eine These dieses Beitrags - eine konstitutive politische Wirkkraft im Geschichtsunterricht, welche die Modalitäten des Denkens, Wahrnehmens und Kommunizierens von bzw. über Autorität und sozialer Ordnung prägen kann. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Drawing on ethnographic research, this paper describes two media practices which enact what is called 'history' in a school context. Thingification: When students read in class they adopt a bodily distance to the textbook; the textbook becomes 'something physical' which exudes truthfulness. Segmentation: By marking and segmenting space on the pages, the students' bodies enact history as something which can be segmented, events and processes as decontextualized and autonomous. Overall, the paper suggests that the specific mediality of the printed history textbook has a political 'effectfulness' in history education. This not only presents specific topics and issues as particularly relevant, but also shapes broader modalities of perceiving, thinking and communicating about authority and social orderings. (DIPF/Orig.)

Includes indexes. ; "A condensation and abridgement of the author's [A history of Egypt from the earliest times to the Persian conquest]"--Pref. ; Bibliography: p. 444-452. ; The land of the Egyptians -- Preliminary survey, chronology and documentary sources -- Earliest Egypt -- Early religion -- The old kingdom : government and society, industry and art -- The pyramid builders -- The sixth dynasty : the decline of the old kingdom -- The decline of the North and the rise of Thebes -- The middle kingdom or the feudal age state, society, and religion -- The twelfth dynasty -- The fall of the middle kingdom ; The Hyksos -- The expulsion of the Hyksos and the triumph of Thebes -- The new state : society and religion -- The consolidation of the kingdom ; the rise of the empire -- The feud of the Thutmosids and the reign of Queen Hatshepsut -- The consolidation of the empire : the wars of Thutmose III -- The empire at its height -- The religious revolution of Ikhnaton -- The fall of Ikhnaton and the dissolution of the empire -- The triumph of Amon and the reorganization of the empire -- The wars of Ramses II -- The empire of Ramses II -- The final decline of the empire : Merneptah and Ramses III -- The fall of the empire -- Priests and mercenaries : the supremacy of the Libyans -- The Ethiopian supremacy and the triumph of Assyria -- The restoration -- The final struggles : Babylon and Persia. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"The Routledge History of U.S. Foreign Relations provides a comprehensive view of U.S. diplomacy and foreign affairs from the founding to the present. With contributions from recognized experts from around the world, this volume unveils America's long and complicated history on the world stage. It presents the United States' evolution from a weak player, even a European pawn, to a global hegemonic leader over the course of two and a half centuries. The contributors offer an expansive vision of U.S. foreign relations-from U.S.-Native American diplomacy in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the post-9/11 war on terror. They shed new light on well-known events and suggest future paths of research, and they capture lesser-known episodes that invite reconsideration of common assumptions about America's place in the world. Bringing these discussions to a single forum, the book provides a strong reference source for scholars and students who seek to understand the broad themes and changing approaches to the field. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of United Sates history, political science, international relations, conflict resolution, and public policy, amongst other areas"--