Статья посвящена сравнительному анализу влияния Первой мировой войны на царскую Россию и на Германию. Исследуются и уточняются статистические данные, характеризующие военную активность этих стран, абсолютные и относительные цифры мобилизованных, погибших и т.д. Рассматривается влияние войны на общества этих государств, сопоставляются степень милитаризации экономики, динамика ее развития, положение населения, некоторые особенности политики властей. В итоге формулируются новые положения о степени и характере воздействия войны на царскую Россию и Германию и о причинах революций 1917 и 1918 гг. ; The article is dedicated to the comparative analyses of the World War I influence on the tsarists Russia and on Germany. It provides with more accurate and updated statistics regarding military activities of the countries, numbers and proportions of the mobilized, casualties, etc. It presents a review of the effects of the war on the Russian and German societies, as well as comparative data on the degree of militarization of economy, on the dynamics of economic development, conditions of the populations and some peculiarities of the government politics. It concludes with several new provisions about the degree and the character of the war effects on the tsarist Russia and Germany and on the causes of the 1917 and 1918 revolutions in these countries.
The concepts of poverty and development have many meanings in contemporary globalized societies. Development by definition implies desired changes in terms of livelihood, improved quality of life and better access to assets and services, etc. However in reality development programmes sometimes have negative consequences, perhaps unintended, multiplying the acute scarcity of resources and opportunities, or reproducing poverty. Also, the consequences of developmental programmes often appear to be out of focus, and seen at the ground level, there seems to be a gap between what is intended and what is actualized. In this framework, this paper presents a case study of the social, cultural and economic correlates of the development processes in Adadakulapalle, a settlement of Sugali peoples, once a semi-nomadic tribe, in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, South India. The paper shows how factionalism and faction politics affect the implementation of development interventions. It also looks at the poverty in the settlement and focuses on the types of change that people have experienced with the implementation of different schemes by both government and other agencies. The type of change is discussed in the present study through the macro and micro analysis of development programmes.
Climate change, demographic concentration, new needs, sustainable development etc. are many examples of uncontrolled mutations in space and time, which impact on the degree of satisfaction of water needs in the world, and which call for a new analysis of the water issue. This new perspective, in this context of increased uncertainties, means that this has to be put into question. It involves, first, to have understood and assimilated the crucial role played by water in its natural, social, economic, cultural and political environment, by having identified the links which define Men-Water relations. Second, analysing the current water standards implies that we adopt the representation of reality they provide as a reading grid. Furthermore, it is also a way to wonder whether this grid corresponds to the future reality of human societies. Considering so would mean repeating the present development schemes. Not considering so would bring about a new approach, looking for new dynamic decision-making tools adapted to the realities of each field, in order to take into account present needs, as well as future ones. This process is in keeping with the premises of development strategies in a perspective of sustainable development.
Climate change, demographic concentration, new needs, sustainable development etc. are many examples of uncontrolled mutations in space and time, which impact on the degree of satisfaction of water needs in the world, and which call for a new analysis of the water issue. This new perspective, in this context of increased uncertainties, means that this has to be put into question. It involves, first, to have understood and assimilated the crucial role played by water in its natural, social, economic, cultural and political environment, by having identified the links which define Men-Water relations. Second, analysing the current water standards implies that we adopt the representation of reality they provide as a reading grid. Furthermore, it is also a way to wonder whether this grid corresponds to the future reality of human societies. Considering so would mean repeating the present development schemes. Not considering so would bring about a new approach, looking for new dynamic decision-making tools adapted to the realities of each field, in order to take into account present needs, as well as future ones. This process is in keeping with the premises of development strategies in a perspective of sustainable development.
The law on bioethics passed by the French parliament in 2004 qualifies reproductive cloning as a "crime against the human species", a clear indication of how threatened the social world feels by certain aspects of genetic engineering. This article analyses the many social issues involved in cloning. The field of bioethics constitutes a kind of open-air laboratory for anyone interested in studying norm formation processes in pluralist societies. Among other things it brings to light the intertwining of axiological or value-focused controversies and economic logic. After specifying what cloning is, the article reviews the stages through which the prospect of reproductive cloning as both reality and fantasy has become a focus of public debate. It then examines the main arguments for and against reproductive cloning, paying particular attention to arguments that refer to the danger cloning represents for the social tie (a blow to the principles of filiation, the resurgence of eugenics, etc.). Lastly, the article looks at the difficulties encountered when attempts are made to formulate a prohibition at the national and international levels. The conclusion seeks to demonstrate how certain biologists' discourse on cloning represents a strong invitation for greater dialogue between the life sciences and sociology.
European cultural dimensions. This implies: developing a Europe of knowledge, strengthening of stable, peaceful and democratic societies; enhancing mobility in employment and study; implementing the Bologna Magna Charta Universitatum 1988. In short the Declaration focuses on the promotion of co-operation and international competitiveness of European higher education. There are expectations of national reforms: the changes in two-tier degree structures, shorter first degrees, bridges between university and non-university sectors and external evaluation. At the institutional level, the reforms should also be considered to shape the curriculum development and evaluations (mare professionally relevant, more international and mare multidisciplinary). The article focuses on the universities role to facilitate study and labour mobility. Identifying labour needs calls for a constant update of the curriculum. The question is whether universities should move to professional training instead of providing an academic education. The article is dealing with the difficulties of the implementation of Bologna Declaration: a tension between academic education and professional training, between equality and opportunity, between internationalization and globalisation and etc. Mass higher education and life-long learning cannot be uniform across individuals, communities and countries. Reality is different in many universities, but the changes are needed in many universities too.
European cultural dimensions. This implies: developing a Europe of knowledge, strengthening of stable, peaceful and democratic societies; enhancing mobility in employment and study; implementing the Bologna Magna Charta Universitatum 1988. In short the Declaration focuses on the promotion of co-operation and international competitiveness of European higher education. There are expectations of national reforms: the changes in two-tier degree structures, shorter first degrees, bridges between university and non-university sectors and external evaluation. At the institutional level, the reforms should also be considered to shape the curriculum development and evaluations (mare professionally relevant, more international and mare multidisciplinary). The article focuses on the universities role to facilitate study and labour mobility. Identifying labour needs calls for a constant update of the curriculum. The question is whether universities should move to professional training instead of providing an academic education. The article is dealing with the difficulties of the implementation of Bologna Declaration: a tension between academic education and professional training, between equality and opportunity, between internationalization and globalisation and etc. Mass higher education and life-long learning cannot be uniform across individuals, communities and countries. Reality is different in many universities, but the changes are needed in many universities too.
European cultural dimensions. This implies: developing a Europe of knowledge, strengthening of stable, peaceful and democratic societies; enhancing mobility in employment and study; implementing the Bologna Magna Charta Universitatum 1988. In short the Declaration focuses on the promotion of co-operation and international competitiveness of European higher education. There are expectations of national reforms: the changes in two-tier degree structures, shorter first degrees, bridges between university and non-university sectors and external evaluation. At the institutional level, the reforms should also be considered to shape the curriculum development and evaluations (mare professionally relevant, more international and mare multidisciplinary). The article focuses on the universities role to facilitate study and labour mobility. Identifying labour needs calls for a constant update of the curriculum. The question is whether universities should move to professional training instead of providing an academic education. The article is dealing with the difficulties of the implementation of Bologna Declaration: a tension between academic education and professional training, between equality and opportunity, between internationalization and globalisation and etc. Mass higher education and life-long learning cannot be uniform across individuals, communities and countries. Reality is different in many universities, but the changes are needed in many universities too.
European cultural dimensions. This implies: developing a Europe of knowledge, strengthening of stable, peaceful and democratic societies; enhancing mobility in employment and study; implementing the Bologna Magna Charta Universitatum 1988. In short the Declaration focuses on the promotion of co-operation and international competitiveness of European higher education. There are expectations of national reforms: the changes in two-tier degree structures, shorter first degrees, bridges between university and non-university sectors and external evaluation. At the institutional level, the reforms should also be considered to shape the curriculum development and evaluations (mare professionally relevant, more international and mare multidisciplinary). The article focuses on the universities role to facilitate study and labour mobility. Identifying labour needs calls for a constant update of the curriculum. The question is whether universities should move to professional training instead of providing an academic education. The article is dealing with the difficulties of the implementation of Bologna Declaration: a tension between academic education and professional training, between equality and opportunity, between internationalization and globalisation and etc. Mass higher education and life-long learning cannot be uniform across individuals, communities and countries. Reality is different in many universities, but the changes are needed in many universities too.
Two types of musical meaning are distinguished: purely musical meaning which can be grasped only by experiencing a piece of music as it unfolds through time, and extra-musical meaning which relates music to non-musical concepts such as emotions, ideas, etc. It is argued that neither types of meaning are intrinsic to a musical object but depend upon an individual's interpretation of that object. The way an object is interpreted is largely determined by the individual's musical culture. Following Schutz, musical culture is defined as the individual's collected musical experiences, socially derived and socially sanctioned, and the ways in which it determines the individual's understanding of music are discussed. The concept of musical culture is expanded, in particular to include the idea of value (one type of extra-musical meaning). Musical objects do not have the same value or worth for everyone: differences exist both across different societies and within the same society. This is to say that because groups have different musical cultures they will also have different musical tastes, reflected in their understanding of, and their approval or disapproval of, certain types of music. An example of the type of research that this approach to musical meaning can generate is given.
"From Ancient Times to the Present Day, writers have remarked on the unique power of music to evoke emotions, signal identity, and bond or divide entire societies, all without the benefit of literal representation. According to Aram Sinnreich, this power helps to explain why music has so often been regulated in societies around the globe--and why those regulations have been consistently resisted." "Mashed Up chronicles the rise of "configurability," an emerging musical and cultural moment rooted in today's global, networked communications infrastructure. Based on interviews with dozens of prominent DJs, attorneys, and music industry executives, the book argues that today's battles over sampling, file sharing, and the marketability of new styles such as "mash-ups" and "techno" presage social change on a far broader scale." "Àram Sinnreich is a sage guide to the emerging, perplexing, and downright vital world of configurable culture. He brings together a potent combination of deep academic learning, leading industry analyst credentials, and performing artist street cred. No one knows better than Sinnreich how music and technology are co-evolving."--Michael Heller, author of The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives." ""The greatest strength of this book is the broad, interdisciplinary range of its appeal: audiences interested in musicology, digital rights, street culture, and many other subjects will find it interesting, and it is written in a style that members of the general public would also appreciate. It is a book that could be assigned to undergraduates who are music majors and for courses in which intellectual property is a theme."--Elizabeth Losh, author of Virtualpolitik: An Electronic History of Government Media-Making in a Time of War, Scandal, Disaster, Miscommunication, and Mistakes." ""Young people who make new music by sampling existing work, who màsh up' existing cultural materials to convey entirely new messages, have been portrayed as thieves and copyright violators. Yet, as Aram Sinnreich eloquently teaches, what they are actually doing is pioneering new forms of cultural creation."--Howard Rheingold, author of Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier." ""Mashed Up is an intellectual/emotional romp, filled with insights into the pleasures and paradoxes of our high-tech musical universe. Aram Sinnreich is an original thinker, a brilliant brother, and a bad mammajamma ...
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Impossible Refuge brings the perspectives of refugees into rapidly emerging dialogues about contemporary situations of mass forced migration, asking: what does it mean to be displaced? Based on multi-sited ethnographic research conducted with refugees from Central Africa living in situations of protracted asylum in Uganda and resettlement in Australia, the book provides a unique comparative analysis of global humanitarian systems and the experiences of refugees whose lives are interwoven with them. The book problematises the solutions that are currently in place to resolve the displacement of refugees, considering that since displacement cannot be reduced to a politico-legal problem but is an experience that resonates at an existential level, it cannot be assumed that politico-legal solutions to displacement automatically resolve what is, fundamentally, an existential state of being. Impossible Refuge therefore offers a new theoretical foundation through which to think about the experiences of refugees, as well as the systems in place to manage and resolve their displacement. The book argues that the refuge provided to refugees through international humanitarian systems is conditional: requiring that they conform to lifestyles that benefit the hegemonic future horizons of the societies that host and receive them. Impossible Refuge calls for new ways of approaching displacement that go beyond the exceptionality of refugee experience, to consider instead how the contestation and control of possible futures makes displacement a general condition of our time. As such, it will appeal to scholars across the social sciences with interests in migration and refugees, humanitarianism and violence, sovereignty and citizenship, cosmology and temporality, and African studies, broadly.
Procura-se, neste artigo, definir a globalização a partir da identificação de uma série de mecanismos sociais por meio dos quais essa age diretamente sobre os comportamentos individuais e coletivos ou ainda sobre a maneira de pensar, as crenças, as identidades, as formas de institucionalização, etc. O que constitui a especificidade da globalização é justamente o fato de ser um fenômeno social que se m anifesta em todo o planeta. Será que os mecanismos específicos que caracterizam o funcionamento da globalização são aplicáveis nas mesmas condições nas sociedades que apresentam fortes diferenças como é o caso das sociedades do Norte e do Sul? Diferentes mecanismos ligados ao reforço da competição econômica internacional e às suas conseqüências sobre o sistema de proteção social, ou ainda ligados à difusão de normas e de práticas políticas no contexto da globalização, serão abordados em seguida. De forma mais sistemática, quatro cenários – convergência, divergência, hibridação e recomposição das hierarquias internacionais – serão apresentados no contexto de uma análise comparativa dos efeitos da globalização nas sociedades do Sul e do Norte. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: globalização, comparações internacionais, mecanismos sociais, desenvolvimento.GLOBALIZATION, VIEWED FROM NORTH AND SOUTH: which are their social mechanisms? Olivier Giraud In this paper, we seek to define the globalization from the identification of a series of social mechanisms through which it acts directly on the individual and collective behaviors or, still, on the way of thinking, on faiths, on identities, on the forms of institutionalization, etc. What constitutes the specificity of globalization is exactly the fact of its being a social phenomenon shons in the whole planet. Will the specific mechanisms characterizing the operation of the globalization be applicable in the same conditions in the societies that present strong differences, like North and South societies? Different mechanisms, linked to the reinforcement of international econo-mical competition and its consequences on the system of social protection, or, still, linked to the diffusion of norms and of political practices in the context of globalization, will be approached afterwards. In a more systematic way, four scenarios – convergence, divergence, hybridization and recomposition of the international hierarchies – will be pre-sented in the context of a comparative analysis of the effects of globalization in North and South. KEYWORDS: globalization, international comparisons, social mechanisms, development.LA GLOBALISATION VUE DU NORD ET DU SUD: quels en sont ses mécanismes sociaux? Olivier Giraud Cet article entend définir la globalisation à partir de l'identification de toute une série de mécanismes sociaux au travers desquels elle agit directement sur les comportements individuels et collectifs ou encore sur la manière de penser, sur les croyances, les identités, les formes d'institutionnalisation, etc. La spécificité de la globalisation consiste justement dans le fait de présenter un phénomène social qui se manifeste sur toute la planète. Les mécanismes qui caractérisent le fonctionnement de la globalisation peuvent-ils être appliqués dans les mêmes conditions dans des sociétés qui présentent de grandes différences comme dans le Nord et le Sud? On traitera aussi des divers mécanismes liés au renforcement de la compétition économique internationale et à ses conséquences sur le système de protection sociale, ou encore à la diffusion des normes et des pratiques politiques dans le contexte de la globalisation. On présentera de manière plus systématique quatre scénarios: convergence, divergence, hybridation et recomposition des hiérarchies internationales. Et ce dans le cadre d'une analyse comparative sur les effets de la globalisation dans les sociétés du Sud et du Nord. MOTS-CLÉS: globalisation, comparaisons internationales, mécanismes sociaux, développement. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Starting from the basis that the Indian is a supra-ethnic category that sticks together all the native inhabitants of America as colonized/colonizable populations and using the study of the documentation of that time, this article aims to demonstrate the survival of the old elements that build the Indian (as savage, barbaric, noble savage, anthropophagous, etc.) in the mentality and in the imagery of the contemporary Brazilian society. The time frame, the civil-military dictatorship (1965-1985), is the key time where the historical evolution changes, giving way to the Brazil of today. During this work we will see how these old assumptions are updated from the needs generated by the historical context of the dictatorship, showing that the Indian, until recent times, was erected as an enemy or ontological counterpart of so-called "civilized societies". ; Usando como base que el 'indio' es una categoría supra-étnica que congrega a todos los habitantes nativos de América como poblaciones colonizadas/colonizables y apoyándose en el estudio de la documentación de la época, este trabajo se propone demostrar la pervivencia de los viejos elementos que componen al indio (como salvaje, bárbaro, buen salvaje, antropófago, etc.) en la mentalidad y en el imaginario contemporáneo de la sociedad brasileña. El marco cronológico, la dictadura civil-militar (1965-1985), se delimita como época clave donde el devenir histórico cambia de paradigma, dando paso al Brasil actual. Durante este trabajo vamos a ver como estos viejos prejuicios son actualizados a partir de las necesidades generadas por la coyuntura histórica de la dictadura, mostrando que el indio, hasta tiempos recientes, se erigía como enemigo o contraparte ontológica de las llamadas "sociedades civilizadas". ; Partindo da base que o "índio" é uma categoria supra-étnica que engloba a todos os habitantes nativos da América como populações colonizadas/colonizáveis e apoiando-se no estudo da documentação da época, este trabalho propõe demonstrar a supervivência dos antigos elementos que compõem o índio (tão selvagem, bárbaro, selvagem nobre, canibal, etc.) na mentalidade e no imaginário contemporâneo da sociedade brasileira. O período de tempo, a ditadura militar (1965-1985), é delimitado como um momento chave no qual o tempo histórico muda de paradigma, levando ao Brasil atual. Durante este artigo, vamos ver como esses velhos preconceitos são atualizados a partir das necessidades geradas pela conjuntura histórica da ditadura, mostrando que o índio, até recentemente, manteve-se como inimigo ou contraparte ontológica das chamadas "sociedades civilizadas".
The future of the cities has been under discussion since the first city. It has been typical in every civilisation and era to hope for a better city. Creek philosopher Platon created image of future city where all men were equal and the city was ruled by philosophers minds. Many philosopher or later social scientist have ended up to similar "hope to be city". The form and type of the better city has depended from creators of those future city images. The creators have had their future city images made through their own political, ideological, religious or other principles. In the recent discussion on the national or international level it has been common to have those images of the future cities divided in only two categories: "it's gonna be either small or big city", "it's gonna be either well balanced or polarising city development", "it's gonna be either dying or competitive city", etc. The varying images of future cities are missed but yet still not noticed. The future of the cities is made by varying creators/factors/composers. Happening development is to be made by common evolution of societies, changing structures of infrastructure, public sector and work, international trades and markets, or natural catastrophes or wars. Or they are made by cities (their managers, developers, citizens, city marketing units, etc.) themselves. The images of future cities can be developed by many ways. These images are born in the minds of common people while they follow the ongoing evolution of the globe, nations, nature, cities etc. - both in international and local level. Or the images of future cities are made especially for some particular purpose. Movies such as "Matrix", "Blade Runner" and "12 Monkeys" present their writers and directors view to the possible future. City marketing units try to create fancy images of their city now and in the future - when all the aims of the city developers are to be full fill the needs of the most wanted citizens. The aim of the paper is to present six different type of possible future cities: "Theme city", "Urban village", "Gated community", "Multicultural city", "Network city" and "Ecological city". There are many more future images of the cities presented in studies of the cities and in other literature. These six different city types are introduced shortly - basic elements and features.
