Suchergebnisse

The twelfth session of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly met in San Diego, California, from June 16 to July 9, 1959. Represented at the meeting, which was presided over by E. R. Quesada of the United States, were 63 member states, 2 non-member states, and 9 international organizations. After statements by Mr. Quesada and various delegations, the President of the ICAO Council reviewed the activities of the organization since the last Assembly meeting in Montreal. He stated that the greater activity of the organization, which had originated in the directives of the Caracas Assembly in 1956, had continued throughout 1958 and 1959, but the launching of the jet age in October 1958 had radically influenced all developments in civil aviation. Moreover, the airline traffic situation in 1958 had not been a good one, as its rate of expansion, measured in passenger-kilometers, had only been 5.2 percent, compared to the customary 15 percent average increase; however, the same good safety level as in 1957 had been maintained, and the year had witnessed the establishment of several new international routes and a very fast growth in international civil aviation, so that specification and plans had to undergo continual revision. Regarding the financial situation of the world's scheduled airlines, the figures for 1958 could only represent preliminary estimates, but they indicated a further deterioration in the financial picture. The Organization itself had nevertheless continued its technical assistance activities throughout the year, mostly along the lines of advice and training in the ground services connected with civilaviation.

While it was underway, the brutal and chaotic Spanish Civil War was already being cast in contradictory ways by its leading participants. It was represented as an opportunity to lament injustice and the travesty of democracy, marshalled as positive proof that the European continent was in fact under the live threat of communist revolution, cast as a story of brutal anti-clericalism gone rampant and narrated as the battle between close-minded traditionalism and open-minded modernity. These contradictory understandings of the Spanish Civil War far outlived the conflict's conclusion in 1939 and have been played out repeatedly across the decades through the historiography. Thus, the Spanish Civil War has been represented by scholars as the fight between dictatorship and democracy, between religion and anti-clericalism and between conservative nostalgics and forward-looking modernisers. All of these narratives have some grain of truth to them. But what is so exciting about the up and coming generation of scholarship on the Spanish Civil War is that it asks new questions and provokes us to think beyond pre-existing tropes. In my contribution to this forum, I will focus in particular on one facet of this new scholarship, which is centred on the attempt to situate Spain and the Spanish Civil War within a wider, transnational, framework.

Infolge der sozialen Differenzierung gibt es in Ägypten ein relativ breites Spektrum formeller gesellschaftlicher und politischer Vereinigungen und Verbände. Hiermit ist eines der das Konzept von der "civil society" prägenden Merkmale erfüllt. Werden jedoch zwei weitere Beurteilungskriterien hinzugenommen - Klima der Toleranz und ein beträchtliches Ausmaß an gesellschaftlicher Autonomie gegenüber dem Staat - , so fällt der Befund negativ aus: säkulare und andere nicht-islamische Strömungen werden diskriminiert und zum Teil militant bekämpft; die islamistische Bewegung dominiert fast alle Bereiche gesellschaftlichen Lebens; die Gründungs- und Betätigungsfreiheit von Parteien und gesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen wird durch Gesetze eingeschränkt. (DÜI-Hns)

I have lived a life in which I have often been involved in public debates and controversies, but not as a public intellectual whose ideas were embraced by the White House or celebrated by the New York Review of Books. Mine has been a very different kind of experience that could be characterized more as an against-the-grain persistence in digging into some fundamental questions of social inequality that were fashionable a half century ago but were abandoned by most Americans with influence and power. I am convinced that we have no viable policies in place that will produce a healthy and successful society as our vast racial transition continues. My research has convinced me that there are much better answers.

A special session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization opened in Montreal, January 13, 1953, to give further consideration to the dispute between India and Pakistan over air routes between India and Afghanistan. The working group composed of representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark and Mexico which had been appointed at the seventh session of the Council, began meeting on November 19 and recommended that negotiations between the disputants be continued. On January 19, 1953, the President of the Council (Warner) announced the amicable settlement of the dispute by an agreement which would permit Indian civil aircraft to fly over Pakistani territory to Kabul, Afghanistan, through two 20-mile wide corridors without having to follow the lengthy detour previously necessary. The government of Pakistan also agreed to permit the export of sufficient fuel to Afghanistan by overland routes through Pakistan to permit Indian aircraft to refuel there.

Using an event-study methodology, the article analyzes the aftermath of civil war in a cross-section of countries. It focuses on cases where the end of conflict marks the beginning of relatively lasting peace. The analysis considers 41 countries involved in internal wars over the period 1960–2003. To provide a comprehensive evaluation of the aftermath of war, a range of social areas is considered: basic indicators of economic performance, health and education, political development, demographic trends, and conflict and security issues. For each indicator the post- and pre-war situations are compared and their dynamic trends during the post-conflict period are examined. The analysis is conducted in both absolute terms and relative to control groups of countries that are similar except for conflict. The findings indicate that even though war has devastating effects and its aftermath can be immensely difficult, when the end of war marks the beginning of lasting peace, recovery and improvement are achieved.

The current problems of various spheres of civil legislation, both in legislation and in the application of norms, developed after the general codification of the civil legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics of 1961 - 1964, including after the well-known decisions of the governing bodies on economic reform, are considered. It is noted that there is a need to take a fresh look at the relationship between the plan and the contract; the need to eliminate the so-called initial gap in civil legislation; the need to resolve the issue of responsibility for guilt or regardless of guilt; the unresolved issue of the property responsibility of the bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecutor's office and court; individual – specific – shortcomings of the Foundations of the civil legislation of the USSR and the civil codes of some Union republics are called. It is proposed to develop the exchange of experience in rule-making and norm-applying activities in the field of civil legislation between the Union republics, which will eliminate unjustified "inconsistency" in the civil codes of the Union republics caused by defects in legal technology. Other proposals are also being made.

The 26th session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) officially opened in Montreal on September 20, 1955; the Council itself did not actually begin to meet regularly until November 8, although special preliminary meetings were held on October 25, 26, and 27. The session was concluded on November 29.

CouncilThe twenty-fourth session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) met in Montreal, ICAO headquarters, from January 25 to April 2, 1955. The twenty-fifth session of the Council was scheduled to open on May 17, 1955, prior to the convening of the ninth ICAO Assembly on June 1.