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Environmental journalism history extends well before the 1960s. Only recently have researchers begun to examine it. This dissertation contributes to the understanding of that evolution by examining news coverage of Utah's five national parks from 1919 to 1971. Specifically, it looks at coverage from two newspapers published in Utah, The Salt Lake Tribune and the Deseret News , and two outside the state, The New York Times and the San Francisco Examiner . Utah newspapers suggest that the boosterism of the frontier press was present but waning when Zion National Park (1919) was established. These newspapers presented the park as validation for the state's membership in the Union and balm for its cultural anxiety. In The New York Times , Zion was presented as evidence of the nation's greatness as equal to the culture, arts, and architecture of Europe. Foremost, however, the parks were covered as an economic venture. Reporting on Bryce Canyon National Park (1923-1928) suggests that boosterism continued its declining trajectory. Unlike reporting on Zion, signs of tensions emerged as national park designation competed with land ownership and development. National pride was reflected in The New York Times and the San Francisco Examiner , while state pride continued to permeate reporting from Utah's newspapers. Coverage of Canyonlands National Park (1964) delved into political minutiae. However, it also suggested that the national park idea was evolving to consider a broader scope of what a park would protect. The way the park was reported suggests boosterism was replaced by a journalism that reported divergent views but provided little or no analysis. In news accounts, the language used to describe the land faded from unabashed awe to detached descriptions. News coverage of both Capitol Reef and Arches national parks (1971) shows that the sentiments of state and national pride that had basked in the boosterism of a fading frontier press disappeared and a view emerged that the state was a victim of tourism. This coverage also focused on Washington politics. At the same time, a nuanced voice emerged that began to consider the environment as a subject rather than a stage for debate.

The following was the presidential address at the convention of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism in Lexington, Ky., January 11. Dr. MacDougall is professor of journalism at the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University.

Journalism studies as an academic field is characterized by multidisciplinarity. Focusing on one object of study, journalism and the news, it established itself by integrating and synthesizing approaches from established disciplines – a tendency that lives on today. This constant gaze to the outside for conceptual inspiration and methodological tools lends itself to a journalism studies that is a fusion cuisine of media, communication, and related scholarship. However, what happens when this object becomes as fragmented and multifaceted as the ways we study it? This essay addresses the challenge of multiplicity in journalism studies by introducing an audience-centred, functional approach to scholarship. We argue this approach encourages the creative intellectual advancements afforded by interdisciplinary experimental cooking while respecting the classical intellectual questions that helped define the culinary tradition of journalism studies in the first place. In so doing, we offer a recipe for journalism studies fusion cooking that: (1) considers technological change (audiences' diets), (2) analyses institutional change (audiences' supermarket of information), and (3) evaluates journalism's societal and democratic impact (audiences' cuisines and health).

Four of every ten television or radio stations has a code of ethics, according to this survey of 220 television and 66 radio news directors, and these codes provide clear standards for employees while improving ethical standards. But, these codes may also inhibit flexibility. Some news directors say it is acceptable to accept free tickets (if not too much money is involved) and to go undercover for stories, but it is not acceptable to pay sources for news. The study reveals many other such findings.