Suchergebnisse

The evolution of industries in the last two centuries in all countries has been closely supported by a wide range of public policies addressing the patterns of capital accumulation, trade rules, the organisation of markets, innovative efforts and the process of knowledge creation and diffusion. Specific institutions have been created supporting such developments and have played a key role in economic growth. The protection of infant industries, the definition of trade and intellectual property regimes, the distribution of rents and the coherence with macroeconomic policies are key elements of such policies. The current challenges of industrial and innovation policies are discusses in the light of recent experiences in emerging countries.Keywords: secondary sector, public policy, industrial policy, market/commercialpolicy, industrialization, international trade, intellectual property, macroeconomics

Abstract
As most other industrialized countries, Germany experienced three major changes in its energy mix in the last two centuries, namely the respective transitions to coal, oil, and nuclear power. This paper discusses the reasons and consequences of these changes with respect to energy consumption, energy prices, and growth. One major finding is that each energy transition led to a devaluation of traditional locational advantages such as the existence of local sources of water power or coal beds. Another important observation is that most of the energy transitions were accompanied by significant government subsidies aiming at either promoting new energy sources or reducing the social hardship associated with the decline of traditional power industries.

Today's pictures of Belgrade are not much different from late-nineteenth-century descriptions: messy streets, uncompleted infrastructure projects, lack of coordinated urban plans and strategies. No doubt all of this shows that the weak Serbian society never raised sufficient funds to invest in a glamorous-looking capital city. The most frequent excuse to justify the poor-looking conditions of the national capital has been found in the nation's struggle to fulfill an uncompleted project for national unification. For more than two centuries, the modern Serbian elite has remained unsatisfied with current national boundaries. This paper will address the question of how those unfulfilled national aspirations can be detected in the urban fabric of Belgrade.

The author, who has interviewed human rights activists in Burma, analyses the deeply entrenched and unchecked Islamophobia against the Rohingya, who have lived at least two centuries in Burma and yet are refused citizenship. They and Muslims from around the country have been subject to a recent deadly wave of anti-Muslim violence and yet politicians, including Aung San Suu Kyi, are unwilling to address the institutionalised racism, emphasising that constitutional change has to come first. The persecution of the Rohingya will continue, argues the author, while foreign governments are so willing to make political and economic deals with the racist former junta.

In this article are studied the royal visits to the Monastery de Santa María de Guadalupe during the first two centuries of his existence, the reasons of those trips and, especially, his consequences in the spiritual and economic life of the monastery up to turning it in the middle of the 15th century into one of the political centers from the Iberian Peninsula. ; En este artículo se estudian las visitas regias a Santa María de Guadalupe durante los dos primeros siglos de su existencia, las causas de aquellos viajes y, sobre todo, sus consecuencias en la vida espiritual y económica del cenobio hasta convertirlo a mediados del siglo XV en uno de los centros políticos más activos de la Península Ibérica.

В статье анализируется идейно-художественное своеобразие ранней публицистики двух авторов. Первые выступления писателей в периодике носили новаторский характер и отличались силой воздействия. Внимание к раскрытию волновавшей их темы расширяет знания о развитии русской литературы на протяжении почти двух столетий. ; In the article of Yu.A. Popova «Revolution of 1789-1794 years and its reflection in reviews of N.M. Karamzin in the Moskovsky Journal and F.M. Dostoevsky in the journal Time» ideas and artistic peculiarities of early political essays of authors are analyzed. First publications of writers in periodical editions were distinguished by innovations and power of influence. Attention to revealing of a theme, exciting for them, expands boundaries of knowledge about development of Russian literature in course of about two centuries.

This paper surveys the growth and various phases of and influences on the concept of democracy in the Islamic political thought of the last two centuries. Among the thinkers covered in the survey are Rifa'a Tahtawi (1801-73), Khairuddin at-Tunis (1810-99), Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1838-97), Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Abdurrahman al-Kawakibi (1849-1903), Rashid Rida (1865-1935), Hasan al-Banna (1904-49), Ali Abd Ar-Raziq (1888-1966), Sayyid Qutb (1906-66), Sa'id Hawwa, and Malik Bennabi (1905-73). Reference is made to the influence of Sayyid Mawdudi (1903-79), on the thought of Sayyid Qutb. The paper traces also the bearing of Bennabi's thought on Rachid Ghannouchi and on the Islamic movements of our times.

Today's labor-scarce economies have open trade and closed immigration policies, while a century ago they had just the opposite, open immigration and closed trade policies. Why the inverse policy correlation, and why has it persisted for almost two centuries? This paper seeks answers to this dual policy paradox by exploring the fundamentals which have influenced the evolution of policy: the decline in the costs of migration and its impact on immigrant selectivity, a secular switch in the net fiscal impact of trade relative to immigration, and changes in the median voter. The paper also offers explanations for the between-country variance in voter anti-trade and anti-migration attitude, and links this to the fundamentals pushing policy.

This article presents some new perspectives on the historic significance and legal/operational mechanics of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), which it sees as having functioned as major actors in international relations for at least two centuries, beginning with the first internationally coordinated humanitarian effort to abolish slavery. It explores the responsibilities and legal status of such organizations, which rest on the attitudes of those that make up the organization's membership. The article describes how an NGO is legitimate because it is made up of citizens devoted to the defense of a cause, and is fully capable of devising the internal rules and regulations needed to adapt itself to the diverse situations of foreign operations. W. A. Butler

POLEMICIST'S CORNER Etienne Le Roy — Rights-markets and market of Law Rights-markets are the latest mechanisms invented for two centuries to adapt market and property patterns to a plural reality or to plural logics. The diversity of their application renders them unavoidable in the domains of environmental management and economic analysis. And yet Law as such is strikingly absent from such developments though markets deal with « rights », which therefore raises issues of definition and application. The relationships between rights and the market are more complex and delicate to interpret than is often imagined. There may hence be a need to re-launch the dialogue between economics and law, by way of legal anthropology.

The article discusses political development in the paradigmatic cases of Western Europe and the United States, arguing that the building and consolidation of their democratic nation states follow different paths. Nevertheless, after two centuries of differential political and institutional evolution, at the end of the 20th century, Western Europe, with the deepening of the integration process, has moved in the direction of a supranational organization that has many similarities to the American compound republic. However, the different institutional histories, with their attendant path-dependency effects, will continue to condition the developments of Europe and America, rendering convergence toward uniformity highly unlikely. Notwithstanding institutional transformation occurring in the Western political world, plurality will continue to mark its future.

The common narrative of the Portuguese state in India from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century is, following contemporaries like Manuel Godinho, that of the four ages of man. The development of the Estado da Índia runs from its birth during the discoveries, via its youth, the 'golden age' (ranging from roughly 1500 to 1520) through its maturity or, to stick with the age metaphors, its 'silver age' from c. 1520 to 1570 to senility, or 'age of decline'. The decline is a long one though: now generally considered to start in 1570 and covering the following two centuries. And one may well wonder whether 'decadênria' is truly the appropriate way to approach such a long period.

Nationality laws always cover birthplace & bloodline & usually include marital status & residence. Each nation-state mixes these features & specifies techniques by which to acquire citizenship in particular ways. Differences & similarities in nationality law among 25 states (EU states, Australia, Canada, the US, Israel, Mexico, Russian, & South Africa) are analyzed, taking legal tradition & disconnection between territory & constituted population into consideration. Over the last two centuries, historical traditions were modified when contradictions occurred in the application of traditional law. Convergences in nationality laws have occurred because of the need to stabilize borders, pursue democratic values, & deal with immigration. More inclusive (jus soli) regimes have become slightly more restrictive & blood-based descent (jus sanguinis) regimes less restrictive. Four state types are described. 14 References. M. Pflum