Suchergebnisse

Due to high relapse rates after leaving treatment, drug users are often recommended to participate in some form of lower intensity continuing care. The importance of aftercare is widely accepted, but little empirical data are available about the effectiveness of continuing services over longer periods of time and following various treatment modalities. In this study, we assessed the influence of various forms of aftercare on treatment outcomes and service utilization over a 33-month period among a naturalistic cohort of 653 drug users treated in prison or community settings, as part of the Drug Outcome Research in Scotland (DORIS study). Although participation in aftercare after initial treatment is rather unusual, the odds of having experienced a drug-free period (after 8 months) (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.10–3.33) and of being abstinent from heroin (after 33 months) (OR= 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.94) almost doubled. Program aftercare was of little additional value after intensive residential treatment, but particularly important after prison-based and community treatment and if combined with self-help participation. Consequently, attractive and fitted aftercare services should be offered as an integrated part of various treatment modalities.

BackgroundIn other populations, the psychological impact of abuse has been conceptualized as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD, DSM‐IV, American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994), but little is known about whether this is appropriate for adults with severe intellectual disabilities and very limited communication skills.MethodsAn informant interview, based on the framework provided by PTSD, but supplemented with additional questions, was developed and was used to elicit the emotional, behavioural and physiological symptoms of alleged abuse in 18 people with intellectual disabilities at three time points: in the 3 months immediately prior to the alleged abuse (Time 1), in the 3 months immediately after the abuse (Time 2) and in the last 3 months prior to interview (Time 3).ResultsThe reports of the family and carer informants indicated that, following their alleged abuse, the victims experienced marked increases in the frequency and severity of emotional, physiological and behavioural symptoms of psychological distress. Over time, there was some alleviation of these difficulties, but psychological functioning remained severely compromised.ConclusionsWhile the established PTSD framework is appropriate for examining the psychological impact of abuse, some amendments are required to enable clinicians to examine fully the distress of alleged victims with severe intellectual disabilities.

The authors of the article discuss international humanitarian law (IHL) as a normative mechanism for the protection and defense of victims of armed conflicts. The problems of IHL due to the loss of effectiveness of international legal regulation are pointed out. The aim of the article is a broad theoretical-legal and international-practical analysis of the transformations of the legal system under conditions of war. The basis of this scientific search was a system of methodology, which includes a complex of three levels of philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods and a group of approaches, conditioned by the subject of the research. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the current system of international legal regulation has significant drawbacks. The most significant of them is the declarative character of the rules, caused by the absence of an effective system of accountability and the failure to update the doctrine of IHL rules in the light of new challenges and transformations of the political and social reality. In addition, the analysis of the organizational and administrative problems of the regulation of the law of war indicated that the institutional guarantees in a military conflict also need revision.

Council of Ministers, Fourth Ordinary Session, Nairobi, February 1965 ; It is a general report on the various activities of the General Secretariat and the different organs of the OAU. Summary reports of activities in the general and political, economic and social, education, cultural affairs, scientific, technical research and defense were presented. It also demonstrated establishment and organization of the secretariat.

In the reflective case study, I examine how seven of my pre-service English teachers reconcile their collective interest in justice-oriented citizenship education with a 'pro-American curriculum' that seems to conflate patriotism with American nationalism. Through these pre-service teachers' insights, I investigate how such ideologies as patriotism, nationalism and teacher identity are constructed and interpreted in the ELA classroom. Additionally, this study seeks to help teachers and teacher educators develop skills, knowledge and understanding to address issues of citizenship education across the education landscape. Indeed, the pre-service teachers in this study may not yet know the realities of their future classrooms; but if the various crises and conflicts of 2020 demonstrated anything, it is that their world will be anything but apolitical.

Clients in psychotherapy related to childhood sexual abuse often consult a variety of health care professionals, including physical therapists, massage therapists, and chiropractors. On the basis of interviews with 27 women survivors of childhood sexual abuse, this article offers suggestions for facilitating the relationships between survivors and physical therapists. Awareness of the difficulties that many survivors face when receiving therapy involving touch will increase the ability of psychotherapists to help clients receive the maximum benefits from these therapies.

The review in 2003 of the territorial-administrative structure for the purpose of replacing the 10 districts with 32 districts, and the creation of 252 new administrative-territorial units of the first level was, to a certain extent, a return to the old administrative organization of the Soviet period.
Democratization of the society needs to change the focus towards local initiative and the strengthening of regional centers. The improvement of the administrative-territorial structure is an effective lever to encourage local initiative and to successfully implement the functioning of the public administration.
The logical organization of a State's territory contributes to the judicious ordering of state power and administration. It meets the general interest and fully meets the local needs and requirements contained in the administrative-territorial units.
The administrative organization of the territory must meet the judicious division of the territorial limits taking into account the traditions, mentalities and the needs for good governance and democratic criteria.
The option for a particular model of administrative-territorial organization must be the result of deep scientific investigation.
The territorial-administrative reform requires a thorough preparation. It is necessary to provide substantiation of political, economic, social and financial standing of such actions. The problem of financial resources, which primarily refers to training local taxation, is a vital issue. This is because it involves financial autonomy, a central component of local autonomy, without which the decentralization can not work. Insufficient training can lead to some unexpected consequences or compromising actions.
In organization and demarcation of territorial administrative units (by number, structure, size, etc.) the social, material, financial costs and all the activities related to them can not be neglected for a short, medium or long term.

The legacies of Maoist rule made reflecting on power almost unavoidable for U.S. anthropologists who conducted research in the People's Republic of China (PRC) just after Mao's death. In this article, I examine the theorization of power in the works of five such anthropologists. Although their approaches are diverse, they share an historical awareness of the unexpected dynamics and paradoxical outcomes of Mao's attempts to enact a revolutionary transformation of the social organization of power in the PRC. I conclude this article by enumerating lessons from these authors' analyses for the anthropological study of power in general. [Keywords: power, Maoism, governance, China, postsocialism]