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Abstract
I provide comments and replies to the seven insightful contributions that discussed "The Democratic Challenge of Central Bank Credit Policies" and the proposal for a European Credit Council. I review how interdisciplinary scholarship on the political economy of central banking have shown the limits of simple principal-agent framework applied to central bank power and legitimacy. I emphasize why a change to central bank independence is not necessary for a fundamental change in the financial system and credit policies. I also argue that deliberations can have strong effects on decision-making and that the power of the people is not restricted to the legislative power.

This article examines the practical and theoretical implications raised by protesters' use of masks to conceal themselves from the eyes of the state. It argues that the refusal to be seen and categorized by the state is empowering in that it exposes, and then unsettles, the power dynamics that have traditionally structured public space. It analyzes the different ways in which masks create transformative in-between spaces that signify the presence of a deliberately unspecified absence and therefore facilitate the possibility of thinking differently. It concludes that this strategic form of presence reveals the usually invisible boundaries of the public sphere and, in doing so, renegotiates the dynamics of power that have structured articulations of dissent. These issues are explored through an analysis of the masks worn by the Zapatistas, the Black Bloc, carnivalesque protesters, antiwar protesters, and the Occupy movement.

The Law Amending the General Administrative Procedure Act refers to a variety of provisions. New solutions should contribute to a more rapid, more efficient and more cost-effective procedure. Primarily due to elimination of the inconsistent use of individual provisions in practice, the amending law regulates more definitely the issues of authorising the persons to manage and make decisions at different decision-making levels in administrative procedures in municipalities. The law also develops electronic operations and it especially amends the electronic service provisions. There is a fairly large number of amendments in the Service Chapter. And an important novelty needs to be emphasized. This is the institute of the waiver of the right to appeal which the General Administrative Procedure Act did not know. However, it is well-known in foreign legal regulations and in the Construction Act adopted in our country.

KEY WORDS: • administrative procedure • electronic operations • right to appeal

This book is a comprehensive survey of mineral, power, forest and agricultural resources and their present and potential use in Tanzania. It is also a detailed study of the location, processing and utility of different raw materials to be found in Tanzania. Furthermore it gives information on the industrial development, and the policy of socialism and self-reliance and problems encountered in that process

Die Politik in den Bereichen Bildung, Forschung und Innovation (BFI) sind im Zeitalter der Globalisierung und der Wissensgesellschaft grundlegende Pfeiler der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung sowie der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit eines Landes. Die Bildungspolitik gestaltet die Bedingungen für die formalen Lernprozesse in der Gesellschaft und ihre Entscheidungen, Handlungen und Regelungen bestimmen über Inhalte, Organisation und Ressourcen des Bildungssystems. Damit trägt sie dazu bei, Individuen mit kognitiven und sozialen Fähigkeiten auszustatten und ihnen Qualifikationen für die Berufsausübung zu vermitteln. Über die Forschungspolitik fördert der Staat die Generierung von neuem Wissen, während die Innovationspolitik auf diesem Können und Wissen aufbaut, seine Umsetzung in praktisches Handeln und Markterfolge unterstützt und damit die Innovationsleistung der Wirtschaft stärkt. Die Attraktivität des Standortes Schweiz für Unternehmer, qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte, Studierende und Dozierende und damit der Wohlstand der Schweizer Bevölkerung hängen maßgeblich von diesen drei Politikaktivitäten ab, da sie bisher noch wenig international harmonisiert sind und sich für eine länderspezifische Profilierung besonders eignen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Verteilung der BFI-Kompetenzen zwischen den föderativen Ebenen, über das Behördenarrangement und die Aufgaben der Akteure, über die Steuerung und Entwicklungslinien der Bildungs-, Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik sowie über Entwicklungstendenzen. (ICI2).

This paper uses the current proceedings against Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft for violations of its continuous disclosure obligation as a backdrop for addressing fundamental questions of European market abuse law. Specifically, we ask how the Market Abuse Directive and Regulation (MAD/R) and Member State corporate law together shape management's disclosure policy vis-à-vis the stock market. Taking the perspective of German stock corporation law, our main findings are twofold: First, while European market abuse law severely limits management's discretion when market integrity is at stake, Member States can still largely control its influence on internal corporate governance – i.e., on the distribution of information between management and shareholders. Second, MAD and MAR directly draw on conceptions of public interest in Member State law when determining the outer bounds of issuers' ability to delay disclosure, thereby potentially promoting compliance. Based on these insights, the paper then closes with a note of caution for national legislators and suggests a more profound discussion of their responsibility for the optimal functioning of European market abuse law.