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From the nineteenth century onward, lawyers have been the leading members of Latin American political elites. Nevertheless, Latin American countries have been plagued with caudillos & dictators, & lawyers have been these strongmen's collaborators. The article explains the dissonance between the constitutionalism & legalism taught at the universities & the sordid political practices that resulted from the lack of independence of the legal profession: there was not a market for lawyers' services, so lawyers depended on those who controlled the political apparatus. The situation started changing in the late twentieth century. During this recent period, lawyers & judges have shown more independence & have become active political players, using the law as an instrument for opposing arbitrary political practices. The new trend is explained not only by the increased awareness of the rule of law values but also by the existence of a market for legal services. References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2006 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

"This book describes opposing American views and behaviors during the Covid-19 pandemic. It references how American trends influenced how Americans responded to the pandemic by either dismissing it as overblown or fearing it and adjusting their lives."

Conflicts of interest arise when corporations marketing harmful products establish financial relationships with research institutions, researchers, or public health organizations. As obesity becomes a worldwide epidemic, such relationships threaten to jeopardize the integrity of scientific research. Latin America, a region undergoing rapid development, is particularly vulnerable to such conflicts. Here, we provide examples of how food and beverage companies are funding nutrition-focused research and institutions in Latin America, putting their credibility at risk. Public health organizations and institutions should take measures to identify, manage, and limit (or eliminate) conflicts of interest caused by partnerships with food companies making and marketing unhealthful products.Journal of Public Health Policy advance online publication, 29 October 2015; doi:10.1057/jphp.2015.37.

THIS REPRINT FROM NEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY INVOLVES A CONVERSATION BETWEEN THREE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE PROFESSORS ON THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE IN AMERICAN POLITICS. THE LIBERAL ESTABLISHMENT, DOMINATED BY WASP'S FROM THE MID-40'S TO THE MID-60'S, GAVE WAY TO THE ANTI-VIETNAM WAR NEW LEFT, COUNTERCULTURE, AND WOMEN'S MOVEMENT UNDERMINED THAT ESTABLISHMENT FROM THE LEFT. THE POPULIST TAX REVOLT, THE NEW RIGHT, AND CULTURAL CONSERVATISM ATTACKED IT FROM THE RIGHT. IN ADDITION, THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT INCORPORATED BLACKS INTO SOCIETY AND FURTHER ERODED THE HEGEMONY OF WASP'S.