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First published in 1985, Mary Douglas intended Risk and Acceptability as a review of the existing literature on the state of risk theory. Unsatisfied with the current studies of risk, which she found to be flawed by individualistic and psychologistic biases, she instead uses the book to argue risk analysis from an anthropological perspective. Douglas raises questions about rational choice, the provision of public good and the autonomy of the individual

In September 2005 school inspections changed drastically. The onus is now on the school to highlight its own strengths and weaknesses; to document them convincingly and to show action plans for improvement. This book, written by an Ofsted Inspector, shows you exactly what to do, and how best to present your Self-Evaluation. It also tells you how to prepare for the two day inspection so that everything goes as well as possible

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction Real-life case study -- Chapter 1 What are privacy and surveillance? -- Chapter 2 In the privacy of your own home -- Chapter 3 Schools under surveillance -- Chapter 4 Watched at work -- Chapter 5 Privacy and the media -- Chapter 6 On the streets: surveillance to prevent crime -- Chapter 7 Crime prevention behind the scenes -- Chapter 8 Privacy and surveillance in the future -- Timeline -- Glossary -- Further reading -- Index

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Xinjiang Shengchan Jianshe Bingtuan-shortened form Bingtuan) is a distinctive military agricultural settlement and production institution in China's western region, Xinjiang. It is also a modern form of China's traditional ethnic frontier governing mechanism. This article discusses Bingtuan's historical precedents, modern development and innovative change for Xinjiang governance. In an examination of Bingtuan's main functions for China's ethnic frontier governance, this article argues that in addition to economic sustainability and territorial security, Bingtuan played an important but multifaceted role in ethnic relations in Xinjiang, such as territorial fragmentation, ethnic separation and redefinition of regional identity; therefore Bingtuan not only makes its administrated area China's 'frontier of settlement' but also acts as a key state agency for whatever future Xinjiang might have. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

Cannabis and tobacco co-use is prevalent, but consensus regarding the reasons for co-use among adults and the degree of interrelatedness between these substances is lacking. Reasons for co-use have been explored with younger users, but little data exists for more experienced users with entrenched patterns of co-use. The goal of this study was to examine characteristics and patterns of cannabis-tobacco co-use among adults in the Southeastern United States (US), where there is a legal landscape of generally restrictive cannabis legislation coupled with more permissive tobacco control compared to other US regions. Participants (N=432) were regular cannabis users recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Measures included demographics, patterns of cannabis and tobacco use, and reasons for co-use. Within this sample, 42% were current users of tobacco (n=182). Cannabis-tobacco co-users were older and had more years of cannabis use than cannabis-only users. Among the co-using sub-sample, there was little consistency in the reasons for co-use, suggesting individual differences in the use of both substances. High levels of cannabis-tobacco interrelatedness (i.e., temporally concurrent use) were associated with smoking more cigarettes (tobacco) per day and greater nicotine dependence scores when compared to users with low levels of interrelatedness. Though these results are limited by a small sample size and generalizability issues, there were individual differences in cannabis-tobacco relatedness, which may be of importance when considering treatment strategies for cannabis, tobacco, or both. With additional research, personalized strategies adapted to cannabis-tobacco relatedness profiles among co-users may be warranted as a treatment strategy.

This study investigates how people interpret Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEAs) and Twitter‐length messages ('tweets') delivered over mobile devices for an unfamiliar hazard. Specifically, through four (N = 31) focus groups and 31 think‐out‐loud interviews, participants' understanding of, belief in and personalisation of WEAs and tweets were assessed for a mock improvised nuclear device detonation in a major U.S. metropolitan area. While participants offered a wide variety of interpretations, WEAs and tweets were often deemed confusing, difficult to believe and impersonal. Participants also consistently found WEAs and tweets to be fear inducing and uninformative. The findings compel improvements in the way that WEAs and tweets are currently written, as well as indicate future directions for applied risk and crisis communication theory development.

After the absurd terrorism and violence of the totalitarianism and bureaucratic administrative and legal systems of the 20th century it does not give any meaning to rationalize harm as meaningful evil that even though it is evil may have some importance for the development of the world towards the good. Rather, evil is incomprehensible and as radical and banal evil it challenges human rationality. This is indeed the case when we are faced with instrumental and rationalized administrative and political evil. Therefore, we must analyse the banality of evil in politics and in administration in order to understand the concept of evil. Moreover, as proposed by Hannah Arendt, we need to fight this evil with political thinking and social philosophy. The only way to deal with harm and wrongdoing is to return a concept of responsibility that is closely linked to reflective thinking. In this paper, we will on the basis of a discussion of the banality of evil explore this in relation to Hannah Arendt's analysis of the administration of evil, as expressed by the personality of Adolf Eichmann. Finally, we will place this concept of administrative evil in Hannah Arendt's general political philosophy.

El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es analizar, tanto teórica como empíricamente, diferentes comportamientos de la población desde el punto de vista de la oferta de trabajo, incluyendo los llamados salarios de eficiencia urbanos y la distribución del tiempo disponible de los trabajadores en Estados Unidos y España, la oferta laboral de las familias y el compromiso intrafamiliar en un contexto intertemporal en Estados Unidos y Europa, y la existencia de transmisiones intergeneracionales de la actividad laboral y el auto-empleo en Europa. En el Capítulo 1 se estudia el tiempo que emplean los trabajadores en sus desplazamientos de ida y vuelta a su puesto de trabajo (tiempo de \commuting"), así como su relación con otros usos del tiempo de los trabajadores, sus salarios, y su actividad laboral en Estados Unidos y España. El análisis se desarrolla en un marco teórico basado en los modelos de salarios de eficiencia urbanos, de acuerdo a los cuales el tiempo de \commuting" es un shock que afecta a la distribución del tiempo de que disponen los trabajadores. El modelo asume que el tiempo de ocio y el tiempo que los trabajadores emplean en eludir su trabajo son sustitutos y, por tanto, el tiempo de \commuting" tiene un impacto negativo en el tiempo de ocio y un impacto positivo en el tiempo de elusión del trabajo. Sin embargo, los resultados del modelo dependen de esta hipótesis de sustitución entre tiempo de ocio y tiempo de elusión del trabajo que, hasta la fecha, no ha sido analizada empíricamente. En dicho contexto, estimamos el modelo de salarios de eficiencia urbanos empleando la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo de Estados Unidos de los años 2001-2014, y la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo Española de los años 2009-2010. El caso de Aragón es estudiado de forma singular. Asimismo, el marco teórico de salarios de eficiencia urbanos es extendido a los trabajadores autoempleados. Los resultados muestran cómo el tiempo de ocio y el tiempo de elusión del trabajo están relacionados negativamente tanto en Estados Unidos como en España, proporcionando validez empírica a la principal hipótesis del marco teórico. Asimismo, también se encuentra una correlación negativa entre el tiempo de \commuting" y el tiempo de ocio, una relación positiva entre el tiempo de \commuting" y el tiempo de elusión del trabajo, y una relación positiva entre el tiempo de\commuting" y los salarios de los trabajadores, tal y como predice el modelo teórico. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que los trabajadores empleados residen más lejos de los núcleos de empleo que los trabajadores auto-empleados, que a su vez residen más lejos que los desempleados. Estos resultados, por tanto, avalan las predicciones del modelo teórico, sugiriendo la existencia de mecanismos de salarios de eficiencia urbanos en Estados Unidos y España. En el Capítulo 2 se analizan comportamientos de las familias, partiendo de un modelo colectivo. En primer lugar, se plantea y desarrolla un modelo colectivo intertemporal de oferta de trabajo, cuyo objetivo principal es distinguir teóricamente los tres modelos diferentes que caracterizan la habilidad de los individuos para cooperar con sus cónyuges a lo largo del tiempo: el modelo de compromiso total, el modelo de ausencia de compromiso, y el modelo de compromiso limitado. De acuerdo al modelo de compromiso total, las decisiones familiares relativas a la oferta laboral no pueden verse afectadas por los shocks salariales que experimenten los individuos, mientras que de acuerdo al modelo de ausencia de compromiso la oferta laboral de los individuos en un periodo concreto queda determinada exclusivamente por los shocks salariales que se experimenten en dicho periodo. Por otro lado, el modelo de compromiso limitado predice que los shocks salariales que experimentan los individuos tienen un impacto semi-permanente en su oferta de trabajo, de forma qué en un periodo dado, tanto los shocks actuales como los shocks pasados (o una acumulación de los mismos) determinan la oferta laboral de las familias. En segundo lugar, estimamos la forma reducida del modelo teórico empleando los datos Panel Study of Income Dynamics de Estados Unidos, para el periodo 2001-2015, y los datos European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions de Europa, para los años 2003-2016. El caso de España y Aragón se estudia, asimismo, en detalle. Los resultados, para todos los países analizados, rechazan los modelos de compromiso total y de ausencia de compromiso, ya que las estimaciones sugieren que los shocks salariales que experimentan los individuos juegan el papel que predice el modelo de compromiso limitado. En particular, cuando un cónyuge experimentó en el pasado un shock salarial positivo, dicho shock tiene un impacto positivo y semi-permante en su poder de negociación intrafamiliar, lo cúal queda reflejado en una disminución de sus horas de trabajo. Estos resultados sugieren que el modelo de compromiso limitado es un candidato preferible, frente a los modelos de compromiso total y de ausencia de compromiso, para el futuro desarrollo de modelos de comportamiento intrafamiliar. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 3 estudiamos la existencia de transmisiones intergeneracionales, de padres y madres a hijos e hijas, de la actividad laboral y el auto-empleo en Europa, usando primero los datos European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions de los años 2003-2016. Empleando el estimador de efectos fijos, los resultados muestran una correlación positiva y significativa entre el hecho de que los individuos estén empleados en un momento concreto, y que también lo estén sus padres en dicho momento. Por otro lado, las estimaciones no muestran una transmisión clara del auto-empleo, ya que el hecho de que los padres sean auto-empleados no parece estar correlacionado con la actividad como auto-empleadas de sus hijas en dicho periodo de tiempo. Sin embargo, estos resultados pueden estar reflejando decisiones de las familias respecto a su oferta laboral en el corto plazo, y no transmisiones intergeneracionales, que en general se asocian más con efectos de a largo plazo. En consecuencia, y para analizar estas transmisiones en el largo plazo, empleamos en segundo lugar el módulo especial sobre Transmisiones Intergeneracionales de los datos European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, en su versión transversal del año 2011. Dicho módulo incluye información sobre los hogares de los individuos entrevistados de forma retrospectiva, cuando estos tenían 14 años de edad, incluyendo diversas características de los padres, tales como su edad o su empleo. De esta forma, estimamos con estos datos la correlación entre el hecho de que un individuo esté empleado, o auto-empleado, en el año 2011, y que sus padres fuesen trabajadores empleados, o auto-empleados, cuando dicho individuo tenía 14 años. Los resultados muestran una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre la actividad laboral de los hijos en el año 2011, y la de sus padres durante la juventud de los hijos. Esto sugiere que las decisiones laborales de los individuos relativas al auto-empleo, aunque no parecen estar fuertemente ligadas a decisiones familiares intergeneracionales en el corto plazo, sí que quedan determinadas por transmisiones intergeneracionales en el largo plazo. ; The main purpose of this Thesis is the theoretical and empirical study of a range of population behaviors, from the point of view of the supply side of the labor market, including urban efficiency wages in the United States (US) and Spain, household labor supply decisions, intrahousehold intertemporal commitment in the US and Europe, and intergenerational correlation of employment and self-employment decisions in Europe. The Thesis is divided into three essays. Chapter 1 studies commuting, time use, and employment outcomes of workers in the US and Spain, within an urban efficiency wages theoretical framework, where commuting is considered a shock to time endowments. Leisure time and shirking at work are assumed to be substitutes so, ultimately, commuting has a negative impact on leisure time, and a positive impact on shirking at work. However, that substitution hypothesis leads to an ambiguity that, to now, had not been analyzed. The model is estimated using data from the American Time Use Surveys for years 2001-2014, and the Spanish Time Use Survey for years 2009-2010. The case of Aragón is also investigated, and a model for self-employed workers is proposed. Results show a negative elasticity between leisure time and shirking at work in the US and Spain, providing empirical support to the main hypothesis of the model. Findings also show a negative correlation between commuting and leisure, a positive correlation between commuting and shirking at work, and a positive correlation between commuting time and wages. Furthermore, results suggest that employed workers tend to reside farther from employment cores than the unemployed, with the self-employed workers lying between them. These results are in line with the predictions of the model, thus suggesting the existence of urban efficiency wages in the US and Spain. Chapter 2 studies intertemporal collective behaviors on the basis of collective models. It first develops an intertemporal collective model of labor supply, with the main objective of distinguishing the different models that characterize the ability of spouses to cooperate: the full commitment model, the non-commitment, and the limited commitment model. Under full commitment, workers' wage shocks cannot affect their labor supply, while under non-commitment, only current shocks should determine current household labor supply. However, under limited commitment, wage shocks must have a semi-permanent effect on labor supply decisions, as both current and past shocks should determine spouses' bargaining power. The model is estimated using data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics from years 2001-2015, and from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions from years 2003-2016. The case of Spain is more closely investigated, with a focus on Aragón and other regions. Results reject the full- and non-commitment models, as past shocks play the role predicted by the limited commitment model. Specifically, when a spouse performed better than expected in the past, (s)he works less, suggesting that (s)he attracts a larger fraction of household resources. This result is maintained for the countries studied, suggesting that the limited commitment version of the collective model is an excellent candidate for future theoretical and empirical models of intrahousehold dynamics. Chapter 3 addresses intergenerational transmission of employment and self-employ-ment, using data from the longitudinal European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the years 2003-2016. Fixed effect estimates show a significant short-term correlation between the current employment status of parents and that of their children. On the other hand, the intergenerational correlation of self-employment seems to be limited to father-to-son correlations, as it is not significant for females, in general terms. However, these intergenerational correlations may be reflecting short-term household labor supply decisions, and not transmissions, which are often related to long-term effects. To overcome this issue, we use the 2011 special module on Intergenerational Transmissions of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (in its cross-sectional version), where respondents provide information about the labor status of their parents when they themselves were 14 years old. Thus, we can estimate whether parents' employment status when young has any significant impact on their current employment status. Estimates show a strong and significant correlation between current respondents' self-employment status, and that of their parents when the respondents were 14 years old. This suggests that self-employment decisions are not only related to short-term family labor supply decisions, but also to long-term intergenerational transmissions.

In this book, Mashal Saif explores how contemporary 'ulama, the guardians of religious knowledge and law, engage with the world's most populated Islamic nation-state: Pakistan. In mapping these engagements, she weds rigorous textual analysis with fieldwork and offers insight into some of the most significant and politically charged issues in recent Pakistani history. These include debates over the rights of women; the country's notorious blasphemy laws; the legitimacy of religiously mandated insurrection against the state; sectarian violence; and the place of Shi'as within the Sunni majority nation. These diverse case studies are knit together by the project's most significant contribution: a theoretical framework that understands the 'ulama's complex engagements with their state as a process of both contestation and cultivation of the Islamic Republic by citizen-subjects. This framework provides a new way of assessing state - 'ulama relations not only in contemporary Pakistan but also across the Muslim world.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is causing an unprecedented global impact on cities across the world. This guidance note aims to support cities in developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to effectively and immediately respond to the crisis, and to "build back better" in the short and medium terms. It is anchored to the principles outlined in ADB's Strategy 2030 Operational Plan for Priority 4: Making Cities More Livable and also considers the public health and economic impacts of the pandemic. The guidance note is one of a series produced by ADB for key sectors and thematic areas.

217Treaties — Power to conclude — European Economic Community — Treaty-making powers of the Community and its Member States — Community possessing power to adopt internal legislation on subject — Whether possessing parallel power to conclude international agreements — Marine conservation — Community not yet exercising powers in this area — Whether Member States retaining power to act — Whether Member States under duty not to hinder future exercise of powers by the CommunitySea — Fisheries — Conservation — North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention, 1959 — Effect on Member States of European Community — Whether conservation of fish stock matter for the Community or the Member States — Legislation by the Netherlands to implement recommendation of North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission — Whether compatible with Community law — The law of the European Economic Community

<p>Multi-modal image fusion objective is to combine complementary information obtained from multiple modalities into a single representation with increased reliability and interpretation. The images obtained from low-light visible cameras containing fine details of the scene and infrared cameras with high contrast details are the two modalities considered for fusion. In this paper, the low-light images with low target contrast are enhanced by using the phenomenon of stochastic resonance prior to fusion. Entropy is used as a measure to tune iteratively the coefficients using bistable system parameters. The combined advantage of multi scale decomposition approach and principal component analysis is utilized for the fusion of enhanced low-light visible and infrared images. Experimental results were carried out on different image datasets and analysis of the proposed methods were discussed. </p>

Résumé Cet article examine le rôle joué par les normes internationales techniques dans la mondialisation des activités de service. Différentes approches d'économie considèrent que les spécificités des activités de services sont un frein à leur délocalisation, à leur industrialisation et à leur normalisation. A l'opposé de ces approches centrées sur les spécificités des activités de services, les approches d'économie politique internationale mettent en avant l'existence de configurations conflictuelles de pouvoir à l'oeuvre dans l'internationalisation des activités de services et ce, au-delà des limites sectorielles et nationales. Cet article examine le cas du secteur des centres d'appels et, plus généralement, celui de la sous-traitance des services aux entreprises (BPO) en Inde. Nos résultats suggèrent que les normes techniques sont importantes dans le secteur étudié, alors même que ces types de services sont conventionnellement identifiés comme étant peu susceptibles d'être soumis à des normes. Une perspective d'économie politique sur la normalisation des activités de service souligne comment la problématique du pouvoir investit la normalisation technique d'une dimension plus progressive à travers les thématiques du "travailleur", du "consommateur", ou de "l'environnement". Abstract This paper explores the role of international standards in the much-debated globalisation of the service economy. Various strands of economic analyses consider that core attributes of services affect their ability to be reliably delocalised, industrialised, and standardised. In contrast, international political economy approaches draw attention to power configurations supporting conflicting use of standards across industries and nations. The paper examines the case of the rising Indian service industry in customer centres and business process outsourcing to probe these opposing views. Our findings suggest that standards matter in types of services that conventional economic analyses identify as unlikely to be standardised, and that ...

Examines the use of the presidential tool of the withdrawal of policy-making discretion, implementation authority, and internal oversight functions from an administrative agency and giving it to the president, focusing on fair housing policy during the Nixon administration. Romney was HUD secretary under Nixon.

The article provides the analysis of approaches to monitoring and assessment of scientiic organizations in the Russian Federation and abroad. It describes the experience in evaluating performance of scientiic organizations and scientists in the countries of the European Union, U.S. and China. The analysis of foreign experience has shown that currently the reform of the approaches to the scientiic performance assessment is actively held, which is based on: the transition from the quantitative analysis of scientometric indicators to the qualitative evaluation of R&D; assessing the social efect of R&D; the combination of internal and external audit of scientiic performance; the transition to the budgeting system based on accounting the results of the activity. Special attention is paid to the diagnostic system of implementation of the so-called ''One-three-ive'' principle of state science and technology policy which is used under the system of evaluating the scientiic performance in China. The article identiies the problems of the Russian system of monitoring and evaluation of scientiic performance, which are mostly due to the methodological laws of collecting and analyzing data on the performance of scientiic organizations, the incoherence of the systems of expert and scientometric evaluation and the increasing bureaucratic burden on the organizations. It concludes that for developing the system of scientiic performance evaluation in Russia it is necessary to achieve the following objectives: to deine the place and role of information systems in the public administration of science and technology policy, create a system of target setting for the research organizations to develop an efective mechanism for collecting data on scientiic activity. The authors believe that the compulsory element of the assessment system should be an expert examination based on quantitative indicators. ; GUSEV, A. B., DORONINA, E. G., VERSHININ, I. V., MALAHOV, V. A. (2018) Monitoring and assessment of scientiic performance: ...