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The Isthmian canal in its economic aspects [by] E.R. Johnson.--The Isthmian canal question as affected by treaties and concessions [by] S. Pasco.--Present status and future prospects of American shipbuilding [by] J.F. Crowell.--Government ownership of railroads [by] M.A. Knapp.--Advisory councils in railway administration [by] B.H. Meyer.--The concentration of railway control [by] H.T. Newcomb.--The National company of light railways in Belgium [by] A. Nerincx.--Academy notices and proceedings. Personal notes. Book department. Notes on municipal government. Sociology. Colonies and colonial government.] ; Mode of access: Internet.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, discussions of social justice in the social science literature focused largely on social class. The implicit assumption of much of the literature was that a more just society would be achieved through the reduction of inequalities in the distribution of economic and social resources. Since then, there has been a growing focus on plural aspects of social justice. Many writers now distinguish between distributive, cultural and associational aspects of social justice. However, the different implications of these facets of social justice for different groups, and potential tensions between them, have rarely been adequately recognised. Given New Labour's focus on social justice, and its belief that attaining greater social justice is compatible with achieving greater efficiency in the public sector, there is a need to examine more closely the understandings of social justice underpinning a range of policy initiatives.

This book brings together the leading authors currently working at the intersection of social sciences and transport science and offers rich consideration of the issues, practices and structures of multiple mobilities. It seeks to not only draw attention to many new areas of research and investigation relating to mobile live, but also to point to new theories and methods by which such lives have to be researched and examined, theories and methods which contributors here are themselves developing and enhancing.

11 Anarchism, Original Sin and the Decentralization of PowerPart IV: Justice, Love, and Community; 12 Common Ruins of Love; 13 Augustine and Social Justice in Calvin's Biblical Commentaries; 14 Friendship and Moral Formation; 15 Augustine, Families, and Social Justice; Bibliography; Index; About the Editors and Contributors.

Modern Ukrainian society requires journalism to create high-quality analytical materials that contribute to the formation of the socio-political position of citizens and influence the adoption of political decisions by representa-tives of government structures, leaders of political parties, public organizations. This, in turn, requires journalists to have competence, the ability to think critically, evaluate, analyze, and forecast. Creation of high-quality journalistic materials requires the development and application of the methodological tools of political journalism, the formation and replenishment of which occurs at the intersection with other sciences and through related fields of activity. The acquisition of this tool by a political journalist is the key to his successful work.The article is devoted to the actual topic of studying the methodological aspects of political journalism. Attention is focused on the problem of methodology, which has a close connection with the search for methods of political journalism. Knowledge and skilful use of techniques, methods and methods are the essence of the journalist's meth-odological culture. Its components are the general methodology of social cognition, the general journalistic method-ology, the methodology for obtaining empirical data, and the methodological basis for interpreting the information obtained.The author analyzes various approaches to the classification of methods used in journalistic activities. The defini-tion of methods of journalism can be decided only at the methodological level, which involves the generalization of already existing forms and methods of journalistic activity with all other forms of human activity. The article drew at-tention to the expediency of the transformation of general scientific methods of cognition and their specific use in journalism, the replenishment of the traditional journalistic arsenal of methods with new ones, the individual creation by the journalist in practice of his own methods, which later become generally known. ; Статья посвящена актуальной теме изучения методологических аспектов политической журналистики. Внимание сосредоточено на проблеме методологии, методологической культуры журналиста, которая имеет тесную связь с поиском методов политической журналистики. Автором проанализированы различные подхо-ды к классификации методов, используемых в журналистской деятельности. ; Стаття присвячена актуальній темі вивчення методологічних аспектів політичної журналістики. Увага зосереджена на проблемі методології, методологічної культури журналіста, що має тісний зв'язок з пошуком методів політичної журналістики. Авто-ром проаналізовано різні підходи до класифікації методів, які використовуються в жур-налістській діяльності.

Modern Ukrainian society requires journalism to create high-quality analytical materials that contribute to the formation of the socio-political position of citizens and influence the adoption of political decisions by representa-tives of government structures, leaders of political parties, public organizations. This, in turn, requires journalists to have competence, the ability to think critically, evaluate, analyze, and forecast. Creation of high-quality journalistic materials requires the development and application of the methodological tools of political journalism, the formation and replenishment of which occurs at the intersection with other sciences and through related fields of activity. The acquisition of this tool by a political journalist is the key to his successful work.The article is devoted to the actual topic of studying the methodological aspects of political journalism. Attention is focused on the problem of methodology, which has a close connection with the search for methods of political journalism. Knowledge and skilful use of techniques, methods and methods are the essence of the journalist's meth-odological culture. Its components are the general methodology of social cognition, the general journalistic method-ology, the methodology for obtaining empirical data, and the methodological basis for interpreting the information obtained.The author analyzes various approaches to the classification of methods used in journalistic activities. The defini-tion of methods of journalism can be decided only at the methodological level, which involves the generalization of already existing forms and methods of journalistic activity with all other forms of human activity. The article drew at-tention to the expediency of the transformation of general scientific methods of cognition and their specific use in journalism, the replenishment of the traditional journalistic arsenal of methods with new ones, the individual creation by the journalist in practice of his own methods, which later become generally known. ; Статья посвящена актуальной теме изучения методологических аспектов политической журналистики. Внимание сосредоточено на проблеме методологии, методологической культуры журналиста, которая имеет тесную связь с поиском методов политической журналистики. Автором проанализированы различные подхо-ды к классификации методов, используемых в журналистской деятельности. ; Стаття присвячена актуальній темі вивчення методологічних аспектів політичної журналістики. Увага зосереджена на проблемі методології, методологічної культури журналіста, що має тісний зв'язок з пошуком методів політичної журналістики. Авто-ром проаналізовано різні підходи до класифікації методів, які використовуються в жур-налістській діяльності.

Globally, the population is ageing, which has serious consequences for businesses. The prosperity of companies is crucially dependent on the ability to effectively manage their employees, including older workers. Best practice in age management is defined as those measures that combat age barriers and/or promote age diversity. These measures may entail specific initiatives aimed at particular dimensions of age management; they may also include more general employment or human resources policies that help to create an environment in which individual employees can achieve their potential without being disadvantaged by their age (Walker, 1999).
Promoting early retirement is generally not encouraged. Companies now have to encourage longer working lives. Much needs to be done to ensure that work remains a positive experience for workers throughout their career trajectories, and it does not damage their health. It has been found by studies that health is significantly related to retirement timing (both planned and unplanned) (Goyer, 2013, Adams et al., 2014), influences work performance (Merrill et al., 2012; Ilmarinen, 2009), and health-related organisational policies can positively influence employee retention (Towers, 2005). The major contemporary challenges to health at work are those associated with the way work, and work organisations are designed and managed. This is especially true for older workers. A comprehensive and effective approach towards age management can be very beneficial for them. How should companies implement age management? Some possible ways are set out in this policy brief below, which focuses on best practices in age management regarding ergonomic aspects and health interventions for older workers at an organisational level. The intention is to discuss the current situation and to illustrate some organisational techniques in selected countries. This policy brief can serve as an inspiration for, among others, companies and policymakers. Recommendations for successful practice are included. In total, this policy brief covers 8 COST member countries (the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) to give a glimpse of the current situation of best practice in age management and show how companies in various states deal with ergonomic aspects, health interventions and the ageing of their labour force.

"This book urgently confronts systems of privilege and oppression within education, and combines concepts including bifocality, currere, and conscientização to highlight the role of dialogical and autobiographical reflection in dismantling neoliberal and colonial logics at the level of theory, policy, and practice. The author purposefully connects methods and concepts from curriculum, social studies and the arts, and offers insights into identity formation, social position, and social transformation. As such, Coutinho presents an opportunity for curricularists to evaluate the connections between their lives and their work within and across mutually-constitutive discursive and material contexts, and critically analyze their agency, their relational encounters, and their position as changemakers within unjust social realities. Focusing on the intersection of curriculum theory with educational policy and leadership, the text calls for a mutual "becoming conscious" to illustrate how this can affect an ontological shift toward social justice education, lived curriculum, and emancipatory pedagogy. With the potential to expand and set the tone for a long-standing curriculum conversation for curriculum theorists, educational leaders and policymakers concerning the contours and dimensions of our work in schools, research institutions, and policy circles, it crucially asks: what does it mean to engage in the complicated conversation of curriculum work in a post-reconceptualist era?"--

'Comprehensive and user-friendly. I believe social work students, newly qualified and experienced social workers will find ths a valuable resource, especially when one is confronted by challenges in practice' - Professional Social Work. ' Social Work is a good overview that should refresh learner and tutor alike. [This book] is likely to appear on many social work reading lists. [It has] the potential to provide good learning opportunities for post-qualifying as well as pre-qualifying training' - Health and Social Care in the Community. `The unique aspect of this book which distinguishes it fr

Background and Aim: One of the questions that may be raised about infertility treatment through surrogacy is the ethicality of this approach. There are many methods for the ethical clarification of the medical issues. If we accept the utilitarian philosophers' views stating that an ethical measure is beneficial to the community and individuals, we may come up with the question whether the actions of the infertile couples or surrogate mother are considered ethical since these actions are beneficial for both individuals and community. Regarding this, the present study aimed to evaluate the infertile treatment through surrogacy based on the ethical theories of utilitarianism. Materials and Methods: This analytical-descriptive research gathered relevant data in a literature search. After a description of the fundamentals and definitions, ethical texts were subsequently analyzed and one of the viewpoints regarding of Infertility Treatment through Surrogacy Based on Utilitarian Principle was selected. Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles were considered in searching and citing the literature. Findings: According to the rule utilitarianism, the ethicality of an action is measured based on its collective benefit and its placement in an ethical principle framework. Therefore, we cannot treat surrogacy like an accepted ethical principle, such as sacrifice, and provide a general rule for the determination of the effect of different social, cultural, economic, and political factors on the people involved in this act. However, the use of this method in different situations and for various people could be very beneficial and be considered ethical. Conclusion: Although the comprehensive investigation of the harmful use of surrogacy has not been accomplished, the various problems and factors affecting the evaluation of the overall profit and loss of this act grab the possibility of determining its morality as a valid rule in the rule-based ethics. However, such a provision is justified in the utilitarian and pragmatic ethical systems. *Corresponding Author:Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli;Email: sntavakkoli@ut.ac.ir; orcid:0000-0002-6398-521X Please cite this article as:Nazari Tavakkoli A, Karachian Sani F. Ethical Aspect of Infertility Treatment through Surrogacy based on Utilitarian Principle. Bioeth Health Law J. 2021; 1:1-8: (e17). http://doi.org/10.22037/bhl.v1i1.38171

Intro -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Social Policy and the Ethic of Care -- Introduction -- 1 First-Generation Care Theorists and Liberal Assessments of Care -- 2 Second-Generation Care Theorists and the Moral Principles of Care -- 3 The Interpretation of Equality: A Study of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms -- 4 Therapeutic Jurisprudence: A Care- Informed Approach for Compensating Victims of Institutional Abuse -- 5 Economic Costing in Social Policy: The Ethics of Quantifying Intangible Losses -- 6 Caregiving: Reconceptualizing the Public/ Private Divide -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

While the notion of social harm has long interested critical criminologists it is now being explored as an alternative field of study, which provides more accurate analyses of the vicissitudes of life. However, important aspects of this notion remain undeveloped, in particular the definition of social harm, the question of responsibility and the methodologies for studying harm. This book, the first to theorise and define the social harm concept beyond criminology, seeks to address these omissions and questions why some capitalist societies appear to be more harmful than others. In doing so it provides a platform for future debates, in this series and beyond. It will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers across criminology, sociology, social policy, socio-legal studies and geography