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The year 2020 saw a global pandemic attest to the value of science. In the race for COVID-19 treatments and vaccines, Science Europe's Member Organisations (MOs) were at the forefront of the global response and Science Europe became more relevant and important than ever. This report looks back at the key priorities of Science Europe over the past year and gives an overview of its working groups and activities. The association made a significant contribution to the EU's future work by providing concrete recommendations to the European Commission and consistently supporting the European Parliament in its advocacy for a stronger budget for Horizon Europe and for hallmark programmes such as the ERC and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions. Our members were a valuable part of this effort, as their input fed into the many discussions and publications featured in this report. As we continue to advocate for science and the scientific community to help build the European Research Area and shape the global scientific agenda, we would like to use this report as an opportunity to reflect on the association's achievements and look at the challenges that lie ahead.

The year 2020 saw a global pandemic attest to the value of science. In the race for COVID-19 treatments and vaccines, Science Europe's Member Organisations (MOs) were at the forefront of the global response and Science Europe became more relevant and important than ever. This report looks back at the key priorities of Science Europe over the past year and gives an overview of its working groups and activities. The association made a significant contribution to the EU's future work by providing concrete recommendations to the European Commission and consistently supporting the European Parliament in its advocacy for a stronger budget for Horizon Europe and for hallmark programmes such as the ERC and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions. Our members were a valuable part of this effort, as their input fed into the many discussions and publications featured in this report. As we continue to advocate for science and the scientific community to help build the European Research Area and shape the global scientific agenda, we would like to use this report as an opportunity to reflect on the association's achievements and look at the challenges that lie ahead.

Mit der Lissabon- und Europa 2020-Strategie haben die EU-Institutionen den ambitionierten Versuch unternommen, Leitbilder für die künftige Wirtschafts- und Sozialordnung in Europa zu entwickeln und somit das europäische Modell fit für die Globalisierung zu machen. Die Bedeutung beider Strategien für die langfristige Entwicklung der EU wird jedoch sowohl im öffentlichen als auch im politischen Diskurs vernachlässigt und stark unterbewertet. Dies begründete für mich den Bedarf einer ausführlichen, im Kontext der internationalen Situation eingebetteten Analyse der beiden Strategien und des von ihnen ausgelösten Modernisierungsprozesses. Mit der Arbeit wird nachgewiesen, dass die langfristigen Wachstumsstrategien das wichtigste Instrument der EU sind, um die im Hinblick auf die Globalisierung nötigen Modernisierungsprozesse und Strukturreformen voranzubringen. Auch wenn nicht alle gesetzten Ziele erreicht werden konnten und in fast allen Bereichen weiterhin Handlungsbedarf besteht, trugen die EU-Strategien dazu bei, die Weichen für die wichtigsten Reformen zu stellen und einen Prozess der langfristigen Wirtschaftsplanung auszulösen. ; With the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 Strategy, the EU institutions have made an ambitious attempt to elaborate guidelines for the future economic and social order in Europe and make the European economic and social model fit for globalization. The significance of the two strategies for the long-term development of the EU and its Member States and citizens is disregarded from both public and political points of view and thus greatly undervalued. In my opinion this justifies the need for a detailed analysis of the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 Strategy and the subsequent modernization process within the context of the international situation and global development. The paper shows that the long-term strategies are the EU's major tool for assisting modernization processes and structural reforms with respect to globalization. Although not all objectives have been achieved and ...

In 2020, the beet campaign in many European countries began later and was shorter than usual. Sugar production was of 14.50 mn t in 2020/21 was 1.76 mn t or 10.9% lower than last year. The paper describes the passing of the campaign in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Poland in respect to climate, beet area, yields, production, campaign length and investments.

Europe 2020 is the new ten-year strategy of the European Union for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. This work analyzes the role of smart growth within the Europe 2020 strategy. "Smart growth" means strengthening knowledge and innovation by improving the quality of education, enhancing research performance, promoting innovation and transferring knowledge across the EU.In this study we create a thematic smart growth index, which consists of individual indicators proposed by the European Commission and presents the ranking of EU member countries in this index. The composite indicator of Europe 2020 by Pasimeni (2011) is taken as the basis for the creation of the indicator.Then, with the help of regression models, the relationship between the index and some macroeconomic variables is examined to examine the impact of the variables on the performance of the E-28 countries and their overall competitiveness. The results show that macroeconomic indicators of public finances, such as the rate of change in GDP per capita, government debt and deficit levels, are not key success factors for smart growth.

The presented article provides comprehensive analysis of bilateral relations between Turkey and Djibouti for the period of 2012–2020. The author has identified Ankara's economic and geopolitical interests in Djibouti, taking into account Turkey's foreign policy strategy in Somalia. Particular attention is paid to the humanitarian component of bilateral relations with Djibouti. For the purpose of comparison, the article also examines the policies of other regional players, such as China, Japan, the USA, as well as the EU and Middle East countries. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that Ankara's economic and humanitarian projects in Djibouti have been car-ried out over the 2012–2020 period, with the main geostrategic objective being to strengthen its position near the Gulf of Aden-Bab el-Mandeb Strait strategic logistics hub. Due to the presence of foreign bases of other countries in Djibouti, Ankara is inferior to its competitors in military-political terms. Despite the weak economic position due to the presence of Chinese projects, the economic and humanitarian direction of bilateral relations between Turkey and Djibouti showed positive dynamics.

Taking an early lead on digitalisation is crucial to Europe's lasting competitiveness. Our newest digitalisation report sheds light on the state of digitalisation in European countries: The adoption of digital technologies by firms in the European Union is improving, but it has not yet closed the gap with the United States; While some EU countries are at the global forefront of digital transformation, others risk being left behind. Digitalisation provides a unique opportunity to improve European firms' global competitiveness. To close the digital divide, Europe needs to increase investment and to create ecosystems that support innovation.

Discussion of troop requirements and weaponry for NATO is much concerned with the battlefield consequences of different troop strengths and nuclear doctrines. But the battlefield criterion is only one criterion, and when nuclears are introduced it is secondary. The idea that European armament should be designed for resisting Soviet invasion, and is to be judged by its ability to contain an attack, is based on the notion that limited war is a tactical operation. It is not.

After the relaunchment of the Lisbon strategy, the cohesion policy of the EU concentrates even stronger on the establishment of the knowledge based economy, on R&D activities and innovations. In the first chapter I demonstrate the funds division of the convergence and regional competitiveness targets in the financial perspective between 2007–2013. The first sheet shows unambiguously that the new member states from Middle-Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean countries spend their funds on convergence and cohesion issues. The situation is contrary in the highly developed Western-European countries, in the core regions, where decisive part of the funds are spent on competitiveness issues. In the second chapter of the study I present the Europe 2020 strategy of the EU, that is a crucial paradigm change in the European strategy-making. While the Lisbon strategy focused on the social cohesion of the European Union, the Europe 2020 strategy strives the fostering of the European competitiveness. In the third part of the study I make a comparison how the funds-allocation altered during the two financial perspectives.