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Mass media helps administrators and policy makers expand their audience reach, which is crucial considering the fact that face-to-face channels of communication often require abundant human resources to reach masses in rural areas. Agriculture communication is the process of communicating agriculture related information to the stakeholders of agriculture activities. The study reveals that oral communication channel plays a major role in providing information to the rural respondents vis-à-vis mass media channels. Majority of development schemes have reached stakeholders through oral communication than mass media, says the study. It may be inferred that oral communication channels are the major source of information in agricultural communication to the extent of creating awareness about development oriented programmes of the government.

American Indians and the Mass Media explores Native experience and the mainstream media's impact on American Indian histories, cultures, and communities. Chronicling milestones in the relationship between Indians and the media, some of the chapters employ a historical perspective, and others focus on contemporary practices and new technologies. Particularly valuable are the essays highlighting authentic tribal voices in current and future media. Mark Trahant chronicles the formation of the Native American Journalists Association, perhaps the most important early Indian advocacy organization, which he helped found. Including discussion questions for each essay and an extensive bibliography, American Indians and the Mass Media is a unique educational resource.

A review essay on books by: Beverly G. Hawk, Africa's Media Image (Westport, CT, & London: Praeger, 1992); & Gordon S. Jackson, Breaking Story: The South African Press (Boulder, San Francisco, & Oxford: Westview Press, 1993 [see listings in IRPS No. 75]). Hawk's collection of essays examines Africa's international media image, focusing on media coverage of disease & famine, & how the media project their own cultural biases onto the peoples & lands of Africa. Hawk's book is assailed as pseudoscholarship, primarily because its many generalizations lack empirical support & because it assumes the existence of a monolithic Western media. The only saving features of Hawk's book are Hassan M. El Zein's & Anne Cooper's well-researched analysis of the New York Times coverage of Africa, 1976-1990, & William Hachten's examination of African censorship. Jackson explains how mass media developed in Africa, focusing on the role played by apartheid, & their future status, with the passing of apartheid & the advent of majority rule. Jackson's book is praised as a provocative & well-conceived effort. W. Howard

Costa Rica and El Salvador lead the way among the five Central American republics in development of communication agencies. The political, social and economic conditions which affect the media are analyzed by an Indiana University journalism professor long familiar with the Latin American press and radio

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. CORE TERMS/CONCEPTS -- The Fine Arts -- The Mass Media and Mass Culture -- 2. ART USES MASS CULTURE -- Courbet, Van Gogh and Popular Imagery -- Pop Art Translates Mass Culture -- American Pop -- Formalism in Pop Art -- The Politics of Pop -- Transubstantiation -- Indirect Influences of the Mass Media -- 3. THE MASS MEDIA USE ART -- Art as Subject-matter -- Image of the Artist in Advertisements -- Art as a Source of Styles and Formal Innovations -- Art as Subject-matter in the Cinema -- Artists as a Pool of Skilled Labour -- 4. MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION AND THE FINE ARTS -- 5. HIGH CULTURE: AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE? -- 6. CULTURAL PLURALISM AND POST-MODERNISM -- Reporting the Zeitgeist -- The Politics of Pluralism -- 7. ALTERNATIVES -- John Heartfield and Photo-montage -- Community Art/Murals -- Political Art in the Galleries -- 8. ART AND MASS MEDIA IN THE 1980s -- Cross-overs and Mass Avant-gardism -- Simulacra -- Art, Advertising and Billboards -- Appropriationists -- Plagiarists -- Koons, the Master of Kitsch and Business Art -- 9. ARTISTS AND NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES -- Photography -- Photocopiers -- Video -- Computers -- 10. WAR, THE MEDIA AND ART IN THE 1990s -- 11. CONCLUSION -- Notes and References -- Bibliography -- Index.

Presidential candidates know that the "press" (that is, print and electronic media) is often a decisive force in American electoral politics and spend much of their time trying to manipulate it for their own benefit. To politicians it is really a personal political matter, and the tendency when they speak about it is to both personalize and over-generalize the decisiveness of its influence. Thus, in 1976, Ted Kennedy stated flatly, "The press made Carter," whereas Jimmy Carter repeatedly complained of the press's crucial role in "unmaking him" as president.To political scientists the impact of the press, particularly television, is of primarily "systematic" importance rather than of personal interest—except of course, for those who would like to spend some years in Washington as advisor-practitioners. Scholars and students know that television has changed things a lot, but we are not exactly sure how much and what kind of responsibility the press as a whole bears for the substantial institutional changes that have occurred in the last two decades. Let me offer briefly some of the conclusions I have come to after researching, thinking, and writing for some years on this topic. I shall look, first, at what is new about television news compared to the pre-electronic era and, second, how the most significant of these mass communications changes have affected our electoral institutions and the presidency itself.

Purpose: The relevance of work is connected with understanding that the policy turns into the media process. Problematic is an allocation in a huge flow of information of the most priority and significant: consciousness of the recipient is considerably overloaded; the individual does not manage to carry out the analysis of the obtained information, and only gives it a superficial emotional assessment Methodology: The method of comparison is used for the correlation of political media reality with reality. The method of the analysis of empirical data of political activity promotes the establishment of the truth in the registration of media materials. Result: In the article, the levers used in mass media are analyzed, their manipulative potential is defined. Special attention is paid to the fact that virtualization of political reality in mass media leads to the emergence of ideological symbols. The practical importance of research of manipulative capacity of mass media consists of the identification of peculiar features, forms, and methods of impact on the consumer of information content. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of The manipulative capacity of mass media is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.