Suchergebnisse

THE POPULAR REVOLT AND COUP IN ROMANIA IN DECEMBER 1989 WILL FOREVER BE SYNONYMOUS IN WESTERN EYES WITH THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM EUROPE. HOWEVER, CONFLICTING VERSIONS OF EVENTS FROM THE PRINCIPAL ACTORS BEHIND CEAUSESCU'S OVERTHROW MAKE A FULL AND ACCURATE ACCOUNTING OF THE "SECURITATE'S" ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION PROBLEMATIC. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES ROMANIAN SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS, SOVIET TIES TO ROMANIAN SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE, THE BUILDING PRESSURE SINCE 1982, AND THE RESULTING DECEMBER REVOLT AND COUP. IT ALSO EXAMINES THE ORIGINS OF THE NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT (NSF) AND THE AFTERMATH IN WHICH REMNANTS OF THE "SECURITATE" JOIN THE ARMY AND THE NSF.

This article discusses the characteristics of the Romanian infantry defence during the last part of the Second World War according to the instructions received from the General Staff or various Higher Commands. It presents aspects relating to the role of the defence that regained its specific mission to hold its position to the last man or bullet. This article presents the tactical rules of an infantry division in a position of resistance, the arrangement of the battalions, the role of the heavy artillery units and the course of action when the enemy started the attack. At the same time, it also lists the differences between the instructions and directives relating to defence, given under the German influence between 1941- 1943 and the last ones during the war. Furthermore, it also defines the concept of fire plan with all the necessary firings to be delivered against an enemy, with the assessment of the role of the cooperation between the aviation and the artillery once the preparatory firing is started or its use against tanks.

Die Umbildung der rumänischen Regierung vom 6. März 1994 betraf vier Ministerien, darunter die Schlüsselressorts Verteidigung und Inneres. Die nach den Wahlen vom September 1992 formierte Minderheiten-Einparteienregierung der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Rumäniens blieb im Amt. Eine Koalition der regierenden Partei mit den sie stützenden Nationalisten und Linken kam ebensowenig zustande wie ein Regierungsbündnis mit der Opposition. Opposition und unabhängige Medien reagierten skeptisch auf die Kabinettsumbildung, die sie als kosmetische Änderung mit dem Ziel einer Verlängerung der Agonie der Regierung von Premierminister Vacaroiu sehen. (BIOst-Wpt)

Der Verfasser legt ein Porträt Corneliu Coposus vor, der als der einzige einflußreiche Politiker aus der Zwischenkriegsperiode in der aktuellen rumänischen Politik noch eine Rolle spielt. Coposu war maßgeblich an der Neugründung der Nationalen Christlich Demokratischen Bauernpartei (PNTCD) beteiligt, die sich zum Kern des Oppositionsbündnisses Demokratische Konvention Rumäniens (CDR) entwickelte. Ausbleibender Wahlerfolg bei den Parlamentswahlen im September 1992 und Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Partnern um den Spitzenkandidaten Constantinescu lassen zu Beginn des Jahres 1995 die Zukunft der CDR ungewiß erscheinen. Ebenso ungewiß sind die Zukunftsperspektiven der PNTCD nach einem möglichen Rückzug Coposus aus der Politik. (BIOst-Wpt)

This article traces the gradual accommodation of early socialists in Romania with the predicament of nationalism in the period between 1880 and 1914. The attitudes of Romanian socialists evolved from initial ambivalence toward nationalism to staunch commitment to internationalism in the 1890s, and an inadvertent but unmistakable growing engagement with nationalism after the turn of the century. Locating socialism in the broader political and cultural debates of the time, this article argues that belonging to the Romanian public arena forced socialists to become increasingly more sensitive to the challenges of nationalism. Especially after 1900, the rise of very influential competing nationalist ideologies, as well as the necessity to address the Jewish question and the problem of ethnic Romanians living abroad, turned Romanian socialists into opponents but also implicit partners of dialogue in debates on nationalism. In the long run, however, socialists failed to find a persuasive alternative to nationalism and eventually resorted to the same language, concepts, and imagery they were so vocally dismissing. Engaging the popular nationalist trends of the time required socialists to reevaluate their own theoretical tenets and to put forward different, but essentially no less nationalistic, projects for the future.

The rapid growth of adventure tourism is remarked all over the world, being considered as a modern form of tourism. This study attempted to investigate the preferences of experienced visitors of Romanian national and natural parks with the main focus on understanding what motives describe the three elements that define adventure tourism: physical activity, natural environment and cultural immersion, and what is the level of satisfaction regarding the quality of facilities and services. An online survey was filled in by 137 members of adventure tourism groups, being further grouped based on their experiences. Results indicate that experienced participants better appreciated the opportunity to be engaged in physical activity and to explore the natural environment. Cultural experience was perceived as similar by both groups. The level of satisfaction about facilities and services provided by the national and natural parks and adjacent rural communities was similar among groups, except for that about the existing information panels. Future development actions should address both groups to enhance their willingness to revisit the areas and increase the attractiveness of tourism in rural areas situated in the neighborhood of parks.

The article follows the theme of "socialist content in national form" in Romanian architecture during a period stretching fromapproximately 1944 to 1989 – a time interval that is usually associated with the specific political agenda that dominated society in a decisive and profound way throughout the era, which is usually indicated as "communism". This time interval can also be indicated by using other keywords and concepts, such as "socialism", "state socialism", "totalitarianism" or others, sometimes in association with the keyword "communism". For reasons that will be presented in the introduction, the title of the article will prefer the use of theterm "the communist project" for indicating the chronological focus of the article; the word "project" also holds a conceptual meaning – therefore being considered appropriate in the context of a mostly conceptual discussion that the article focusses on – as it tries to examine one of the most powerful and influential key concepts of the era: "socialist content in national form".