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Though lightly regarded by many observers, political parties have been able to steer presidential nominations to insider favorites in all nine of the contested cases from 1980 to 2000. Democrats had more trouble in 2004, but still managed to avoid insurgent Howard Dean. This paper explains how today's presidential parties -- understood as coalitions of elected officials, interest and advocacy groups, and ideological activists -- have learned to work together in the so-called Invisible Primary to affect the outcome of the state-by-state primaries and caucuses. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of parties in the pre-Iowa phase of the 2008 nominations. Adapted from the source document.

"Reprinted from The American political science review, vol. 13, no. 2, May, 1919." ; Cover-title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

WRITING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WEST EUROPEAN, LET ALONE WESTERN, PARTY SYSTEMS STILL REMAINS AN AMBITIOUS ATTEMPT: THERE ARE FEW PRECURSORS, AND VIRTUALLY NO AUTHORITATIVE WORK. DUVERGER'S COMPARATIVE WORK ON POLITCAL PARTIES OF 1951 WAS A PIONEERING STUDY WHICH, THOUGH MUCH CRITICIZED, STILL ENJOYED A LONG LIFE NOT LEAST BECAUSE A SUCCESSOR WAS LACKING. THE COMPARTIVE STUDY OF POLITICAL PARTIES MADE PROGRESS MAINLY BY WAY OF READERS (CONSISTING MOSTLY OF CASE-STUDIES OF IMPORTANT COUNTRIES AND A MORE OR LESS COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION) AND MAJOR ARTICLES. BUT AT THE SAME TIME THE GROUNDWORK FOR COMPARATIVE PARTY ANALYSIS WAS IMPROVED THROUGH TEH INCREASE IN RESEARCH WEHICH CENTRED ON NATIONAL PARTIES AND SYSTEMS. WHEREAS EPSTEIN'S STUDY IS LAID OUT IN A RATER DESCRIPTIVE MANNER AND SARTORI'S WORK ATTEMPTS CONCEPTIONAL CLAFIRICATIONS, BY THE BEGINNING OF THE 1980S THE GROUND HAD BEEN PREPARED FOR A NEW ATTEMPT AT SYSTHESIZING THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. SUCH A SYNTHESIS SHOULD-GIVEN THE PRESENT STATE OF LITERATURE BE JUDGED BY THE AMOUNTT OF INTEGRATING THEORY AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS IT CONTAINS AND TE CONSTRUCTIVE PROPOSITION IT OFFERS. A SIMPLE ADDITION OF EMPIRICAL RESULTS WOULD NOT SUFFICE.

"Division along political party lines has become an issue that concerns many in the United States, but it is not a new problem. As readers explore the history and current landscape of political parties, they learn the reasons why political parties formed, what different parties stand for, and what can bring people from different parties together. The detailed main text, which is enhanced by fun fact boxes and full-color photographs, supports social studies curriculum topics. A detailed graphic organizer encourages young people to look beyond political differences and to embrace ways to become active citizens"--