Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- 1 The Development and Nature of International Law -- Introduction -- The Historical Development of International Law -- The Binding Nature of International Law -- The Enforcement of International Law -- Centralized enforcement machinery -- Extra-legal considerations -- The enforcement of international law by individual states -- 2 The General Principles of International Law -- States as Sovereign Entities -- What is a state? -- State sovereignty and international law -- States as the Primary Subjects of International Law -- International organizations -- Individuals -- The Sources of International Law -- Customary international law -- Treaties as sources of international law -- Other sources of international law -- 3 International Relations Perspectives on International Law -- The Approach of International Relations Theories to International Law -- Realism -- Institutionalism -- Liberalism -- Constructivism -- Recent Interdisciplinary Work on the Role of International Law -- Byers: custom, power and the power of rules -- Koh: why nations obey -- Arend: do international rules matter? -- Conclusions -- 4 Preventing the Use of Force by States: Korea, the Gulf Conflict and Beyond -- Introduction -- Korea (1950) -- The Gulf Conflict (1990-1) -- The Legality of Subsequent 'Enforcement' Actions -- Iraq (1998) -- Kosovo (1999) -- Conclusions -- 5 Diplomacy and the Threat of Force -- Introduction -- The Threat of Force as a Tool of International Diplomacy -- The Legality of the Threat of Force -- Permissible Threats of Force -- The Legality of the Threat of Force in the Gulf Conflict -- Conclusions -- 6 Extraditing Pinochet -- Introduction -- The Issues -- The Decision in Ex parte Pinochet -- Extraditable crimes.

"International Law and International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Structural causes and regime consequences : regimes as intervening variables (1982) / Stephen D. Krasner -- The demand for international regimes (1982) / Robert O. Keohane -- Democratic states and commitments in international relations (1996) / Kurt Taylor Gaubatz -- On compliance (1993) / Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes -- Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation? (1996) / George Downs, David M. Rocke, and Peter Barsoom -- The concept of legalization (2000) / Kenneth Abbot [and others] -- Legalized dispute resolution : interstate and transnational (2000) / Robert Keohane, Andrew Moravcsik, and Anne-Marie Slaughter -- Legalization, trade liberalization, and domestic politics : a cautionary note (2000) / Judith Goldstein and Lisa L. Martin -- Alternatives to "legalization" : richer views of law and politics (2001) / Martha Finnemore and Stephen J. Toope -- Quasi-states, dual regimes, and neoclassical theory : international jurisprudence and the third world (1987) / Robert H. Jackson -- Which norms matter? revisiting the "failure" of internationalism (1997) / Jeffrey W. Legro -- The territorial integrity norm : international boundaries and the use of force (2001) / Mark Zacher -- Why are some international agreements informal? (1991) / Charles Lipson -- The politics of dispute settlement design : explaining legalism in regional trade pacts (2000) / James McCall Smith -- Loosening the ties that bind : a learning model of agreement flexibility (2001) / Barbara Koremenos -- Driving with the rearview mirror : on the rational science of institutional design (2001) / Alexander Wendt -- The dynamics of international law : the interaction of normative and operating systems (2003) / Paul F. Diehl, Charlotte Ku, and Daniel Zamora -- Europe before the court : a political theory of legal integration (1993) / Anne-Marie Slaughter [Burley] and Walter Mattli -- The European Court of Justice, national governments, and legal integration in the European Union (1998) / Geoffrey Arrett, R. Daniel Kelemen, and Heiner Schulz -- Scraps of paper? agreements and the durability of peace (2003) / Virginia Page Fortna -- In the shadow of law or power? consensus-based bargaining and outcomes in the GATT/WTO (2002) / Richard H. Steinberg -- The legalization of international monetary affairs (2000) / Beth Simmons -- Constructing an atrocities regime : the politics of war crimes tribunals (2001) / Christopher Rudolph -- The origins of human rights regimes : democratic delegation in postwar Europe (2000) / Andrew Moravcsik -- Regime design matters : international oil pollution and treaty compliance (1994) / Ronald B. Mitchell -- The regime complex for plant genetic resources (2004) / Kal Raustiala and David G. Victor.

Amidst the global religious resurgence in the post-secular world, the field of international relations finds itself unwilling or unable to situate religion back to theoretical paradigms subject to the Westphalian–Enlightenment prejudice. Advocates of religion's theoretical and empirical significance often turn to religious soft power, a burgeoning theory that gradually becomes the anchorage of discussion but still suffers from conceptual ambiguity and limited explanatory capacity. This essay endeavors to fill in this lacuna by presenting the interdisciplinary attempt to integrate soft power in IR with the three dimensions of power in sociology, which results in a typology of performative, discursive, and relational dimensions of religious soft power. The explanatory and predictive capacity of this model is tested in the empirical case of the evangelical group's influence on US foreign policy of the post 9/11 Global War on Terror. A process-level historical account based on archival sources furthers scholars' knowledge of transnational religious actors' ability to seize both systematic transformations at the international level and contentious dynamics in the domestic environment, which generates a reorientation in norms, identities, and values that contributes to the outcome of foreign policy, thereby answering the un-addressed question of how religion influences domestic and international politics. The bridging of IR, sociology, and historical sociology, three fields often intertwined, suggests a future direction for not only the religious return to IR but also the overcoming of the "intellectual autism" of this discipline, which needs to be better prepared for continuous challenges of soaring populism, nationalism, and clash of civilizations in the twenty-first century.

For many decades, Buddhism in the West has been conceived as an 'other-worldly' religion with very little or –at least—limited authority in the public arena. This partial view of the Buddhist path overlooks the potential of Buddhism to interpret reality and help establish new causes and conditions to improve it. This thesis is rooted in Buddhism and seeks to develop a Buddhist theology in order to understand how international relations, as part of the contingent reality, are subject to change. Thus there is the possibility of reconstructing reality through the sum of individual will expressed in social groups, institutions and states. This Theology of International Relations follows a methodology of causality rooted in the dependent origination found in Buddhist theology. Thus, relative reality is conceived as the result of the interaction of different causes and conditions; individuals, through their thoughts and actions, provide new conditions which will be crystallized in particular social arrangements through an inter-subjective consensus. This arrangement is highly influenced by the individual's allegiance with the sacred, however this is conceived, and thus establishes an ethical guideline in the individual's relationship with other sentient beings and the ultimate level of existence. This dependent construction of reality goes from the individual level of analysis to the social, state, interstate and global levels in a chain of contingent reality. Therefore I suggest that states, institutions and society are the reflection of shared ideas, beliefs, goals and perceptions of reality between individuals. The human capacity to shape reality is rooted in the premise that they face a relative reality, one that is contingent on several causes and conditions. In Buddhism, all sentient beings play a key role in shaping reality but human beings play a unique role because they can overcome suffering when they recognize the interdependent relation of causes and conditions in a relative reality. If this is achieved, then absolute reality can be experienced, wherein the individual goes beyond all conceptions and senses in a state of emptiness of the self. These core ideas of a contingent reality, its construction through an inter-subjective consensus and the need to experience an absolute reality are premises which Buddhist theology developed and which this thesis explores. In chapter one this thesis considers the basis of Buddhist theology and how it explains the experience of the sacred, the role of religion and the potential for the construction of a relative reality. This thesis argues that religion is at the core of human existence as a vessel of faith which follows a particular theological path toward a communion with the divine. The Buddhist path, aware of the interaction of different levels of reality—relative and absolute—also conceives inner development and social change as key elements of an interdependent transformation. The idea of 'world peace through inner peace' is one advocated by 'engaged Buddhists' and found in the ethical code of Buddha's message. Chapter two examines how international relations became the arena where individuals, institutions and states converge and reflect the basic premises of their world-views, whether rooted in anger, hatred and ignorance of the interdependent nature of all phenomena, or based in compassion and awareness of a shared common good. In addition, it addresses the issue of the resurgence of religion in international relations and how it is present or absent from political science theories and policy making. Through this analysis, several established elements such as the concept of the state, secularism and religion as a source of war, are challenged in a new era of multi-agency and mutual influence through religious ideas, groups and communities. Following this inter-subjective construction of the world, the thesis presents two case studies which argue that religious leaders exercise political influence through their actions, ideas and beliefs. The first is the life and works of Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama in chapter three and the second is the life of Archbishop Desmond Tutu in chapter four. The former having suffered the violent occupation of Tibet and the continuous attacks on Tibetan culture that led him into exile, and the latter having faced the policies of hatred under apartheid, the Dalai Lama and Tutu managed to suggest a world where forgiveness is rooted in compassion and were human beings share the responsibility of creating a compassionate reality. The final chapter develops a new approach to the study of religion and politics providing new variables of study and new categories to understand how international relations are influenced by religious ideas and movements. This thesis argues that there is a need to study and understand this interdependent relation between religious and secular actors through theoretical approaches in international relations and opens the discipline to new paradigms such as the Buddhist theological approach. The outcome of this partnership depends on the individual's decision to engage, whether in negative causation that leads to violence, fear, terror and the perpetuation of suffering or in a positive one which opens the possibility of peace and liberation from suffering through compassion, forgiveness and reconciliation, recognizing our common humanity and shared universal responsibility.

The idea of creating an international police force (IPF) was first mooted by Lord David Davies in the 1930s. In 1963 U Thant, Secretary General of the United Nations, then claimed that he had 'no doubt that the world should eventually have an international police force'. Yet our international system has been and continues to be based on states, their sovereignty and a correlative 'inside/outside' distinction: a distinction which is resistant to this idea of some form of systematic international policing writ large. Instead of the establishment of an IPF, a new form of international policing has emerged through the unprecedented use of police abroad and the potential consolidation of more specific operational policing norms. This is a phenomenon that may not be as permanent nor as wide ranging as earlier conceptualisations that concerned themselves with a more structured management of interstate behaviour, but, nonetheless, it increases the possibilities for achieving an international order based on the rule of law.