Suchergebnisse

Increasingly, persons with complex disabilities are served in community settings, and institutionalization is less often a treatment of choice. However, relatively little work has been reported comparing the community and institution in terms of individual data. This study was conducted in order to compare changes in level of mental retardation among persons served in a community-based service system and institutionalized persons from the same geographic region. Comparisons were made at all levels of mental retardation and of cohort groups matched on age, sex, ambulation, and initial level of retardation. In general, persons in the community were more likely to increase their functioning level, while those at the institution were found to decrease at a higher rate. Particularly noteworthy differences were found within the severely retarded group. The impact of community interaction and stimulation is discussed, and implications for service providers are suggested.

The Quality of Student Life Questionnaire (QSLQ) was used to collect data on 946 students in eight colleges and universities in Japan and the United States. A series of 2 × 2 × 2 analyses of variance on total scores and four factors (Sa tisfaction, Competence/Productivity,
Independence, and Social Belonging) were completed, comparing scores by gender, type of school (four-year vs. two-year) and nationality.For total quality of life scores, main effects were found for country (American scores were higher) and type of school (scores were higher for four-year
colleges). Analysis of factor scores showed main effects for country (higher scores for American students) on all factors except Independence. These results are discussed in the context of differing cultural values and assumptions. Japanese and American views vary considerably, for example,
on such issues as individuality, the role of groups, and perception of self. These differences must be considered in interpretation of cross-cultural findings.

Foreword / Gabrielle Marceau -- About the book / Gabrielle Marceau and Clément Marquet -- Introduction : a meta-question / Georges Abi-Saab -- Evolutionary interpretation in international law : some short and less than trail-blazing reflections / Robert Kolb -- An interpreter's guide to static and evolutive interpretations : solving intertemporal problems according to the VCIT / Christian Djeffal -- Time present and time pas t: the intention of the parties and the evolutionary interpretation of treaties / Eirik Bjorge -- Using intertemporal linguistics to resolve the problem at the origin and core of the evolutionary interpretation debate / Julian Wyatt -- Evolutionary interpretation : the relevance of context / Donald McRae -- Evolutionary interpretation of international law in national courts / Kenneth Keith -- The interpretive work of treaty bodies : how they look at evolutionary interpretation, and how other courts look at them / Luigi Crema -- Evolutionary interpretation of unilateral acts of states and international organisations / Paolo Palchetti -- The strength of evolutionary interpretation in international human rights law / Gloria Gaggioli -- The Strasbourg approach to evolutionary interpretation / Oliver Dörr -- Environmental protection as an object of and tool for evolutionary interpretation / Nina Mileva and Marina Fortuna -- The European Court of Human Rights and the right to a clean environment : evolutionary or illusory interpretation? / Malgosia Fitzmaurice -- By men, not gods : the (hidden) evolutionary interpretation of international criminal law in the light of extrinsic sources / Sévane Garibian -- Understanding the choice for evolutionary interpretation / Isabelle Van Damme -- The illusion of "evolutionary interpretation" in WTO dispute settlement / Graham Cook -- Prospective linguistics and trade : the art of the deal / Clément Marquet -- The evolutionary treaty interpretation by the WTO Appellate Body / Sondre Torp Helmersen -- Is there evolution in the evolutionary interpretation of WTO law? / Peter Van den Bossche -- Evolutionary interpretation and the Appellate Body's existential crisis / Mariana Clara de Andrade -- Energy trade in the WTO, yesterday, today and tomorrow : the role of evolutionary interpretation / Jenya Grigorova -- Evolutionary interpretation in investment arbitration : about a judicial taboo / Makane Moïse Mbengue and Aikaterini Florou -- The role of state party pleadings in the evolutionary interpretation of international investment agreements / Kendra Magraw -- Investment treaty signatories' joint interpretation and the case of the NAFTA free trade commission : evolutionary interpretation or modification? / Jennifer Radford, Gregory Tereposky and Kun Hui -- History as interpretative context in the evolutionary interpretation of FET in international investment law / Charalampos Giannakopoulos and Malvika Monga -- Articulating evolutionary interpretation and the rule of law : the EU as a composite legal order based on relative rules of law / Nicolas Levrat -- Multilingualism and the dynamic interpretation of European Union law / Mattias Derlén -- Conclusion / Kenneth Keith -- Afterword / Georges Abi-Saab.

From cultural figures such as Benjamin Franklin and Wendell Berry to philosophers such as Jane Addams and William James, this collection explores the usefulness of theoretical work in American philosophy and pragmatism to resilience practices in ecology, community, rurality, and psychology.